Proto-Uralic/O: Difference between revisions

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==Std. PU *o_ə==
==Std. PU *o_ə==
F. *o_i, Smy. *å(_ə)
F. *o_i, Mo. Smy. *å(_ə)


{|
{|
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! Comments
! Comments
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| *o_ə proper (S. *ō_ɤ, Mo. *u, Ms. *aa, Kh. *ooCC)
! colspan="10"| *o_ə type 1 (S. *ō_ɤ, Mo. *u, P. *ɤɤ, Ms. *aa, Kh. *ooC)
|-
| "to be"
| *(v)ole- || - || *ulə- || *ʊla- || *vɤɤl(ɨ)- || vol-, val- || *aal- || *waɬ- || *åə-
|-
| "butter"
| *voi || *vōjɤ || '''*vaj''' || '''*ü''' || U. vɤj ~<br/>K '''vɨj''' || vaj || *waaj || *wooj || -
| ~ IA *āǵja — but *w- ?
|-
| "mountain"
| ''*voori'' || - || - || - || *vɤɤr || orr || *waar || *woor || Km. ''boor''
| ~ II *aras — but *w- ? Also cf. *wara
|-
|-
| "hollow, cavity"
| "hollow, cavity"
| *o/?nci  || *vōmtɤ || *undə || - || U. udur || odur || *aantər || *oontər || -
| *o/?nci  || *vōmtɤ || *undə || - || U. '''udur''' || odur || *aantər || *oontər || -
| *omtə(-rV)
| *omtə(-rV)
|-
|-
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| *oŋtə, cf. prev.
| *oŋtə, cf. prev.
|-
|-
| "to wash"
| "hole"
| *mo/õske- || - || *muśkə- || *mʊška- || *mɨśk- || moš- || - || - || *måsə-
| *oŋk- || *vōŋkō || - || - || - || - || *waaŋkaa || *wooŋk || *wåŋkə
| F. onk'''a'''lo cf. varsi : vartalo
|-
| "to chew"
| - || *sōskɤ- || *suskə- || - || *sɤɤsk- || - || *taaɣt- || *ɬooɣəɬ- || '''#tutə-'''
|-
| "to sweep"
| F. ''huosi-'' || - || - || - || U. '''čuž-''' || - || *šaaš- || ''*čaač-'' ||Se čuuč-←<br/>*čåəč-
|-
| "spruce"
| '''*kuusi''' || ''*kōsɤ'' || kuz || *kož || U. kɨz ~ K. '''koz''' || - || style="color:red"| *kaawt || *kooɬ || *kåət
| *kowtə, F. *ow → *uu?
|-
| "drape"
| '''*uudim''' || - || - || - || *ɤɤn(m-) || - || *aaməl || *ooɬəw || -
| *owðəmə, F. *ow → *uu?
|-
|-
| "to scorch"
| "netstring"
| *ko/?rpe- || *kōrpɤ- || *kurv'''a'''- || - || - || - || - || - || *kårpə-
| - || *cōncɤ || - || - || - || - || - || *čoončəɣ || -
|-
|-
| "to chew"
| "(to) patch"
| - || *sōskɤ- || *suskə- || - || *sɤɤsk- || - || '''*taɣt-''' || *ɬooɣəɬ- || '''#tutə-'''
| - || W *tōŋɤ ~ E *tōvŋɤ || - || *tumɤš || K. dɤm || - || - || - || -
| ŋ/m?
|-
|-
| "hole"
| "millet; oat"
| ''*oŋka'' || *vōŋkō || - || - || - || - || *waaŋkaa || *wooŋk || *wåŋkə
| - || - || *surə || - || *zɤɤr || - || - || - || -
|-ə ~ -a? From *oŋt-ka?
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| *o_ə type 2 (S. *ō_ɤ, Mo. *u, P. *(k)wåå/*ooĆ/*uu, Ms. *u)
|-
|-
| "male"
| "male"
| - || *kōjɤ<br/> || - || - || <br/>*koom || <br/>hiim || '''*kuj''',<br/>'''*kum''' || *kuuj<br/> || -
| - || *kōjɤ<br/> || - || - || *koom || hiim || *kuj,<br/>*kum || ''*kuuj<br/>'' || -
| *kojə(-ma)
| *kojə(-ma)
|-
| "to bring"
| *too- || *tōkɤ- || *tujə- || - || - || - || *tuul- || *tuu- || *tå- / '''*tə-'''
| H. *toj- "lay eggs" may be ← Trc
|-
|-
| "to sound"
| "to sound"
| *so/?i- || *čōjɤ- || - || '''*ša-ktə-''' || - || style="color:red"| zaj- || '''*suj-''' || '''*söj-''' ||
| *so/?i- || *čōjɤ- || - || '''*ša-ktə-''' || - || style="color:red"| zaj- || *suj- || '''*söj-''' ||
|-
| "knee"
| *po/õlvi || *pōlvɤ || *pul- || *pʊl || - || - || - || - || '''*puəj'''
|-
|-
| "to go thru"
| "to go thru"
| - || *sōŋɤ- || Er. '''sova-'''<br/>~ Mo. ''suva-'' || - || U. zum- ~ K. sun- || av- || '''*tuw-''' || *ɬaŋ- || '''*tüj-'''
| - || *sōŋɤ- || Er. '''sova-'''<br/>~ Mo. ''suva-'' || - || U. zum- ~ K. sun- || av- || *tuw- || *ɬaŋ- || '''*tüj-'''
|-
|-
| "netstring"
| "berry"
| - || *cōncɤ || - || - || - || - || - || *čoončəɣ || -
| Võ pal'''a''' || - || || - || K. pul || style="color:red"| '''boĺoo,<br/>boɟoo ?''' || *pul || - || Sk. '''*pəl-'''
|-
| Core F. *poola probably reshaped after *joo-la- "V. uliginosum"
| "(to) knot"
| *so/õlmi || *čōlmɤ || *śulm'''a''' || - || - || čomoo || - || - || -
|-
|-
| "to touch"
| "to touch"
| NF *koske- || *kōskɤ- || - || *kuške- || K. kos- || - || - || - || -
| NF *koske- || *kōskɤ- || - || *kuške- || K. kos- || - || - || - || -
| K. ← P. *kwåås- ?
|-
|-
| "buckle"
| "buckle"
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| "to say"
| "to say"
| *hoke- || - || - || - || *šuu- || - || - || - || -
| *hoke- || - || - || - || *šuu- || - || - || - || -
|-
| "group"
| *jo/õukko || - || - || - || *juuk || - || - || - || -
| ← IE *jowkjo, H ɟakor something else
|-
|-
| "barley"
| "barley"
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| "to dive"
| "to dive"
| - || - || - || *šʊŋga- || *s/zuuŋ- || - || - || - || -
| - || - || - || *šʊŋga- || *s/zuuŋ- || - || - || - || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| Indistinct between *o₁_ə and *o₂_ə
|-
| "to wash"
| *mo/õske- || - || *muśkə- || *mʊška- || *mɨśk- || moš- || - || - || *måsə-
|-
| "to scorch"
| *ko/?rpe- || *kōrpɤ- || *kurv'''a'''- || - || - || - || - || - || *kårpə-
|-
| "to bring"
| *too- || *tōkɤ- || *tujə- || - || - || - || *tuul- || *tuu- || *tå- / '''*tə-'''
| H. *toj- "lay eggs" may be ← Trc
|-
| "knee"
| *po/õlvi || *pōlvɤ || *pul- || *pʊl || - || - || - || - || '''*puəj'''
|-
| "(to) knot"
| *so/õlmi || *čōlmɤ || *śulm'''a''' || - || - || čomoo || - || - || -
|-
|-
| ""
| demonstrativ stem
| *jo- || *jō- || E. ju- || *ju- || - || - || - || - || -
| *jo- || *jō- || E. ju- || *ju- || - || - || - || - || -
| ← IE?
| ← IE?
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| "minor river"
| "minor river"
| *jo/õki || *jokɤ || jov || *joɣə || *juu || joo || *jɤɤ || *jɯɯɣɯɯ || -
| *jo/õki || *jokɤ || jov || *joɣə || *juu || joo || *jɤɤ || *jɯɯɣɯɯ || -
| *jëkV, with S *ë → *u? Cf. *jëxə- "to drink"
|- style="background:#DDDDDD"
|- style="background:#DDDDDD"
| "major river"
| "major river"
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|-
|-
| "birch bark vessel"
| "birch bark vessel"
| *ko/?sja || "Ko. S" kočēk || - || - || - || - || *kus || *koťək || -
| - || *kōššē || - || - || - || - || *kus || *koťək || -
| F. → NS guošši
| *-śj-? F. kosio ← S.
|-
|-
| "bow"
| "bow"
| *jo/?uci || '''*jōksɤ''' || *joŋs || *jaŋež || - || iij || *jaɣət || *jooɣəɬ || *jïntə
| *jo/?uci || '''*jōksɤ''' || *joŋs || *jaŋež || - || iij || *jaaɣət || *jooɣəɬ || *jïntə
| *-ŋs-
| *-ŋs-
|-
|-
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| *lo/?nteh || - || londado- || - || - || - || - || - || -
| *lo/?nteh || - || londado- || - || - || - || - || - || -
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| *ox: IE loans
! colspan="10"| *oo-a (IE loans)
|-
|-
| "salt"
| "salt"
| suola || - || sal || Hi <font color="red">cal</font> ~  Me <font color="red">'''ćal'''</font> || U. ''sɨlal'' ~ K. sol || - || - || - || -
| suola || - || sal || Hi <font color="red">cal</font> ~  Me <font color="red">'''ćal'''</font> || U. ''sɨlal'' ~ K. sol || - || - || - || -
| ← IE, multiple loans? Mari affricated prenasally? (#sÖnćAl)
| ← IE, multiple loans? Mari affricated prenasally? (#sÖnćAl)
|-
| "butter"
| voi || *vōjɤ || *vaj || *ü || U. vɤj ~<br/>K '''vɨj''' || vaj || *waaj || *wooj || -
| ← IA *āǵja ?
|-
| "streak"
| juoni || *jōnɤ || jan || - || - || - || - || - || -
| ← IA *jaana
|-
|-
| "protection"
| "protection"
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| || || || || || || || ||
| || || || || || || || ||
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| std. PU ''*ox'' type 1
! colspan="10"|
|-
| "to sweep"
| huosi- || - || - || - || U. čuž- || - || *šaaš- || ''*čaač-'' ||Se čuuč-←<br/>*čåəč-
|-
| "to be"
| '''*ole-''' || - || *ulə- || *ʊla- || ''*vɤɤl(ɨ)-'' || vol-, val- || *aal- || *waɬ- || *åə-
|-
| "mountain"
| vuori || - || - || - || ''*vɤɤr'' || orr || *waar || *woor || Km. ''boor''
| Cf. *wara? ← II *aras ?!
|-
| "drape"
| '''*uudim''' || - || - || - || ''*ɤɤn(m-)'' || - || *aaməl || *ooɬəw || -
|-
| "millet; oat"
| - || - || *surə || - || ''*zɤɤr'' || - || - || - || -
|-
|-
| "to die"
| "to die"
| kuole- || - || *kulə- || *kole- || *kuul- || hal- || *kaal- || ''*kal-'' || *kåə-
| kuole- || - || *kulə- || *kole- || *kuul- || hal- || *kaal- || ''*kal-'' || *kåə-
| Cf. "death"
| S. *koalō- "freeze" ← Gmc. Cf. *kal-ma "death"
|-
| "to lick"
| nuole- || style="color:red"| *noalō- || '''*nola'''- ||  *nʊle- || *ńuul- || ńal- || '''*ńal-''' || ''*ńal-'' || *ńåə-
| Check Kh. forms. Mo. analogy with *elä- "live"?
|-
|-
| "to hack"
| "to hack"
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|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| std. PU ''*ox'' type 2?
! colspan="10"| std. PU ''*ox'' type 2?
|-
| "to lick"
| nuole- || *noalō- || nola- ||  *nʊle- || *ńuul- || ńal- || '''*ńal-''' || ''*ńal-'' || *ńåə-
| Check Kh. forms. Eastern palzn?
|-
|-
| "those"
| "those"
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|- style="background:#DDDDDD"
|- style="background:#DDDDDD"
| "pole"
| "pole"
| ulku || style="color:red"| *holkɤ || olga || - || K. ɨl || || *aawla || *oɣəl || *uj
| ulku || style="color:red"| *holkɤ || olga || - || K. ɨl || || *awla || *oɣəl || *uj
| for comparision
| for comparision
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10"| std. PU ''*ox'' but looks more like ''*ux''
|-
| "spruce"
| '''kuusi''' || ''*kōsɤ'' || kuz || *kož || U. kɨz ~ K. koz || - || style="color:red"| '''*kawt''' || *kooɬ || *kåət
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="10" | Messy stuff
! colspan="10" | Messy stuff
|-
| "berry"
| *poola, Võ pala || - || || - || K. pul || style="color:red"| '''boĺoo,<br/>boɟoo ?''' || *pul || - || '''*pål-'''
| Core F. probably reshaped after *joo-la- "V. uliginosum"
|-
|-
| "3"
| "3"
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| - || *ńōvɤ- || - || - || *ńij- || ńuuz- || *ńuuj- || ||
| - || *ńōvɤ- || - || - || *ńij- || ńuuz- || *ńuuj- || ||
| H- *ńowi-ta-?
| H- *ńowi-ta-?
|-
| "(to) patch"
| - || *tōŋɤ- || - || *tuməš || K. dɤm || - || - || - || -
| ŋ/m?
|-
|-
| "swan"
| "swan"
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| *to/õrju- || *toarjō- || *tuŕə- || - || - || - || - || - || -
| *to/õrju- || *toarjō- || *tuŕə- || - || - || - || - || - || -
| S. "to support". Cf. *tora
| S. "to support". Cf. *tora
|-
| "(to) patch"
| - || W *tōŋɤ ~ E *tōvŋɤ || - || *tumɤš || K dɤm || - || - || - || -
|-
|-
| "oak"
| "oak"
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| "middle"
| "middle"
| F. jotka || - || *jutkə || - || - ||-  || *jat || - || *jotV
| F. jotka || - || *jutkə || - || - ||-  || *jat || - || *jotV
|-
| "group"
| *jo/õukko || - || - || - || *juuk || - || - || - || -
| ← IE *jowkjo, H ɟakor something else
|-
|-
| "ski"
| "ski"

Revision as of 10:32, 22 November 2012

Std. PU *o_ə

F. *o_i, Mo. Smy. *å(_ə)

Lexeme Finnic Samic Mordv. Mari Permic Hung. Mansi Khanty Samoy. Comments
*o_ə type 1 (S. *ō_ɤ, Mo. *u, P. *ɤɤ, Ms. *aa, Kh. *ooC)
"to be" *(v)ole- - *ulə- *ʊla- *vɤɤl(ɨ)- vol-, val- *aal- *waɬ- *åə-
"butter" *voi *vōjɤ *vaj *ü U. vɤj ~
K vɨj		 vaj *waaj *wooj - ~ IA *āǵja — but *w- ?
"mountain" *voori - - - *vɤɤr orr *waar *woor Km. boor ~ II *aras — but *w- ? Also cf. *wara
"hollow, cavity" *o/?nci *vōmtɤ *undə - U. udur odur *aantər *oontər - *omtə(-rV)
"hole in wood" - *vōwtɤ - - - - - *ooŋət - *oŋtə, cf. prev.
"hole" *oŋk- *vōŋkō - - - - *waaŋkaa *wooŋk *wåŋkə F. onkalo cf. varsi : vartalo
"to chew" - *sōskɤ- *suskə- - *sɤɤsk- - *taaɣt- *ɬooɣəɬ- #tutə-
"to sweep" F. huosi- - - - U. čuž- - *šaaš- *čaač- Se čuuč-←
*čåəč-
"spruce" *kuusi *kōsɤ kuz *kož U. kɨz ~ K. koz - *kaawt *kooɬ *kåət *kowtə, F. *ow → *uu?
"drape" *uudim - - - *ɤɤn(m-) - *aaməl *ooɬəw - *owðəmə, F. *ow → *uu?
"netstring" - *cōncɤ - - - - - *čoončəɣ -
"(to) patch" - W *tōŋɤ ~ E *tōvŋɤ - *tumɤš K. dɤm - - - - ŋ/m?
"millet; oat" - - *surə - *zɤɤr - - - -
*o_ə type 2 (S. *ō_ɤ, Mo. *u, P. *(k)wåå/*ooĆ/*uu, Ms. *u)
"male" - *kōjɤ
 - - *koom hiim *kuj,
*kum		 *kuuj
 - *kojə(-ma)
"to sound" *so/?i- *čōjɤ- - *ša-ktə- - zaj- *suj- *söj-
"to go thru" - *sōŋɤ- Er. sova-
~ Mo. suva-		 - U. zum- ~ K. sun- av- *tuw- *ɬaŋ- *tüj-
"berry" Võ pala - - K. pul boĺoo,
boɟoo ?		 *pul - Sk. *pəl- Core F. *poola probably reshaped after *joo-la- "V. uliginosum"
"to touch" NF *koske- *kōskɤ- - *kuške- K. kos- - - - - K. ← P. *kwåås- ?
"buckle" *so/õlki *čūlkō- *śulgamə †šolkama *śuul - - - -
"to say" *hoke- - - - *šuu- - - - -
"group" *jo/õukko - - - *juuk - - - - ← IE *jowkjo, H ɟakor something else
"barley" - - *čuž *šož *čuužj - - - -
"hill" - - - *mʊčə *muuč - - - -
"to dive" - - - *šʊŋga- *s/zuuŋ- - - - -
Indistinct between *o₁_ə and *o₂_ə
"to wash" *mo/õske- - *muśkə- *mʊška- *mɨśk- moš- - - *måsə-
"to scorch" *ko/?rpe- *kōrpɤ- *kurva- - - - - - *kårpə-
"to bring" *too- *tōkɤ- *tujə- - - - *tuul- *tuu- *tå- / *tə- H. *toj- "lay eggs" may be ← Trc
"knee" *po/õlvi *pōlvɤ *pul- *pʊl - - - - *puəj
"(to) knot" *so/õlmi *čōlmɤ *śulma - - čomoo - - -
demonstrativ stem *jo- *jō- E. ju- *ju- - - - - - ← IE?
"worm" - *sōksɤ *suks *šukš - - - - -
""
"to be sick" *po/õte- *pōcɤ- - - - - - - -
"true" *to/õci *tōtɤ - - - - - - -
""
"to cut" - - - - - farag *paar - *pərå- Smy. "to scrape", may not belong
"to dry" - - - - - asoo *taaš *soos
"net needle" F. sohi- ? *čōpsēmē - *šapš - - *taas *soopəs - Note irregular sibilants in OU
with Ms. *ɤɤ
"cheek" *po/õski - - - - - *pɤɤjət #puɣɬəm *påtə
"minor river" *jo/õki *jokɤ jov *joɣə *juu joo *jɤɤ *jɯɯɣɯɯ - *jëkV, with S *ë → *u? Cf. *jëxə- "to drink"
"major river" *juka - - *jååɣəɳ *jəka for comparision
*ô_ə (S. *o_ɤ, Mo. *o, Ma. *a?,
"dry" *koski *koškɤ- *kośkə- *kaškə- *kwååś - - - *kåsə- F. meaning "rapids", → S. *kóškɤ ibid.
"birch bark vessel" - *kōššē - - - - *kus *koťək - *-śj-? F. kosio ← S.
"bow" *jo/?uci *jōksɤ *joŋs *jaŋež - iij *jaaɣət *jooɣəɬ *jïntə *-ŋs-
"to pursue" *no/õu-ta- - - - - - *ńåwt- *ńååɣəɬ- *ńo- close to *u
"to experience" *koke- - - - - - - - *ko-
"bosom" *po/õvi *pōŋɤ Er. poŋgo
~ Mk. pov		 Hi. poŋgəš
~ Me. poməš		 *pi - *puut *poɣəɬ - Hang on, it's *uu ~ *o again
"snot" *no/?lki *snōlkɤ *nolgə - - ńaal - - - Or *o with Mo. irregular
"stick" *po/?nci - Mk. ponda *pandə *pood - - - - P. also *böd "staff"
"vessel" - - *očkə *wačkɤ U. vɨčkɨ - - - -
"to sieve" *pohtVj- - ponžavto- - *poož- - - - -
"straw" *o/õlki - *olgə - - - - - -
"corner; to hide" *so/?ppi - *śopə- - - - - - -
"bear" *o/?kci - *ovtə - - - - - - Cf. IE *arktos
"to sink" *lo/?nteh - londado- - - - - - -
*oo-a (IE loans)
"salt" suola - sal Hi cal ~ Me ćal U. sɨlal ~ K. sol - - - - ← IE, multiple loans? Mari affricated prenasally? (#sÖnćAl)
"protection" suoja, hoi-va *sōjē, šōjē - - - - - - - ← II *sḱaajaa
""
"to die" kuole- - *kulə- *kole- *kuul- hal- *kaal- *kal- *kåə- S. *koalō- "freeze" ← Gmc. Cf. *kal-ma "death"
"to lick" nuole- *noalō- *nola- *nʊle- *ńuul- ńal- *ńal- *ńal- *ńåə- Check Kh. forms. Mo. analogy with *elä- "live"?
"to hack" kuokki- - - - *kook- - - - - Coincidental?
"pit" kuoppa U. gop
std. PU *ox type 2?
"those" nuo *nō- nonat *nʊnə K. nɨ- - - - Se. na
"that" tuo *tō to- *tʊ U. tu ~ K. tɨ ta-, taa- *tuu-, *tu- *to- *tå-
"crust" kuori - kaŕ - K. kɨrś - *kur- *kor- - For Se. ker- cf. *kêri
"side" puoli - pola - - - - - -
"pole" F. vuoli - - - - - *ula *(w)ooɭ -
"pole" ulku *holkɤ olga - K. ɨl *awla *oɣəl *uj for comparision
Messy stuff
"3" *kolmi *kolmɤ *kolmə *kʊm #kuuińm haarom *kuurəm *kooɬəm - *-rm- ? -ðm- ?? Wanderwort?!
"aspen" - - *poj - *pi - - *paaj #pij
"to flay" - *ńōvɤ- - - *ńij- ńuuz- *ńuuj- H- *ńowi-ta-?
"swan" *jo/?uccen *ńūkčɤ *lokś-- *jükšə *juuś(k-) - - - -
"pole" - *čōlčɤ - - - - - - *səlčə Bad
"lake" - - - - *tɨ tav- *taa *tøɣ *to
"to sew" - - - *ʊrɣe- *vurɨ- var- - - - Also Ma. *wʊrɣəm "cloth"
"straight" *o/õikeda *vōjkɤ *vijəďɜ *wij- - - - - - S. may be ← F.
"to feed" - - - *wurde- *vördɨ- - - - - Cf. IE *werdʰ-
"to throw" *loo *lū *ĺijə- *loŋa- *lɤd- loog- WTF is this shit
"to sink" - - - - - rokkan- *rowt-, N. räɣ- *raak- -
"brittle" NF *rohka - - *račka *ruuž; K. rɨšk- - - - - *roši, *roš-ka? OU ris etc. ← K. Don't see how H. ruš- "slow" compares
"brittle" - - - #rot - ruut, rot- - *ratək -
"barley" - - *čuž *šož *čuž - - - -
"dawn" *koi - - K. kɨa - - - - - H. haj, Ms. *kuuj cf. *kaja "sun"
"to stick" - - - - *tooj- †toĺ- - - -
"dish, chest" - - - - *dooz - - *toɬ -
"a fish" *to/õtki - *tutka *tatə - tat *tåkt - Sk. tut
"to dare" *tohtVj- *tōstɤ- - *tošta- - - - - -
"cloth" - - - *tʊɣər *te/ɤra - - - -
"hill" - - - - - domb *tåmp - - clearly not PU
"birch bark" tidoo + OU per *tana
"to knock" - - Er tomba- - U dɨbɨrt- †tob- Lz tååmp- - -
"to oppose" *to/õrju- *toarjō- *tuŕə- - - - - - - S. "to support". Cf. *tora
"oak" *tammi - *tumə *tum(ə) *tu - - - -
"many" *mo/õni moanɤk - - *-mɨn *-vAn *-mən - - Probly ← IE
"to lern; to see" *o/õppe(j)- - - - - - *waapl- *waapəɣ- - F. → S. *oappɤ-
"to be able; to fight" *vo/õi- - - - - viiv- - - -
"to see" - - - - - oov- - *wuu-/waa- *wë(ra)- how about *ë
"to reach; to spawn" - *joksɤ- - - - (v)iiv- - - - F. *jooksə- better from *joo- "drink, flow"? Bad without
"to go" - - - - - in-- *jaam- - Ne. jaam-
"middle" F. jotka - *jutkə - - - *jat - *jotV
"ski" - - - *ječe - - *jašə - - Bad
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Std. PU *o_a

Lexeme Finnic Samic Mordv. Mari Permic Hung. Mansi Khanty Samoy. Comments
F. *o_a, S. *oa_ē, Mo. *u_ə, Ma. *u, P. *Cuu / *(k)wåå, H. a/aa, Ms. *uu, Smy. *å_å
"to sleep" - *oaðē- *udə- - - al- - *aɬ- -
"sleep" - - *udəmə *omə *uunm - *uuləm *ooɬəm - *oða-ma (or *-ima?); cf. "to sleep"
"to dry" - - - - *śuur- saar- *šuur- *saar- - Or *a₂
"jaw" - *oalōl *ulə - - aall *uuləć - -
"part; flesh" *osa *oańčē Me. ü/užas - aaɟek, ost- *uunć - - ← II?
"fish trap" *ota- *oacē - - K. vodž - *wuuš *waač *wåčå Mo. *oš "city" probably doesn't belong
"bend" - NS moagge - - *mög - *muuɣəl *maɣəɬ -
similar but Ms *aa
"raft" *parvi *poarē(vē) - - *puur - *paaraa *par *pårV
"flock" *parvi - - - - - *parə - Same root as prev.?
"horn" *sarvi *čoarvē *śurə *šur *śuur sarv *saarəp *ćärpə - ← II
"group" *konta ~
*kunta		 *kontē Mk. kuńďä - - had *kaant *kantəɣ *kåntə S & NF contam. with Gmc *hundra?
"elbow" *o/õlka *oalkē - - K. volɨs vaall *waaɣləp - *wajk- ~ BSl. *olkuti ? Ms. "shoulderband"
"to spread, bed" - - - - *wååĺ- aaɟ *aaĺ - - F. ← vuota ← B, Mo. *aca ← Miš.
"soft" - *loančē - - - laaɟ *laanćəŋ *ɭoonćə -
indistinct
"house" *ko/?ta *koatē *kudə *kuðɤ *kwåå haaz - *kaat - ← II?
"ear; leaf" *ko/õrva *koarvē - - *kwåår harap - - *kåw
"head" *oiva *oajvē Mk. uj- *wuj - - - - *åjwå
"to bring" - *toalvō- - - - - - - *tåjwå-
"wedge" - - *tulə - *tuul - - - *tajwA
"hare" - *ńoamēlē *numələ - K. ńimal ńuul - - *ńåmå ← *ńoxi-ma(-la)? H. *m-lenition
"war" *so/õta - *śudə- *šuðə-
"curse"		 - - - - *såjə S. *soattē ← F.
"quarrel" *to/?ra *toarō *tuŕə- Hi. torle- - - - *tårə-
"aunt" - *koaskē - - - - - - *kåtå
"skin" E. kõba - *kuvə *kuwə *kuu - - - *kopa
"intestine" *sooli *čoalē *śulə/a *šol(ə) *śuul - - *sool - ← IA ?
"to sew" - - - *ʊrɣə- *vuur- var- - - -
"awl" *ora *oarē *urə - - aar - - - ← II *ārā (Vo õra)
"orphan" *orpa- *oarpēs *urəs - - aarva - - - ← IE
"squirrel" *orava *oarē *ur *ur K. ur - - - - (Vo õrava)
"to vomit" *oksenta- *vōksē- *uksəndə- *ukšənz/ća- U. ɤskɨ-
~ K. vos-		 - - - -
"twig" *oksa *oaksē - *ukš *oosɨ - - - -
"reindeer" *poro *poačōj - Hi. pučə ~
Me. püčö		 U. pudžej - - - - ← II *paču-; Ms *pääš ~ Kh *peeč indep.
"eagle" *kotka *koackēmē *kućkan *kučkəž *kuuč - - - -
"shaman" *no/õjta *noajtē - - - - *ńääjt - - cf. prev?
"sleigh" - *čoanē
"last sleigh"		 - - - - *šun - -
"spirit" - - - - *kuuĺ haɟ *kuĺ- - *kåjkə *-ðʲk-. F. *koljoi ← Gmc
"wave" - - - - - hab *ku(m)p *ko/uump *kåmpå Distinct from FP *kumpu "hill".
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West *o_a, Mari *ʊ, East *ë (P ambiguous)
"man, male animal" *ko/?ira(s) - - - K. kɨr here *kɤɤr *kaar *kora *kojra ← *kojə-ra
"duck" *so/õtka *čoaðkē *śulgə *šooe *šuul - *sɤɤĺ *saaj - *ś-l → *ś-ĺ in Ug.
"ware"' *os-ta-
"to buy"		 *oasē - *wʊža *vuuz - *wɤɤtaa - - ← IE *wosā; Ms via II?
"to peel" - - - *kʊðaša- *kuuĺ- - *kɤɤĺ- - -
"to take, to pluck" *vo/õtta- - - - U. vɨtɨ- ~ K. vot- - *wɤɤt- - - *wolə-kta-?
TBS
"lid" *kanci *koamtē *kundə *komdəš K. kud - - - -
"soft" - *loančē - "lënzë-" - laaɟ *lanćəŋ *loonćə -
"cleft" *kolo *koalō - - *kwåål- halok *kal *kååɭ - FS possibly ← Gmc
"slave" *orja *oarjē *uŕɜ - U. war ~ K. ver - - - -
"vessel" F. purnu *pōrnē - - U. bɤrńo
~ K. burńa		 - - - -
"stick" *sompa *soampē - šo/umba? K. *zɨb - - - - F. ← S. ← II?
"dung" *sonta - - *šandə U. zud "mud" - - - -
"wild; animal" - - - - K. vɤj - *wuj *waajəɣ -
"pig" *po/õrsas - *purćis - *påårś - - - - ← IE
"to prick" F. tokkaa- - - Hi. loɣe- - ɟak- - - -
"small fly" - - - *lʊmej U. ĺum - *ĺaaməj - -
"shallow; to dry" - *coakē- - - - - - - Sk. ča/ëkka-
"thick; many" - - - *čaka(-ta) K. čɤk šok *šaw - - Ug. cf. Turkic *čok
"yellow" - - *ťuža - U. čuž - - - - Fairly bad
"1000" - - - - *śuurs - *šåtər- *ćorəs ← II *ǵʰasra, independantly?
"tin" - - - *wulnə - oon *ålən *ooɬnaa -
"lead" - - - - - oolom *wuuləm - -
"to peel" - *oalō- E. valə- - U. vɤĺɨ-
~ K. voĺ-		 *wol-ćt- - - - With *ĺ. E. may be ← *wala- "pour"
"Labrador tea" - ES *olo- - - - - *waĺ *wääĺ - Bad. Note *ĺ.
"hole" - - - - - - N. waapi - *wåpə Loan from Ne. → Ms?
"harness" - *vōtɤ - - - - *vo/ät *wäät Sk. *kuu
"to conjure" - - - - K. vom-- †wima- - - -
"trough" - - *očkə *wačkə U. vɨčkɨ - - - -
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