Proto-Austronesian Hebrew/Morphology: Difference between revisions

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* ス/su - who
* ス/su - who
* プ/pu - mouth
* プ/pu - mouth
* ス゚/cu - ship
* ス゚/͏cu - ship
* ク゚/ŋu - mouse-deer
* ク゚/͏ŋu - mouse-deer
In the singular-construct state, they are monoptotic and the vowel changes to -ey.
In the singular-construct state, they are monoptotic and the vowel changes to -ey.
<!--  
<!--  
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r???
r???
//-->
//-->
PH segolates follow the form CvCCu in the absolute and CvCvC in the construct, in PAH.
=== Masculine ===
=== Masculine ===


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|-
|-
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | 1c
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | 1c
| -ī <br /> -ya <br /> -nī
| -ī <br /> -nī
| style="vertical-align:middle;"  | -nayā
| style="vertical-align:middle;"  | -nayā
| style="vertical-align:middle;"  | -nū
| style="vertical-align:middle;"  | -nū
|-
|-
! 2m
! 2m
| -ka
| -kā
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | -kumā
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | -kumā
| -kum
| -kem
|-
|-
! 2f
! 2f
| -ki
| -ki
| -kun
| -kin
|-
|-
! 3m
! 3m
| -ō
| -ō
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | -humā
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | -humā
| -hum
| -hem
|-
|-
! 3f
! 3f
| -ah
| -hā
| -hin
| -hin
|}
|}
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! gloss
! gloss
|-
|-
! スシ̅ <br /> スㇲヤ <br /> スㇲニ̅
! スシ̅ <br /> スㇲニ̅
| susī <br /> susya <br /> susnī
| susī <br /> susnī
| my canoe <br /> of my canoe <br /> my canoe
| my canoe <br /> of my canoe
|-
|-
! スㇲカ
! スㇲカ
Line 256: Line 258:
| his canoe
| his canoe
|-
|-
! スサㇷ
! スㇲハ̅
| susah
| sushā
| her canoe
| her canoe
|-
|-
Line 276: Line 278:
| our canoe
| our canoe
|-
|-
! スㇲクㇺ
! スㇲケㇺ
| suskum
| suskem
| y'all's (m) canoe
| y'all's (m) canoe
|-
|-
! スㇲクㇴ
! スㇲキㇴ
| suskun
| suskin
| y'all's (f) canoe
| y'all's (f) canoe
|-
|-
! スㇲフㇺ
! スㇲヘㇺ
| sushum
| sushem
| their (m) canoe
| their (m) canoe
|-
|-
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=== Relative ===
=== Relative ===
The relative pronoun in PAH seems to be derived from the Akkadian/Ugaritic pronoun *ðu-.  The progress of the consonant seems to have been *ð > *z > *s.  For single-word relative clauses, the relative pronoun acts as a proclitic particle.  Otherwise, it stands alone and receives stress on the penultimate/only syllable (as one would expect).
The relative pronoun in PAH seems to be derived from the Akkadian/Ugaritic pronoun *ðu-.  The progress of the consonant seems to have been *ð > *z > *s.  For single-word relative clauses, the relative pronoun acts as a proclitic particle.  Otherwise, it stands alone and receives stress on the penultimate/only syllable (as one would expect).
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
| case
| case
! Masc.
! Masc.
Line 303: Line 305:
| ス<br />su
| ス<br />su
| サ̅ツ<br />sātu
| サ̅ツ<br />sātu
! rowspan="3" | sing.
! rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:middle;" | sing.
|-
|-
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | G
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | G
Line 314: Line 316:
|-
|-
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | D
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | D
| colspan="2" | ス̅ツ̅<br />sūtū
| colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | ス̅ツ̅<br />sūtū
! rowspan="2"  style="vertical-align:middle;"| dual <br /> / <br /> plural
! rowspan="2"  style="vertical-align:middle;"| dual <br /> / <br /> plural
|-
|-
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | O
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | O
| colspan="2" | ス̅チ̅<br />sūtī
| colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | ス̅チ̅<br />sūtī
|}
|}
=== Demonstrative ===
=== Demonstrative ===
==== Near ====
==== Near ====
{| class="wikitable"
Somewhat confusingly, the near demonstrative is the same as the relative pronoun in the singular, but not in the dual/plural.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
| case
| case
! Masc.
! Masc.
Line 329: Line 332:
|-
|-
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | D
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | D
| ヅ <br />du
| colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | イッル゚̅ <br />'illū
| ド̅ツ <br />dōtu
! rowspan="3" | sing.
|-
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | G
| ヂ <br />di
| ド̅チ <br />dōti
|-
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | I
| ダ <br />da
| ド̅タ <br />dōta
|-
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | D
| colspan="2" | イル̅゜ <br />'illū
! rowspan="2"  style="vertical-align:middle;"| dual <br /> / <br /> plural
! rowspan="2"  style="vertical-align:middle;"| dual <br /> / <br /> plural
|-
|-
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | O
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | O
| colspan="2" | イリ̅゜ <br />'illī
| colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | イッリ゚̅ <br />'illī
|}
|}
==== Far ====
==== Far ====
The 3rd person personal pronoun is used as if it were a far-deitic pronoun/adjective.
The 3rd person personal pronoun is used as if it were a far-deitic pronoun/adjective.  It is also used in verbless clauses, like all pronouns.  More confusingly, huwa/hiya also functions like a relative pronoun, or better yet as "that is". "the one", "the very one", or "that one".


=== Interrogative and Indefinite ===
=== Interrogative and Indefinite ===
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==== Interrogative ====
==== Interrogative ====
{| class="wikitable"  
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
| case
| case
! Who?
! Who?
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! D
! D
| ミ̅ユ <br /> mīyu
| ミ̅ユ <br /> mīyu
| rowspan="3" | マ̅ <br /> mā
| rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:middle;" | マ̅ <br /> mā
! rowspan="3" | sing.
! rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:middle;" | sing.
|-
|-
! G
! G
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| ミ̅ヨ̅ミ <br /> mīyōmi
| ミ̅ヨ̅ミ <br /> mīyōmi
| マ̅マ̅ <br /> māmā
| マ̅マ̅ <br /> māmā
! rowspan="2" | dual
! rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | dual
|-
|-
! O
! O
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| ミ̅ユ̅マ <br />  mīyūma
| ミ̅ユ̅マ <br />  mīyūma
| マ̅ム̅ <br />  māmū
| マ̅ム̅ <br />  māmū
! rowspan="2" | plural
! rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | plural
|-
|-
! O
! O
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==== Indefinite ====
==== Indefinite ====
These forms often take enclitic pronouns.  Again, there are personal and impersonal forms, not genders.
These forms often take enclitic pronouns.  Again, there are personal and impersonal forms, not genders.
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ "Which(ever)"
|+ "Which(ever)"
| case
| case
Line 403: Line 393:
| マッヌ <br /> mannu
| マッヌ <br /> mannu
| ミ̅ヌ <br /> mīnu
| ミ̅ヌ <br /> mīnu
! rowspan="3" | sing.
! rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:middle;" | sing.
|-
|-
! G
! G
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| マッヌマ̅ <br /> mannumā
| マッヌマ̅ <br /> mannumā
| ミ̅ヌマ̅ <br /> mīnumā
| ミ̅ヌマ̅ <br /> mīnumā
! rowspan="2" | dual
! rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | dual
|-
|-
! O
! O
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| マッヌム̅ <br /> mannumū
| マッヌム̅ <br /> mannumū
| ミ̅ヌム̅ <br /> mīnumū
| ミ̅ヌム̅ <br /> mīnumū
! rowspan="2" | plural
! rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | plural
|-
|-
! O
! O
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== Adverbs ==
== Adverbs ==
These attach to the indirect/oblique case of the singular noun.
These attach to the indirect/oblique case of the singular noun.
; -(a)h : This is similar to the Old English "-ward" suffix, as in 'earthward' or 'heavenward'.  It can be used locally or temporally.  Note, this can be identical to the 3rd person feminine singular possessive suffix. 'ahdh = together
; -h : This is similar to the Old English "-ward" suffix, as in 'earthward' or 'heavenward'.  It can be used locally or temporally. It attaches to the genitive/oblique case.<br /> e.g.  アㇽサ゚ㇷ/'arcah = towards the earth/groundward ; カ゚̅マィミㇷ/ŋāmaymih = towards the sky/heavenward. There is a unique construction,  ア̅ダㇷ/'ādah = together (not "one-ward").
; -(a)m : This makes a noun into an adverb, like the English "-ly" suffix.
; -m : This makes a noun into an adverb, like the English "-ly" suffix.  It attaches to the singular genitive, although there are dual constructions: <br /> ヤマナィミㇺ /yamanaymim - ambidextrously ("two-right-handedly").  Be sure an ya- has not been added to the front of the word, otherwise -m is just part of a vocative construction.
; -yda : Like the English "times", this attaches to numbers.  e.g. tinayda = twice
; -yda : Like the English "times", this attaches to numbers.  e.g. チナィダ/tinayda = twice


Independent adverbs include
Independent adverbs include
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; `nt/`tn/ht : now
; `nt/`tn/ht : now
; 'apnk/'idk : then, thereupon
; 'apnk/'idk : then, thereupon
; 'axr : afterwards, after
; 'al : 'surely' with imperfect, 'not' with jussives
; 'al : surely with imperfect, not with jussives
; kn : thus
; kn : thus
; mid : very much
; mid : very much
Line 451: Line 440:
; 'iyyi/'i : where?
; 'iyyi/'i : where?
; 'an : where?
; 'an : where?
; lima : why?  for what
; lama : why?  for what
; md` : why?
; lō : not
; lō : not
; bal : no, without
; bal : no, without
; halū/halā/hlk/hln : behold, is it not
; halū/halā/hlk/hln : behold, is it not
; hinnī? : behold, there
; la/lū : O, vocative marker
; yā + word + m : vocative marker
; yā + word + m : vocative marker
; ying : there is/are
; ying : there is/are
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; hm : if, or
; hm : if, or
; koy : since, because, if, when, which
; koy : since, because, if, when, which
; da : until


== Prepositions ==
== Prepositions ==
; bi : with, in, from, to
=== Inseparable Prepositions ===
; le : to, on, from
バ-/ba- means in, at, among, (or 'when' with infinitive construct verbs), etc.  With pronouns, it has certain conjugated forms:
; ki : as, like
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
; 'atr : after
|+ align="bottom" |
|
! Sing. || Dual || Pl.
|-
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | 1c
| ビ̅ <br /> bī
| style="vertical-align:middle;"  | バナヤ̅ <br />  banayā
| style="vertical-align:middle;"  | バヌ̅ <br />  banū
|-
! 2m
| バカ̅ <br />  bakā
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | バクマ̅ <br />  bakumā
| バケㇺ <br /> bakem
|-
! 2f
| バキ <br /> baki
| バキㇴ <br /> bakin
|-
! 3m
| ボ̅ <br /> bō
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | バフマ̅ <br />  bahumā
| バヘㇺ <br /> bahem
|-
! 3f
| バハ̅ <br /> bahā
| バヒㇴ <br />  bahin
|}
 
 
ラ͏͏͏͏゚-/͏la- means to, onto, for, etc.  With pronouns, it has certain conjugated forms:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ align="bottom" |
|
! Sing. || Dual || Pl.
|-
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | 1c
| リ̅゜<br /> lī
| style="vertical-align:middle;"  | ラ゚ナヤ̅ <br />  lanayā
| style="vertical-align:middle;"  | ラ゚ヌ̅ <br />  lanū
|-
! 2m
| ラ゚カ̅ <br />  lakā
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | ラ゚クマ̅ <br />  lakumā
| ラ゚ケㇺ͏ <br /> lakem
|-
! 2f
| ラ゚キ͏ <br /> laki
| ラ゚キㇴ͏ <br /> lakin
|-
! 3m
| ロ̅゜ <br /> lō
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | ラ゚フマ̅ <br />  lahumā
| ラ゚ヘㇺ͏ <br /> lahem
|-
! 3f
| ラ゚ハ̅ <br /> lahā
| ラ゚ヒㇴ͏ <br />  lahin
|}
 
カ-/ka- means 'like' or 'as'.  The primitive Hebrew form カモ/kamo re-emerges when pronouns are attached and in poetry.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ align="bottom" |
|
! Sing. || Dual || Pl.
|-
! style="vertical-align:middle;" | 1c
| カモィ <br /> kamoy
| style="vertical-align:middle;"  | カモナヤ̅ <br />  kamonayā
| style="vertical-align:middle;"  | カモヌ̅ <br />  kamonū
|-
! 2m
| カモカ̅ <br />  kamokā
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | カモクマ̅ <br />  kamokumā
| カモケㇺ͏ <br /> kamokem
|-
! 2f
| カモキ͏ <br /> kamoki
| カモキㇴ͏ <br /> kamokin
|-
! 3m
| カモゥ <br /> kamow
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | カモフマ̅ <br />  kamohumā
| カモヘㇺ͏ <br /> kamohem
|-
! 3f
| カモハ̅ <br /> kamohā
| カモヒㇴ͏ <br />  lahin
|}
 
 
タ/ta- is the definite direct object marker.  With pronouns, it has certain conjugated forms, where the primitive Hebrew 'ot(a)- re-emerges:
 
ミㇴ/ミッ/min-/mi+ is preposition meaning from, or than.  With pronouns, it has certain conjugated forms, where the primitive Hebrew mimmē- re-emerges:
 
Separable/inseparable preposition are:
; 'it(ta) : with
; gal(e) : 'upon'
; 'im(ma) : 'with'
; 'od(d) : still, yet
; da : until
; taqat(a) : under
; 'aqar(e) : after
; lapan(a) : before
; sabīb(e) : around
; hinn(a) : ergative
=== Separable Prepositions ===
; beyna : between
; beyna : between
; bāda : behind
; bāda : behind
; taqetay : under


== Verbs ==
== Verbs ==
: ''See the main page on verbs for a more complete listing.''
: ''See the main page on verbs for a more complete listing.''
{| class="wikitable" style="float:left;"
|+ Completed/Perfective
| #
| g
! Sing.
! Dual
! Plural
|-
! 1 || c.
| -tū
| -nayā
| -nū
|-
! rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | 2
! m.
| -tā
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | -temā
| -temū
|-
! f.
| -tī
| -tinā
|-
! rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | 3
! m.
| -a
| -ā
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | -ū
|-
! f.
| -at
| -tā
|}

Revision as of 20:52, 22 January 2013

Nouns

Like everything in PAH, nouns are generally derived from tri-consonantal roots. There are some one-letter-root words. They are all masculine.

  • グ/gu - noise
  • ヅ/du - this
  • ス/su - who
  • プ/pu - mouth
  • ス゚/͏cu - ship
  • ク゚/͏ŋu - mouse-deer

In the singular-construct state, they are monoptotic and the vowel changes to -ey.

PH segolates follow the form CvCCu in the absolute and CvCvC in the construct, in PAH.

Masculine

Absolute State
case Singular Dual Plural case
Direct -u -āmi -ūma D
Genitive -i -aymi -īma O
Indirect -a
Construct State
case Singular Dual Plural case
Direct -Ø -ām -ūm D
Genitive -aym -īm O
Indirect


Feminine

Absolute State
case Singular Dual Plural case
Direct -atu -atōmi -ōtu D
Genitive -ati -ataymi -ōti O
Indirect -ata
Construct State
case Singular Dual Plural case
Direct -at -atōm -ōt D
Genitive -ataym O
Indirect


Pronouns

Personal - Independent

Personal pronouns are often omitted, except in verbless clauses. There are two forms: one can exist independently and the other is a suffix attached to the construct/pronominal-state noun.

First person
case Common #
D アク
'aku 		sing.
O
D アニ
'ani 		dual
O
D アニ̅ヌ̅
'anīnū 		pl.
O アニ̅ニ̅
'anīnī
Second person
case Masc. Fem. #
D ア̅ッタ̅
'āttā 		ア̅ッチ
'ātti 		sing
O
D アッツマ̅
'attumā 		dual
O アッツマィ
'attumay
D アッツム̅
'attumū 		アッチッナ̅
'attinnā 		plural
O アッツミ̅
'attumī
Third person
case Masc. Fem. #
D フワ
huwa 		ヒヤ
hiya 		sing.
O フワチ
huwati 		ヒヤチ
hiyati
D フマ̅
humā 		dual
O フマィ
humay
D フム̅
humū 		ヒッナ̅
hinnā 		plural
O フミ̅
humī


Personal - Suffix

Sing. Dual Pl.
1c -ī
-nī 		-nayā -nū
2m -kā -kumā -kem
2f -ki -kin
3m -ō -humā -hem
3f -hā -hin

The customary noun in Hebrew grammars to show the enclitic personal pronouns is סוּס/sūs, which means 'horse'. Horses were unknown in Southeast Asai in the first millenium B.C., and so that meaning of the word became mythical. The ordinary meaning of スス, however was 'canoe', the meaning we will use here.

kana roman. gloss
スシ̅
スㇲニ̅ 		susī
susnī 		my canoe
of my canoe
スㇲカ suska your (m) canoe
スㇲキ suski your (f) canoe
スソ̅ susō his canoe
スㇲハ̅ sushā her canoe
スㇲナヤ̅ susnayā our² canoe
スㇲクマ̅ suskumā y'all's² canoe
スㇲフマ̅ sushumā their² canoe
スㇲヌ̅ susnū our canoe
スㇲケㇺ suskem y'all's (m) canoe
スㇲキㇴ suskin y'all's (f) canoe
スㇲヘㇺ sushem their (m) canoe
スㇲヒㇴ sushin their (f) canoe

Relative

The relative pronoun in PAH seems to be derived from the Akkadian/Ugaritic pronoun *ðu-. The progress of the consonant seems to have been *ð > *z > *s. For single-word relative clauses, the relative pronoun acts as a proclitic particle. Otherwise, it stands alone and receives stress on the penultimate/only syllable (as one would expect).

case Masc. Fem. #
D ス
su 		サ̅ツ
sātu 		sing.
G シ
si 		サ̅チ
sāti
I サ
sa 		サ̅タ
sāta
D ス̅ツ̅
sūtū 		dual
/
plural
O ス̅チ̅
sūtī

Demonstrative

Near

Somewhat confusingly, the near demonstrative is the same as the relative pronoun in the singular, but not in the dual/plural.

case Masc. Fem. #
D イッル゚̅
'illū 		dual
/
plural
O イッリ゚̅
'illī

Far

The 3rd person personal pronoun is used as if it were a far-deitic pronoun/adjective. It is also used in verbless clauses, like all pronouns. More confusingly, huwa/hiya also functions like a relative pronoun, or better yet as "that is". "the one", "the very one", or "that one".

Interrogative and Indefinite

Unlike all the other pronouns, these inflect for personal vs. impersonal, not gender. Note, the dual and plural forms are sometimes used for emphasis against a single referent.

Interrogative

case Who? What(ever)? #
D ミ̅ユ
mīyu 		マ̅
mā 		sing.
G ミ̅マ
mīya
I ミ̅乂
mīyi
D ミ̅ヨ̅ミ
mīyōmi 		マ̅マ̅
māmā 		dual
O ミ̅マィミ
mīyaymi 		マ̅マィ
māmay
D ミ̅ユ̅マ
mīyūma 		マ̅ム̅
māmū 		plural
O ミ̅乂̅マ
mīyīma 		マ̅ミ̅
māmī

Indefinite

These forms often take enclitic pronouns. Again, there are personal and impersonal forms, not genders.

"Which(ever)"
case personal impersonal #
D マッヌ
mannu 		ミ̅ヌ
mīnu 		sing.
G マッナ
manna 		ミ̅ナ
mīna
I マッニ
manni 		ミ̅ニ
mīni
D マッヌマ̅
mannumā 		ミ̅ヌマ̅
mīnumā 		dual
O マッヌマィ
mannumay 		ミ̅ヌマィ
mīnumay
D マッヌム̅
mannumū 		ミ̅ヌム̅
mīnumū 		plural
O マッヌミ̅
mannumī 		ミ̅ヌミ̅
mīnumī

The dual and plural of mannu can be used impersonally. The construct forms are man- and mīn- in the singular and mannum- and mīnum- in the dual/plural.

Adverbs

These attach to the indirect/oblique case of the singular noun.

-h
This is similar to the Old English "-ward" suffix, as in 'earthward' or 'heavenward'. It can be used locally or temporally. It attaches to the genitive/oblique case.
e.g. アㇽサ゚ㇷ/'arcah = towards the earth/groundward ; カ゚̅マィミㇷ/ŋāmaymih = towards the sky/heavenward. There is a unique construction, ア̅ダㇷ/'ādah = together (not "one-ward").
-m
This makes a noun into an adverb, like the English "-ly" suffix. It attaches to the singular genitive, although there are dual constructions:
ヤマナィミㇺ /yamanaymim - ambidextrously ("two-right-handedly"). Be sure an ya- has not been added to the front of the word, otherwise -m is just part of a vocative construction.
-yda
Like the English "times", this attaches to numbers. e.g. チナィダ/tinayda = twice

Independent adverbs include

tm
there
hlm/hlny/hnny
here
`nt/`tn/ht
now
'apnk/'idk
then, thereupon
'al
'surely' with imperfect, 'not' with jussives
kn
thus
mid
very much
'ayka(m)
how?
'iyyi/'i
where?
'an
where?
lama
why? for what
lō
not
bal
no, without
halū/halā/hlk/hln
behold, is it not
yā + word + m
vocative marker
ying
there is/are
ayin
there is/are not

Particles

he
question particle
wi
common conjunction
pē
clause conjunction
ap
also
'ō
or, adversative
hlm
when, as soon as
hm
if, or
koy
since, because, if, when, which

Prepositions

Inseparable Prepositions

バ-/ba- means in, at, among, (or 'when' with infinitive construct verbs), etc. With pronouns, it has certain conjugated forms:

Sing. Dual Pl.
1c ビ̅
bī 		バナヤ̅
banayā 		バヌ̅
banū
2m バカ̅
bakā 		バクマ̅
bakumā 		バケㇺ
bakem
2f バキ
baki 		バキㇴ
bakin
3m ボ̅
bō 		バフマ̅
bahumā 		バヘㇺ
bahem
3f バハ̅
bahā 		バヒㇴ
bahin


ラ͏͏͏͏゚-/͏la- means to, onto, for, etc. With pronouns, it has certain conjugated forms:

Sing. Dual Pl.
1c リ̅゜
lī 		ラ゚ナヤ̅
lanayā 		ラ゚ヌ̅
lanū
2m ラ゚カ̅
lakā 		ラ゚クマ̅
lakumā 		ラ゚ケㇺ͏
lakem
2f ラ゚キ͏
laki 		ラ゚キㇴ͏
lakin
3m ロ̅゜
lō 		ラ゚フマ̅
lahumā 		ラ゚ヘㇺ͏
lahem
3f ラ゚ハ̅
lahā 		ラ゚ヒㇴ͏
lahin

カ-/ka- means 'like' or 'as'. The primitive Hebrew form カモ/kamo re-emerges when pronouns are attached and in poetry.

Sing. Dual Pl.
1c カモィ
kamoy 		カモナヤ̅
kamonayā 		カモヌ̅
kamonū
2m カモカ̅
kamokā 		カモクマ̅
kamokumā 		カモケㇺ͏
kamokem
2f カモキ͏
kamoki 		カモキㇴ͏
kamokin
3m カモゥ
kamow 		カモフマ̅
kamohumā 		カモヘㇺ͏
kamohem
3f カモハ̅
kamohā 		カモヒㇴ͏
lahin


タ/ta- is the definite direct object marker. With pronouns, it has certain conjugated forms, where the primitive Hebrew 'ot(a)- re-emerges:

ミㇴ/ミッ/min-/mi+ is preposition meaning from, or than. With pronouns, it has certain conjugated forms, where the primitive Hebrew mimmē- re-emerges:

Separable/inseparable preposition are:

'it(ta)
with
gal(e)
'upon'
'im(ma)
'with'
'od(d)
still, yet
da
until
taqat(a)
under
'aqar(e)
after
lapan(a)
before
sabīb(e)
around
hinn(a)
ergative

Separable Prepositions

beyna
between
bāda
behind

Verbs

See the main page on verbs for a more complete listing.


Completed/Perfective
# g Sing. Dual Plural
1 c. -tū -nayā -nū
2 m. -tā -temā -temū
f. -tī -tinā
3 m. -a -ā -ū
f. -at -tā
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