Natlang Uses of Diacritics in the Latin Alphabet: Difference between revisions
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== Horn == | |||
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|+ Precomposed Letters with Horn | |||
| style="font-size:180%" | || style="font-size:180%" | || style="font-size:180%" | || style="font-size:180%" | || style="font-size:180%" | || style="font-size:180%" | || style="font-size:180%" | || style="font-size:180%" | || style="font-size:180%" | || style="font-size:180%" | || style="font-size:180%" | || style="font-size:180%" | || style="font-size:180%" | | |||
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| U+ || U+ || U+ || U+ || U+ || U+ || U+ || U+ || U+ || U+ || U+ || U+ || U+ | |||
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| Latin Capital Letter || Latin Small Letter || Latin Capital Letter || Latin Small Letter || Latin Capital Letter || Latin Small Letter || Latin Capital Letter || Latin Small Letter || Latin Capital Letter || Latin Small Letter || Latin Capital Letter || Latin Small Letter || Latin Capital Letter | |||
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| style="font-size:180%" | || style="font-size:180%" | || style="font-size:180%" | || style="font-size:180%" | || style="font-size:180%" | || style="font-size:180%" | || style="font-size:180%" | || style="font-size:180%" | || style="font-size:180%" | || style="font-size:180%" | || style="font-size:180%" | || style="font-size:180%" | || style="font-size:180%" | | |||
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| U+ || U+ || U+ || U+ || U+ || U+ || U+ || U+ || U+ || U+ || U+ || U+ || U+ | |||
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| Latin Small Letter || Latin Capital Letter || Latin Small Letter || Latin Capital Letter || Latin Small Letter || Latin Capital Letter || Latin Small Letter || Latin Capital Letter || Latin Small Letter || Latin Capital Letter || Latin Small Letter || Latin Capital Letter || Latin Small Letter | |||
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Revision as of 12:40, 26 November 2012
This page will list different uses of diacritical marks that have natlang precedence. Conlangers can use this to find inspiration for their own conlang romanizations.
Note that in this article combining diacritics are attached to a ◌. Diacritics without a ◌, like ¨ for example, are non-combining. Non-combining diacritics are sometimes called modifier letters in Unicode. When a letter is referred to without concerning about case, it is displayed like so: Ťť. This is for clarity's sake because some diacritics may look different depending on the letter's case.
Templates
U+ | U+ | U+ | U+ | U+ | U+ | U+ | U+ | U+ | U+ | U+ | U+ | U+ |
Latin Capital Letter | Latin Small Letter | Latin Capital Letter | Latin Small Letter | Latin Capital Letter | Latin Small Letter | Latin Capital Letter | Latin Small Letter | Latin Capital Letter | Latin Small Letter | Latin Capital Letter | Latin Small Letter | Latin Capital Letter |
U+ | U+ | U+ | U+ | U+ | U+ | U+ | U+ | U+ | U+ | U+ | U+ | U+ |
Latin Small Letter | Latin Capital Letter | Latin Small Letter | Latin Capital Letter | Latin Small Letter | Latin Capital Letter | Latin Small Letter | Latin Capital Letter | Latin Small Letter | Latin Capital Letter | Latin Small Letter | Latin Capital Letter | Latin Small Letter |
Usage | Language | Letters | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
Postalveolar consonant | Latgalian, Latvian | Čč /tʃ/, Šš /ʃ/, Žž /ʒ/ | Unaccented Cc stands for /ts/ in Latvian and Latgalian. |
Livonian | Šš /ʃ/, Žž /ʒ/ |
Acute Accent
´ | ˊ | ◌́ | ◌́ | Á | á | Ǻ | ǻ | Ấ | ấ | Ắ | ắ | Ǽ |
U+00B4 | U+02CA | U+0301 | U+0341 | U+00C1 | U+00E1 | U+01FA | U+01FB | U+1EA4 | U+1EA5 | U+1EAE | U+1EAF | U+01FC |
Acute Accent | Modifier Letter Acute Accent | Combining Acute Accent | Combining Acute Tone Mark | Latin Capital Letter A With Acute | Latin Small Letter A With Acute | Latin Capital Letter A With Ring Above And Acute | Latin Small Letter A With Ring Above And Acute | Latin Capital Letter A With Circumflex And Acute | Latin Small Letter A With Circumflex And Acute | Latin Capital Letter A With Breve And Acute | Latin Small Letter A With Breve And Acute | Latin Capital Letter Ae With Acute |
Note: May be confused with Apostrophe ' (U+0027), Modifier Letter Prime ʹ (U+02B9), Modifier Letter Turned Comma ʻ (U+02BB), Modifier Letter Apostrophe ʼ (U+02BC), Modifier Letter Vertical Line ˈ (U+02C8), Right Single Quotation Mark ’ (U+2019), or Prime ′ (U+2032). | Note: May be confused with Combining Turned Comma Above ◌̒ (U+0312). | |||||||||||
ǽ | Ć | ć | Ḉ | ḉ | É | é | Ḗ | ḗ | Ế | ế | Ǵ | ǵ |
U+01FD | U+0106 | U+0107 | U+1E08 | U+1E09 | U+00C9 | U+00E9 | U+1E16 | U+1E17 | U+1EBE | U+1EBF | U+01F4 | U+01F5 |
Latin Small Letter Ae With Acute | Latin Capital Letter C With Acute | Latin Small Letter C With Acute | Latin Capital Letter C With Cedilla And Acute | Latin Small Letter C With Cedilla And Acute | Latin Capital Letter E With Acute | Latin Small Letter E With Acute | Latin Capital Letter E With Macron And Acute | Latin Small Letter E With Macron And Acute | Latin Capital Letter E With Circumflex And Acute | Latin Small Letter E With Circumflex And Acute | Latin Capital Letter G With Acute | Latin Small Letter G With Acute |
Í | í | Ḯ | ḯ | Ḱ | ḱ | Ĺ | ĺ | Ḿ | ḿ | Ń | ń | Ó |
U+00CD | U+00ED | U+1E2E | U+1E2F | U+1E30 | U+1E31 | U+0139 | U+013A | U+1E3E | U+1E3F | U+0143 | U+0144 | U+00D3 |
Latin Capital Letter I With Acute | Latin Small Letter I With Acute | Latin Capital Letter I With Diaeresis And Acute | Latin Small Letter I With Diaeresis And Acute | Latin Capital Letter K With Acute | Latin Small Letter K With Acute | Latin Capital Letter L With Acute | Latin Small Letter L With Acute | Latin Capital Letter M With Acute | Latin Small Letter M With Acute | Latin Capital Letter N With Acute | Latin Small Letter N With Acute | Latin Capital Letter O With Acute |
ó | Ṓ | ṓ | Ố | ố | Ṍ | ṍ | Ớ | ớ | Ǿ | ǿ | Ṕ | ṕ |
U+00F3 | U+1E52 | U+1E53 | U+1ED0 | U+1ED1 | U+1E4C | U+1E4D | U+1EDA | U+1EDB | U+01FE | U+01FF | U+1E54 | U+1E55 |
Latin Small Letter O With Acute | Latin Capital Letter O With Macron And Acute | Latin Small Letter O With Macron And Acute | Latin Capital Letter O With Circumflex And Acute | Latin Small Letter O With Circumflex And Acute | Latin Capital Letter O With Tilde And Acute | Latin Small Letter O With Tilde And Acute | Latin Capital Letter O With Horn And Acute | Latin Small Letter O With Horn And Acute | Latin Capital Letter O With Stroke And Acute | Latin Small Letter O With Stroke And Acute | Latin Capital Letter P With Acute | Latin Small Letter P With Acute |
Ŕ | ŕ | Ś | ś | Ṥ | ṥ | Ú | ú | Ǘ | ǘ | Ṹ | ṹ | Ứ |
U+0154 | U+0155 | U+015A | U+015B | U+1E64 | U+1E65 | U+00DA | U+00FA | U+01D7 | U+01D8 | U+1E78 | U+1E79 | U+1EE8 |
Latin Capital Letter R With Acute | Latin Small Letter R With Acute | Latin Capital Letter S With Acute | Latin Small Letter S With Acute | Latin Capital Letter S With Acute And Dot Above | Latin Small Letter S With Acute And Dot Above | Latin Capital Letter U With Acute | Latin Small Letter U With Acute | Latin Capital Letter U With Diaeresis And Acute | Latin Small Letter U With Diaeresis And Acute | Latin Capital Letter U With Tilde And Acute | Latin Small Letter U With Tilde And Acute | Latin Capital Letter U With Horn And Acute |
ứ | Ẃ | ẃ | Ý | ý | Ź | ź | ||||||
U+1EE9 | U+1E82 | U+1E83 | U+00DD | U+00FD | U+0179 | U+017A | ||||||
Latin Small Letter U With Horn And Acute | Latin Capital Letter W With Acute | Latin Small Letter W With Acute | Latin Capital Letter Y With Acute | Latin Small Letter Y With Acute | Latin Capital Letter Z With Acute | Latin Small Letter Z With Acute |
Usage | Language | Letters | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
Long vowel | Czech | Áá /aː/, Éé /ɛː/, Íí /iː/, Óó /oː/, Úú /uː/, Ýý /iː/ | Íí and Ýý both represent the same phoneme in Standard Czech, but Íí may mark that the previous consonant is palatal, which Ýý does not.[1] |
Breve
˘ | ◌̆ | Ă | ă | Ắ | ắ | Ằ | ằ | Ẳ | ẳ | Ẵ | ẵ | Ặ |
U+02D8 | U+0306 | U+0102 | U+0103 | U+1EAE | U+1EAF | U+1EB0 | U+1EB1 | U+1EB2 | U+1EB3 | U+1EB4 | U+1EB5 | U+1EB6 |
Breve | Combining Breve | Latin Capital Letter A With Breve | Latin Small Letter A With Breve | Latin Capital Letter A With Breve And Acute | Latin Small Letter A With Breve And Acute | Latin Capital Letter A With Breve And Grave | Latin Small Letter A With Breve And Grave | Latin Capital Letter A With Breve And Hook Above | Latin Small Letter A With Breve And Hook Above | Latin Capital Letter A With Breve And Tilde | Latin Small Letter A With Breve And Tilde | Latin Capital Letter A With Breve And Dot Below |
ặ | Ĕ | ĕ | Ḝ | ḝ | Ğ | ğ | Ĭ | ĭ | Ŏ | ŏ | Ŭ | ŭ |
U+1EB7 | U+0114 | U+0115 | U+1E1C | U+1E1D | U+011E | U+011F | U+012C | U+012D | U+014E | U+014F | U+016C | U+016D |
Latin Small Letter A With Breve And Dot Below | Latin Capital Letter E With Breve | Latin Small Letter E With Breve | Latin Capital Letter E With Cedilla And Breve | Latin Small Letter E With Cedilla And Breve | Latin Capital Letter G With Breve | Latin Small Letter G With Breve | Latin Capital Letter I With Breve | Latin Small Letter I With Breve | Latin Capital Letter O With Breve | Latin Small Letter O With Breve | Latin Capital Letter U With Breve | Latin Small Letter U With Breve |
Note that the breve is easily confused with the similar looking caron ˇ, especially in small font sizes.
Usage | Language | Letters | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
Caron
ˇ | ◌̌ | Ǎ | ǎ | Č | č | Ď | ď | DŽ | Dž | dž | Ě | ě |
U+02C7 | U+030C | U+01CD | U+01CD | U+010C | U+010D | U+010E | U+010F | U+01C4 | U+01C5 | U+01C6 | U+011A | U+011B |
Caron | Combining Caron | Latin Letter Capital A With Caron | Latin Letter Small A With Caron | Latin Capital Letter C With Caron | Latin Small Letter C With Caron | Latin Capital Letter D With Caron | Latin Small Letter D With Caron | Latin Capital Letter Dz With Caron | Latin Capital Letter D With Small Letter Z With Caron | Latin Small Letter Dz With Caron | Latin Capital Letter E With Caron | Latin Small Letter E With Caron |
Note: May be confused with Modifier Letter Down Arrowhead ˅ (U+02C5). | Note: The caron looks actually like an apostrophe placed to the right of the ascender of the d. | |||||||||||
Ǧ | ǧ | Ȟ | ȟ | Ǐ | ǐ | ǰ | Ǩ | ǩ | Ľ | ľ | Ň | ň |
U+01E6 | U+01E7 | U+021E | U+021F | U+01CF | U+01D0 | U+01F0 | U+01E8 | U+01E9 | U+013D | U+013E | U+0147 | U+0148 |
Latin Capital Letter G With Caron | Latin Small Letter G With Caron | Latin Capital Letter H With Caron | Latin Small Letter H With Caron | Latin Capital Letter I With Caron | Latin Small Letter I With Caron | Latin Small Letter J With Caron | Latin Capital Letter K With Caron | Latin Small Letter K With Caron | Latin Capital Letter L With Caron | Latin Small Letter L With Caron | Latin Capital Letter N With Caron | Latin Small Letter N With Caron |
Note: The caron looks actually like an apostrophe placed to the right of the ascender of the Ll. | ||||||||||||
Ǒ | ǒ | Ř | ř | Š | š | Ṧ | ṧ | Ť | ť | Ǔ | ǔ | Ǚ |
U+01D1 | U+01D2 | U+0158 | U+0159 | U+0160 | U+0161 | U+1E66 | U+1E67 | U+0164 | U+0165 | U+01D3 | U+01D4 | U+01D9 |
Latin Capital Letter O With Caron | Latin Small Letter O With Caron | Latin Capital Letter R With Caron | Latin Small Letter R With Caron | Latin Capital Letter S With Caron | Latin Small Letter S With Caron | Latin Capital Letter S With Caron And Dot Above | Latin Small Letter S With Caron And Dot Above | Latin Capital Letter T With Caron | Latin Small Letter T With Caron | Latin Capital Letter U With Caron | Latin Small Letter U With Caron | Latin Capital Letter U With Diaeresis And Caron |
Note: The caron looks actually like an apostrophe placed to the right of the ascender of the t. | ||||||||||||
ǚ | Ž | ž | Ǯ | ǯ | ||||||||
U+01DA | U+017D | U+017E | U+01EE | U+01EF | ||||||||
Latin Small Letter U With Diaeresis And Caron | Latin Capital Letter Z With Caron | Latin Small Letter Z With Caron | Latin Capital Letter Ezh With Caron | Latin Small Letter Ezh With Caron |
Caron is also known as háček or haček. It originated from dot above in Czech orthography.[2] Note that the caron is easily confused with the similar looking breve ˘, especially in small font sizes.
Usage | Language | Letters | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
Change of manner of articulation | Czech | Řř /r̝/ | This is a raised non-sonorant trill. Unaccented Rr stands for /r/.[3] |
Palatal phoneme | Czech | Ďď /ɟ/, Ěě /(j)ɛ/, Ňň /ɲ/, Ťť /c/ | Ěě stands for an /ɛ/ that makes a previous Dd, Nn, Tt be /ɟ, ɲ, c/, a previous Bb, Ff, Pp, Vv be /bj, fj, pj, vj/, and a previous Mm /mɲ/. This letter is not found in other positions.[4] |
Postalveolar consonant | Czech, Latgalian, Latvian | Čč /tʃ/, Šš /ʃ/, Žž /ʒ/ | Unaccented Cc stands for /ts/ in Czech, Latvian and Latgalian. |
Livonian | Šš /ʃ/, Žž /ʒ/ |
Cedilla
¸ | ◌̧ | Ç | ç | Ḉ | ḉ | Ḑ | ḑ | Ȩ | ȩ | Ḝ | ḝ | Ģ |
U+00B8 | U+0327 | U+00C7 | U+00E7 | U+1E08 | U+1E09 | U+1E10 | U+1E11 | U+0228 | U+0229 | U+1E1C | U+1E1D | U+0122 |
Cedilla | Combining Cedilla | Latin Capital Letter C With Cedilla | Latin Small Letter C With Cedilla | Latin Capital Letter C With Cedilla And Acute | Latin Small Letter C With Cedilla And Acute | Latin Capital Letter D With Cedilla | Latin Small Letter D With Cedilla | Latin Capital Letter E With Cedilla | Latin Small Letter E With Cedilla | Latin Capital Letter E With Cedilla And Breve | Latin Small Letter E With Cedilla And Breve | Latin Capital Letter G With Cedilla |
ģ | Ḩ | ḩ | Ķ | ķ | Ļ | ļ | Ņ | ņ | Ŗ | ŗ | Ş | ş |
U+0123 | U+1E28 | U+1E29 | U+0136 | U+0137 | U+013B | U+013C | U+0145 | U+0146 | U+0156 | U+0157 | U+015E | U+015F |
Latin Small Letter G With Cedilla | Latin Capital Letter H With Cedilla | Latin Small Letter H With Cedilla | Latin Capital Letter K With Cedilla | Latin Small Letter K With Cedilla | Latin Capital Letter L With Cedilla | Latin Small Letter L With Cedilla | Latin Capital Letter N With Cedilla | Latin Small Letter N With Cedilla | Latin Capital Letter R With Cedilla | Latin Small Letter R With Cedilla | Latin Capital Letter S With Cedilla | Latin Small Letter S With Cedilla |
Note: The diacritic is placed on top of the letter to avoid the descender of the g. | | Note: May be confused with Latin Capital Letter S With Comma Below Ș (U+0218). | Note: May be confused with Latin Small Letter S With Comma Below ș (U+0219). | |||||||||
Ţ | ţ | |||||||||||
U+0162 | U+0163 | |||||||||||
Latin Capital Letter T With Cedilla | Latin Small Letter T With Cedilla | |||||||||||
Note: May be confused with Latin Capital Letter T With Comma Below Ț (U+021A). | Note: May be confused with Latin Small Letter T With Comma Below ț (U+021B). |
Cedilla originates from a cursive form of Z.[5] Note that the cedilla may be confused with ogonek ˛ or comma below ◌̦. In some fonts, the cedilla together with some letters may look identical to the comma. In Romanian, the letters Șș and Țț are actually supposed to have a comma below and not a cedilla, while in most other languages Şş and Ţţ are supposed to have cedillas.
Usage | Language | Letters | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
Palatal consonant | Latgalian, Latvian | Ģģ /ɟ/, Ķķ /c/, Ļļ /ʎ/, Ņņ /ɲ/ | |
Livonian | Ḑḑ /ɟ/, Ļļ /ʎ/, Ņņ /ɲ/, Ţţ /c/ | ||
Palatalized consonant | Livonian | Ŗŗ /rʲ/ |
Circumflex
^ | ˆ | ◌̂ | Â | â | Ấ | ấ | Ầ | ầ | Ẩ | ẩ | Ẫ | ẫ |
U+005E | U+02C6 | U+0302 | U+00C2 | U+00E2 | U+1EA4 | U+1EA5 | U+1EA6 | U+1EA7 | U+1EA8 | U+1EA9 | U+1EAA | U+1EAB |
Circumflex Accent | Modifier Letter Circumflex Accent | Combining Circumflex Accent | Latin Capital Letter A With Circumflex | Latin Small Letter A With Circumflex | Latin Capital Letter A With Circumflex And Acute | Latin Small Letter A With Circumflex And Acute | Latin Capital Letter A With Circumflex And Grave | Latin Small Letter A With Circumflex And Grave | Latin Capital Letter A With Circumflex And Hook Above | Latin Small Letter A With Circumflex And Hook Above | Latin Capital Letter A With Circumflex And Tilde | Latin Small Letter A With Circumflex And Tilde |
Note: May be confused with Modifier Letter Up Arrowhead ˄ (U+02C4), Combining Inverted Breve ◌̑ (U+0311) or Up Arrowhead ⌃ (U+2303). | ||||||||||||
Ậ | ậ | Ĉ | ĉ | Ê | ê | Ế | ế | Ề | ề | Ể | ể | Ễ |
U+1EAC | U+1EAD | U+0108 | U+0109 | U+00CA | U+00EA | U+1EBE | U+1EBF | U+1EC0 | U+1EC1 | U+1EC2 | U+1EC3 | U+1EC4 |
Latin Capital Letter A With Circumflex And Dot Below | Latin Small Letter A With Circumflex And Dot Below | Latin Capital Letter C With Circumflex | Latin Small Letter C With Circumflex | Latin Capital Letter E With Circumflex | Latin Small Letter E With Circumflex | Latin Capital Letter E With Circumflex And Acute | Latin Small Letter E With Circumflex And Acute | Latin Capital Letter E With Circumflex And Grave | Latin Small Letter E With Circumflex And Grave | Latin Capital Letter E With Circumflex And Hook Above | Latin Small Letter E With Circumflex And Hook Above | Latin Capital Letter E With Circumflex And Tilde |
ễ | Ệ | ệ | Ĝ | ĝ | Ĥ | ĥ | Î | î | Ĵ | ĵ | Ô | ô |
U+1EC5 | U+1EC6 | U+1EC7 | U+011C | U+011D | U+0124 | U+0125 | U+00CE | U+00EE | U+0134 | U+0135 | U+00D4 | U+00F4 |
Latin Small Letter E With Circumflex And Tilde | Latin Capital Letter E With Circumflex And Dot Below | Latin Small Letter E With Circumflex And Dot Below | Latin Capital Letter G With Circumflex | Latin Small Letter G With Circumflex | Latin Capital Letter H With Circumflex | Latin Small Letter H With Circumflex | Latin Capital Letter I With Circumflex | Latin Small Ltter I With Circumflex | Latin Capital Letter J With Circumflex | Latin Small Letter J With Circumflex | Latin Capital Letter O With Circumflex | Latin Small Letter O With Circumflex |
Ố | ố | Ồ | ồ | Ổ | ổ | Ỗ | ỗ | Ộ | ộ | Ŝ | ŝ | Û |
U+1ED0 | U+1ED1 | U+1ED2 | U+1ED3 | U+1ED4 | U+1ED5 | U+1ED6 | U+1ED7 | U+1ED8 | U+1ED9 | U+015C | U+015D | U+00DB |
Latin Capital Letter O With Circumflex And Acute | Latin Small Letter O With Circumflex And Acute | Latin Capital Letter O With Circumflex And Grave | Latin Small Letter O With Circumflex And Grave | Latin Capital Letter O With Circumflex And Hook Above | Latin Small Letter O With Circumflex And Hook Above | Latin Capital Letter O With Circumflex And Tilde | Latin Small Letter O With Circumflex And Tilde | Latin Capital Letter O With Circumflex And Dot Below | Latin Small Letter O With Circumflex And Dot Below | Latin Capital Letter S With Circumflex | Latin Small Letter S With Circumflex | Latin Capital Letter U With Circumflex |
û | Ŵ | ŵ | Ŷ | ŷ | Ẑ | ẑ | ||||||
U+00FB | U+0174 | U+0175 | U+0176 | U+0177 | U+1E90 | U+1E91 | ||||||
Latin Small Letter U With Circumflex | Latin Capital Letter W With Circumflex | Latin Small Letter W With Circumflex | Latin Capital Letter Y With Circumflex | Latin Small Letter Y With Circumflex | Latin Capital Letter Z With Circumflex | Latin Small Letter Z With Circumflex |
Usage | Language | Letters | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
Diaeresis/Umlaut
¨ | ◌̈ | Ä | ä | Ǟ | ǟ | Ë | ë | Ḧ | ḧ | Ï | ï | Ḯ |
U+00A8 | U+0308 | U+00C4 | U+00E4 | U+01DE | U+01DF | U+00CB | U+00EB | U+1E26 | U+1E27 | U+00CF | U+00EF | U+1E2E |
Diaeresis | Combining Diaeresis | Latin Capital Letter A With Diaeresis | Latin Small Letter A With Diaeresis | Latin Capital Letter A With Diaeresis And Macron | Latin Small Letter A With Diaeresis And Macron | Latin Capital Letter E With Diaeresis | Latin Small Letter E With Diaeresis | Latin Capital Letter H With Diaeresis | Latin Small Letter H With Diaeresis | Latin Capital Letter I With Diaeresis | Latin Small Letter I With Diaeresis | Latin Capital Letter I With Diaeresis And Acute |
ḯ | Ö | ö | Ȫ | ȫ | Ṏ | ṏ | ẗ | Ü | ü | Ǖ | ǖ | Ǘ |
U+1E2F | U+00D6 | U+00F6 | U+022A | U+022B | U+1E4E | U+1E4F | U+1E97 | U+00DC | U+00FC | U+01D5 | U+01D6 | U+01D7 |
Latin Small Letter I With Diaeresis And Acute | Latin Capital Letter O With Diaeresis | Latin Small Letter O With Diaeresis | Latin Capital Letter O With Diaeresis And Macron | Latin Small Letter O With Diaeresis And Macron | Latin Capital Letter O With Tilde And Diaeresis | Latin Small Letter O With Tilde And Diaeresis | Latin Small Letter T With Diaeresis | Latin Capital Letter U With Diaeresis | Latin Small Letter U With Diaeresis | Latin Capital Letter U With Diaeresis And Macron | Latin Small Letter U With Diaeresis And Macron | Latin Capital Letter U With Diaeresis And Acute |
ǘ | Ǚ | ǚ | Ǜ | ǜ | Ṻ | ṻ | Ẅ | ẅ | Ẍ | ẍ | Ÿ | ÿ |
U+01D8 | U+01D9 | U+01DA | U+01DB | U+01DC | U+1E7A | U+1E7B | U+1E84 | U+1E85 | U+1E8C | U+1E8D | U+0178 | U+00FF |
Latin Small Letter U With Diaeresis And Acute | Latin Capital Letter U With Diaeresis And Caron | Latin Small Letter U With Diaeresis And Caron | Latin Capital Letter U With Diaeresis And Grave | Latin Small Letter U With Diaeresis And Grave | Latin Capital Letter U With Macron And Diaeresis | Latin Small Letter U With Macron And Diaeresis | Latin Capital Letter W With Diaeresis | Latin Small Letter W With Diaeresis | Latin Capital Letter X With Diaeresis | Latin Small Letter X With Diaeresis | Latin Capital Letter Y With Diaeresis | Latin Small Letter Y With Diaeresis |
Diaeresis (known as tréma in French) and umlaut both employ the same character. But there is a difference of use between diaeresis and umlaut. Letters with umlaut stand for completely different sounds than their non-accented counterparts. For example in Swedish <o> represents /u/ while <ö> represents /ø/. Diaeresis on the other hand does not change the sound value of a letter, but instead marks that a vowel is not part of a diphthong or digraph.
The diaeresis and umlaut characters have different origins. Diaeresis was borrowed from the Greek alphabet, while umlaut began as a small e placed on top of Aa, Oo or Uu. This e then later evolved into the same shape as diaeresis.
Usage | Language | Letters | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
Front version of back vowel | Estonian | Ää /æ/, Öö /ø/, Üü /y/ | |
Finnish | Ää /æ/, Öö /ø/ | Usage borrowed from Swedish. | |
Livonian | Ää /æ/, Ǟǟ /æː/ | ||
Swedish | Ää /ɛ/, Öö /ø/ | The umlaut evolved from the letter e in the digraphs ae[6] and oe[7]. | |
Syllable break. When two vowel follow each other, a diaeresis on the second vowel indicates that the vowels are in two different syllables instead of forming a diphthong. | French | Ëë, Ïï, Üü, Ÿÿ |
Dot Above
˙ | ◌̇ | Ȧ | ȧ | Ǡ | ǡ | Ḃ | ḃ | Ċ | ċ | Ḋ | ḋ | Ė |
U+02D9 | U+0307 | U+0226 | U+0227 | U+01E0 | U+01E1 | U+1E02 | U+1E03 | U+010A | U+010B | U+1E0A | U+1E0B | U+0116 |
Dot Above | Combining Dot Above | Latin Capital Letter A With Dot Above | Latin Small Letter A With Dot Above | Latin Capital Letter A With Dot Above And Macron | Latin Small Letter A With Dot Above And Macron | Latin Capital Letter B With Dot Above | Latin Small Letter B With Dot Above | Latin Capital Letter C With Dot Above | Latin Small Letter C With Dot Above | Latin Capital Letter D With Dot Above | Latin Small Letter D With Dot Above | Latin Capital Letter E With Dot Above |
ė | Ḟ | ḟ | Ġ | ġ | Ḣ | ḣ | İ | i | Ṁ | ṁ | Ṅ | ṅ |
U+0117 | U+1E1E | U+1E1F | U+0120 | U+0121 | U+1E22 | U+1E23 | U+0130 | U+0069 | U+1E40 | U+1E41 | U+1E44 | U+1E45 |
Latin Small Letter E With Dot Above | Latin Capital Letter F With Dot Above | Latin Small Letter F With Dot Above | Latin Capital Letter G With Dot Above | Latin Small Letter G With Dot Above | Latin Capital Letter H With Dot Above | Latin Small Letter H With Dot Above | Latin Capital Letter I With Dot Above | Latin Small Letter I | Latin Capital Letter M With Dot Above | Latin Small Letter M With Dot Above | Latin Capital Letter N With Dot Above | Latin Small Letter N With Dot Above |
Note: In most languages i is the lower case version of I, but in Turkish İ and i resp. I and ı go together. If Turkish case is used, you need to make sure that various software handles that correctly. For example dictionaries need to sort the letters in the right order. | ||||||||||||
Ȯ | ȯ | Ȱ | ȱ | Ṗ | ṗ | Ṙ | ṙ | Ṡ | ṡ | ẛ | Ṥ | ṥ |
U+022E | U+022F | U+0230 | U+0231 | U+1E56 | U+1E57 | U+1E58 | U+1E59 | U+1E60 | U+1E61 | U+1E9B | U+1E64 | U+1E65 |
Latin Capital Letter O With Dot Above | Latin Small Letter O With Dot Above | Latin Capital Letter O With Dot Above And Macron | Latin Small Letter O With Dot Above And Macron | Latin Capital Letter P With Dot Above | Latin Small Letter P With Dot Above | Latin Capital Letter R With Dot Above | Latin Small Letter R With Dot Above | Latin Capital Letter S With Dot Above | Latin Small Letter S With Dot Above | Latin Small Letter Long S With Dot Above | Latin Capital Letter S With Acute And Dot Above | Latin Small Letter S With Acute And Dot Above |
Ṧ | ṧ | Ṩ | ṩ | Ṫ | ṫ | Ẇ | ẇ | Ẋ | ẋ | Ẏ | ẏ | Ż |
U+1E66 | U+1E67 | U+1E68 | U+1E69 | U+1E6A | U+1E6B | U+1E86 | U+1E87 | U+1E8A | U+1E8B | U+1E8E | U+1E8F | U+017B |
Latin Capital Letter S With Caron And Dot Above | Latin Small Letter S With Caron And Dot Above | Latin Capital Letter S With Dot Below And Dot Above | Latin Small Letter S With Dot Below And Dot Above | Latin Capital Letter T With Dot Above | Latin Small Letter T With Dot Above | Latin Capital Letter W With Dot Above | Latin Small Letter W With Dot Above | Latin Capital Letter X With Dot Above | Latin Small Letter X With Dot Above | Latin Capital Letter Y With Dot Above | Latin Small Letter Y With Dot Above | Latin Capital Letter Z With Dot Above |
ż | ||||||||||||
U+017C | ||||||||||||
Latin Small Letter Z With Dot Above |
Use | Language | Letters | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
Raised vowel | Livonian | Ȯȯ /ʊ/, Ȱȱ /ʊː/ |
Grave Accent
` | ˋ | ˴ | ◌̀ | ◌̀ | À | à | Ầ | ầ | Ằ | ằ | È | è |
U+0060 | U+02CB | U+02F4 | U+0300 | U+0340 | U+00C0 | U+00E0 | U+1EA6 | U+1EA7 | U+1EB0 | U+1EB1 | U+00C8 | U+00E8 |
Grave Accent | Modifier Letter Grave Accent | Modifier Letter Middle Grave Accent | Combining Grave Accent | Combining Grave Tone Mark | Latin Capital Letter A With Grave | Latin Small Letter A With Grave | Latin Capital Letter A With Circumflex And Grave | Latin Small Letter A With Circumflex And Grave | Latin Capital Letter A With Breve And Grave | Latin Small Letter A With Breve And Grave | Latin Capital Letter E With Grave | Latin Small Letter E With Grave |
Ḕ | ḕ | Ề | ề | Ì | ì | Ǹ | ǹ | Ò | ò | Ṑ | ṑ | Ồ |
U+1E14 | U+1E15 | U+1EC0 | U+1EC1 | U+00CC | U+00EC | U+01F8 | U+01F9 | U+00D2 | U+00F2 | U+1E50 | U+1E51 | U+1ED2 |
Latin Capital Letter E With Macron And Grave | Latin Small Letter E With Macron And Grave | Latin Capital Letter E With Circumflex And Grave | Latin Small Letter E With Circumflex And Grave | Latin Capital Letter I With Grave | Latin Small Letter I With Grave | Latin Capital Letter N With Grave | Latin Small Letter N With Grave | Latin Capital Letter O With Grave | Latin Small Letter O With Grave | Latin Capital Letter O With Macron And Grave | Latin Small Letter O With Macron And Grave | Latin Capital Letter O With Circumflex And Grave |
ồ | Ờ | ờ | Ù | ù | Ǜ | ǜ | Ừ | ừ | Ẁ | ẁ | Ỳ | ỳ |
U+1ED3 | U+1EDC | U+1EDD | U+00D9 | U+00F9 | U+01DB | U+01DC | U+1EEA | U+1EEB | U+1E80 | U+1E81 | U+1EF2 | U+1EF3 |
Latin Small Letter O With Circumflex And Grave | Latin Capital Letter O With Horn And Grave | Latin Small Letter O With Horn And Grave | Latin Capital Letter U With Grave | Latin Small Letter U With Grave | Latin Capital Letter U With Diaeresis And Grave | Latin Small Letter U With Diaeresis And Grave | Latin Capital Letter U With Horn And Grave | Latin Small Letter U With Horn And Grave | Latin Capital Letter W With Grave | Latin Small Letter W With Grave | Latin Capital Letter Y With Grave | Latin Small Letter Y With Grave |
Use | Language | Letters | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
Horn
U+ | U+ | U+ | U+ | U+ | U+ | U+ | U+ | U+ | U+ | U+ | U+ | U+ |
Latin Capital Letter | Latin Small Letter | Latin Capital Letter | Latin Small Letter | Latin Capital Letter | Latin Small Letter | Latin Capital Letter | Latin Small Letter | Latin Capital Letter | Latin Small Letter | Latin Capital Letter | Latin Small Letter | Latin Capital Letter |
U+ | U+ | U+ | U+ | U+ | U+ | U+ | U+ | U+ | U+ | U+ | U+ | U+ |
Latin Small Letter | Latin Capital Letter | Latin Small Letter | Latin Capital Letter | Latin Small Letter | Latin Capital Letter | Latin Small Letter | Latin Capital Letter | Latin Small Letter | Latin Capital Letter | Latin Small Letter | Latin Capital Letter | Latin Small Letter |
Macron
¯ | ˉ | ◌̄ | Ā | ā | Ǟ | ǟ | Ǡ | ǡ | Ǣ | ǣ | Ē | ē |
U+00AF | U+02C9 | U+0304 | U+0100 | U+0101 | U+01DE | U+01DF | U+01E0 | U+01E1 | U+01E2 | U+01E3 | U+0112 | U+0113 |
Macron | Modifier Letter Macron | Combining Macron | Latin Capital Letter A With Macron | Latin Small Letter A With Macron | Latin Capital Letter A With Diaeresis And Macron | Latin Small Letter A With Diaeresis And Macron | Latin Capital Letter A With Dot Above And Macron | Latin Small Letter A With Dot Above And Macron | Latin Capital Letter Ae With Macron | Latin Small Letter Ae With Macron | Latin Capital Letter E With Macron | Latin Small Letter E With Macron |
Note: May be confused with Overline ‾ (U+203E), Combining Double Macron ◌͞ (U+035E) or Superscript Minus ⁻ (U+207B). | ||||||||||||
Ḕ | ḕ | Ḗ | ḗ | Ḡ | ḡ | Ī | ī | Ḹ | ḹ | Ō | ō | Ǭ |
U+1E14 | U+1E15 | U+1E16 | U+1E17 | U+1E20 | U+1E21 | U+012A | U+012B | U+1E38 | U+1E39 | U+014C | U+014D | U+01EC |
Latin Capital Letter E With Macron And Grave | Latin Small Letter E With Macron And Grave | Latin Capital Letter E With Macron And Acute | Latin Small Letter E With Macron And Acute | Latin Capital Letter G With Macron | Latin Small Letter G With Macron | Latin Capital Letter I With Macron | Latin Small Letter I With Macron | Latin Capital Letter L With Dot Below And Macron | Latin Small Letter L With Dot Below And Macron | Latin Capital Letter O With Macron | Latin Small Letter O With Macron | Latin Capital Letter O With Ogonek And Macron |
ǭ | Ṑ | ṑ | Ṓ | ṓ | Ȫ | ȫ | Ȭ | ȭ | Ȱ | ȱ | Ṝ | ṝ |
U+01ED | U+1E50 | U+1E51 | U+1E52 | U+1E53 | U+022A | U+022B | U+022C | U+022D | U+0230 | U+0231 | U+1E5C | U+1E5D |
Latin Small Letter O With Ogonek And Macron | Latin Capital Letter O With Macron And Grave | Latin Small Letter O With Macron And Grave | Latin Capital Letter O With Macron And Acute | Latin Small Letter O With Macron And Acute | Latin Capital Letter O With Diaeresis And Macron | Latin Small Letter O With Diaeresis And Macron | Latin Capital Letter O With Tilde And Macron | Latin Small Letter O With Tilde And Macron | Latin Capital Letter O With Dot Above And Macron | Latin Small Letter O With Dot Above And Macron | Latin Capital Letter R With Dot Below And Macron | Latin Small Letter R With Dot Below And Macron |
Ū | ū | Ṻ | ṻ | Ǖ | ǖ | Ȳ | ȳ | |||||
U+016A | U+016B | U+1E7A | U+1E7B | U+01D5 | U+01D6 | U+0232 | U+0233 | |||||
Latin Capital Letter U With Macron | Latin Small Letter U With Macron | Latin Capital Letter U With Macron And Diaeresis | Latin Small Letter U With Macron And Diaeresis | Latin Capital Letter U With Diaeresis And Macron | Latin Small Letter U With Diaeresis And Macron | Latin Capital Letter Y With Macron | Latin Small Letter Y With Macron |
Use | Language | Letters | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
Long vowel | Latgalian | Āā /ɑː/, Ēē /eː/, Īī /iː/, Ōō /oː/, Ūū /uː/ | |
Latvian | Āā /ɑː/, Ēē /eː/ and /æː/, Īī /iː/, Ūū /uː/ | ||
Livonian | Āā /ɑː/, Ǟǟ /æː/, Ēē /ɛː/, Īī /iː/, Ōō /oː/, Ȱȱ /ʊː/, Ȭȭ /ɨː/, Ūū /u/ |
Ring Above
˚ | ◌̊ | Å | å | Ǻ | ǻ | Ů | ů | ẘ | ẙ |
U+02DA | U+030A | U+00C5 | U+00E5 | U+01FA | U+01FB | U+016E | U+016F | U+1E98 | U+1E99 |
Ring Above | Combining Ring Above | Latin Capital Letter A With Ring Above | Latin Small Letter A With Ring Above | Latin Capital Letter A With Ring Above And Acute | Latin Small Letter A With Ring Above And Acute | Latin Capital Letter U With Ring Above | Latin Small Letter U With Ring Above | Latin Small Letter W With Ring Above | Latin Small Letter Y With Ring Above |
Note: May be confused with the Degree Sign ° (U+00B0) | Note: May be confused with the Ångström Sign Å (U+212B). |
Use | Language | Letters | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
Back version of front vowel. Often also rounded. | Chamorro | Åå /ɑ/ | |
Danish, Norwegian | Åå /ɔ/ | From an earlier digraph aa representing /ɔ/, which in turn came from /aː/.[8] | |
Swedish | Åå /o/ | From an earlier digraph aa representing /ɔ/, which in turn came from /aː/.[9] | |
Long vowel | Czech | Ůů /uː/ | This comes from a diphthong /uo/, where the o was sometimes written as a ring above the u. A sound change then turned /uo/ into /uː/.[10] |
Tilde
~ | ˜ | ◌̃ | Ã | ã | Ẫ | ẫ | Ẵ | ẵ | Ẽ | ẽ | Ễ | ễ |
U+007E | U+02DC | U+0303 | U+00C3 | U+00E3 | U+1EAA | U+1EAB | U+1EB4 | U+1EB5 | U+1EBC | U+1EBD | U+1EC4 | U+1EC5 |
Tilde | Small Tilde | Combining Tilde | Latin Capital Letter A With Tilde | Latin Small Letter A With Tilde | Latin Capital Letter A With Circumflex And Tilde | Latin Small Letter A With Circumflex And Tilde | Latin Capital Letter A With Breve And Tilde | Latin Small Letter A With Breve And Tilde | Latin Capital Letter E With Tilde | Latin Small Letter E With Tilde | Latin Capital Letter E With Circumflex And Tilde | Latin Small Letter E With Circumflex And Tilde |
Note: May be confused with swung dash ⁓ (U+2053). | ||||||||||||
Ĩ | ĩ | Ñ | ñ | Õ | õ | Ȭ | ȭ | Ṍ | ṍ | Ṏ | ṏ | Ỗ |
U+0128 | U+0129 | U+00D1 | U+00F1 | U+00D5 | U+00F5 | U+022C | U+022D | U+1E4C | U+1E4D | U+1E4E | U+1E4F | U+1ED6 |
Latin Capital Letter I With Tilde | Latin Small Letter I With Tilde | Latin Capital Letter N With Tilde | Latin Small Letter N With Tilde | Latin Capital Letter O With Tilde | Latin Small Letter O With Tilde | Latin Capital Letter O With Tilde And Macron | Latin Small Letter O With Tilde And Macron | Latin Capital Letter O With Tilde And Acute | Latin Small Letter O With Tilde And Acute | Latin Capital Letter O With Tilde And Diaeresis | Latin Small Letter O With Tilde And Diaeresis | Latin Capital Letter O With Circumflex And Tilde |
ỗ | Ỡ | ỡ | Ũ | ũ | Ṹ | ṹ | Ữ | ữ | Ṽ | ṽ | Ỹ | ỹ |
U+1ED7 | U+1EE0 | U+1EE1 | U+0168 | U+0169 | U+1E78 | U+1E79 | U+1EEE | U+1EEF | U+1E7C | U+1E7D | U+1EF8 | U+1EF9 |
Latin Small Letter O With Circumflex And Tilde | Latin Capital Letter O With Horn And Tilde | Latin Small Letter O With Horn And Tilde | Latin Capital Letter U With Tilde | Latin Small Letter U With Tilde | Latin Capital Letter U With Tilde And Acute | Latin Small Letter U With Tilde And Acute | Latin Capital Letter U With Horn And Tilde | Latin Small Letter U With Horn And Tilde | Latin Capital Letter V With Tilde | Latin Small Letter V With Tilde | Latin Capital Letter Y With Tilde | Latin Small Letter Y With Tilde |
Use | Language | Letters | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
Unrounded vowel | Estonian | Õõ /ɤ/ | |
Other | Livonian | Õõ /ɨ/, Ȭȭ /ɨː/ |