Kala: Difference between revisions

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:Example : '''iha'o te pa'o''' - three eighths, 3/8 [lit: a third of eight]
:Example : '''iha'o te pa'o''' - three eighths, 3/8 [lit: a third of eight]


==Word formation==
== word formation ==
 
=== noun modifiers ===
 
{| class="wikitable" border=1 style="text-align:center; width:700px; height:100px;"
! affix || derived from || definition || example
|-
| -'''pyo''' || [[Kala_lexicon#pa|'''pyoki''']] || illness; sickness; ailment || '''tsinipyo'''<br>diabetes
|-
|}
 
=== verb modifiers ===
 
{| class="wikitable" border=1 style="text-align:center; width:700px; height:100px;"
! affix || derived from || definition || example
|-
| -'''pa''' || [[Kala_lexicon#pa|'''pala''']] || can; able to; capable || '''ta yalapa'''<br>you are able to leave
|-
|}


==Punctuation==
==Punctuation==

Revision as of 12:01, 6 November 2012


  • Kala is meant to be a simple and euphonic personal conlang.
  • Many lexical entries are inspired/influenced/borrowed by/from any number of natlangs

Pronunciation

Vowels

Front Central Back
Close i~i: (i) u~u: (u)
Mid e~e: (e) o~o: (o)
Open a~a: (a)

Diphthongs

falling
  • [aɪ~aɪ:] - ai
  • [aʊ~aʊ:] - ao
rising
  • [wa~wa:] - ua
  • [waɪ~waɪ:] - uai
  • [ja~ja:] - ya
  • [jaʊ~jaʊ:] - yao
  • [je~je:] - ye
  • [jo~jo:] - yo

Consonants

Labial Dental Palatal Velar Glottal
central lateral plain labial
Nasal m (m) Naua ma.png n (n) Naua na.png ɲ (ny) Naua nya.png
Plosive p~b (p) Naua pa.png t~d (t) Naua ta.png k~g (k) Naua ka.png kʷ~gʷ (ku) Naua kua.png ʔ (')
Fricative s (s) Naua sa2.png ʃ (s) Naua sa2.png h~ɦ (h) Naua ha.png
Affricate ts (ts) Naua tsa.png (tl) Naua tla.png (ts) Naua tsa.png
Approximant l~r (l) Naua la.png j (y) Naua ya.png w (u) Naua ua.png

Phonotactics

  • Kala phonotactics does not allow the onsets of adjacent syllables to be identical, nor both to be labialised or palatalised.
  • Syllables beginning with /l/ do not occur as the first syllable of a morpheme.

Syllable Structure

  • (N)(C)V
  • N = prenasal /n/ or /m/
  • The three codas are /k/, /m/, and /n/.
  • /k/ only occurs as a final coda to negate verbs and nouns.

Prenasalized consonants

  • In Kala, almost every consonant can be prenasalized, but primarily the plosives /p/, /t/ and /k/ can be analyzed as prenasalized,
while most other instances could be easily analyzed as cases of syllabic /n/ or /m/.
  • mb /mp~mb/
Example: mpaka /ˈmpa.ka/ - n - boundary / border / line
  • nt /nt~nd/
Example: ntama /ˈnta.ma/ - n - calf (a young cow or bull)
  • nk /ŋk~ŋɡ/
Example: nkapa /ˈŋka.pa/ - n - alcohol / grog

Writing System

See: Moya

Grammatical Principles

  • The grammar of Kala should be regarded as a guide indicating how grammatical distinctions of gender, number, tense/aspect, noun, verb and particles are made. I have adopted the Arab grammarian's division into three categories (1) Noun [no / ata] Naua no.png / Naua ata.png, (2) Particle [peya] Naua peya.png, (3) Verb [uati] Naua uati.png. Kala does not always follow European models. It discards all redundancies. In English we say “two boys came yesterday”; in Kala “two boy come yesterday” [ta’o tahi yomaye tala] it is clear that more than one boy is already indicated by ‘two,’ while ‘yesterday’ shows the time, or tense of the verb.

Sentences

See: Kala Sentences

Nouns

See: Kala Nouns

Verbs

See: Kala Verbs

Particles

Prepositions

Conjunctions

Questions

See: Kala Questions

Clauses

Numbers

Cardinal Numbers

  • e'o - zero / nothing
  • na'o - one
  • ta'o - two
  • ha'o - three
  • ma'o - four
  • ya'o - five
  • tsa'o - six
  • ka'o - seven
  • pa'o - eight
  • sa'o - nine
  • ue'o - ten
  • nye'o - (one) hundred
  • tle'o - (one) thousand
  • mue'o - ten thousand
  • kye'o - (one) hundred thousand
  • nte'o - (one) million

Higher Numbers

  • uena'o - eleven / 11
  • taue'o - twenty / 20
  • nyeka'o - one hundred seven / 107
  • hanyetauetsa'o (long form) | hatatsa'o (short form) - three hundred twenty six / 326
  • tsatletauema'o - six thousand and twenty four / 6024

Ordinal Numbers

  • ki- - ordinal prefix
Example : kisa'o - ninth (in a sequence)
Example : kiyanyepa'o - 508th

Fractions

  • i- - fractional prefix
Example : isa'o - a ninth, 1/9
Example : iha'o te pa'o - three eighths, 3/8 [lit: a third of eight]

word formation

noun modifiers

affix derived from definition example
-pyo pyoki illness; sickness; ailment tsinipyo
diabetes

verb modifiers

affix derived from definition example
-pa pala can; able to; capable ta yalapa
you are able to leave

Punctuation

See: Moya

Index

grammar outline | sentences | questions | lexicon | thematic lexicon | writing