Natlang Uses of Diacritics in the Latin Alphabet: Difference between revisions
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| Ȯȯ /ʊ/ | | Ȯȯ /ʊ/ | ||
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== Macron == | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|+ Precomposed Letter with Ring Above | |||
| style="font-size:180%" | ¯ || style="font-size:180%" | ˉ || style="font-size:180%" | ◌̄ || style="font-size:180%" | Ā || style="font-size:180%" | ā || style="font-size:180%" | Ǟ || style="font-size:180%" | ǟ || style="font-size:180%" | Ǡ || style="font-size:180%" | ǡ || style="font-size:180%" | Ǣ || style="font-size:180%" | ǣ || style="font-size:180%" | Ē || style="font-size:180%" | ē | |||
|- | |||
| U+00AF || U+02C9 || U+0304 || U+0100 || U+0101 || U+01DE || U+01DF || U+01E0 || U+01E1 || U+01E2 || U+01E3 || U+0112 || U+0113 | |||
|- | |||
| Macron || Modifier Letter Macron || Combining Macron || Latin Capital Letter A With Macron || Latin Small Letter A With Macron || Latin Capital Letter A With Diaeresis And Macron || Latin Small Letter A With Diaeresis And Macron || Latin Capital Letter A With Dot Above And Macron || Latin Small Letter A With Dot Above And Macron || Latin Capital Letter Ae With Macron || Latin Small Letter Ae With Macron || Latin Capital Letter E With Macron || Latin Small Letter E With Macron | |||
|- | |||
| style="font-size:180%" | Ḕ || style="font-size:180%" | ḕ || style="font-size:180%" | Ḗ || style="font-size:180%" | ḗ || style="font-size:180%" | Ḡ || style="font-size:180%" | ḡ || style="font-size:180%" | Ī || style="font-size:180%" | ī || style="font-size:180%" | Ḹ || style="font-size:180%" | ḹ || style="font-size:180%" | Ō || style="font-size:180%" | ō || style="font-size:180%" | Ǭ | |||
|- | |||
| U+1E14 || U+1E15 || U+1E16 || U+1E17 || U+1E20 || U+1E21 || U+012A || U+012B || U+1E38 || U+1E39 || U+014C || U+014D || U+01EC | |||
|- | |||
| Latin Capital Letter E With Macron And Grave || Latin Small Letter E With Macron And Grave || Latin Capital Letter E With Macron And Acute || Latin Small Letter E With Macron And Acute || Latin Capital Letter G With Macron || Latin Small Letter G With Macron || Latin Capital Letter I With Macron || Latin Small Letter I With Macron || Latin Capital Letter L With Dot Below And Macron || Latin Small Letter L With Dot Below And Macron || Latin Capital Letter O With Macron || Latin Small Letter O With Macron || Latin Capital Letter O With Ogonek And Macron | |||
|- | |||
| style="font-size:180%" | ǭ || style="font-size:180%" | Ṑ || style="font-size:180%" | ṑ || style="font-size:180%" | Ṓ || style="font-size:180%" | ṓ || style="font-size:180%" | Ȫ || style="font-size:180%" | ȫ || style="font-size:180%" | Ȭ || style="font-size:180%" | ȭ || style="font-size:180%" | Ȱ || style="font-size:180%" | ȱ || style="font-size:180%" | Ṝ || style="font-size:180%" | ṝ | |||
|- | |||
| U+01ED || U+1E50 || U+1E51 || U+1E52 || U+1E53 || U+022A || U+022B || U+022C || U+022D || U+0230 || U+0231 || U+1E5C || U+1E5D | |||
| Latin Small Letter O With Ogonek And Macron || Latin Capital Letter O With Macron And Grave || Latin Small Letter O With Macron And Grave || Latin Capital Letter O With Macron And Acute || Latin Small Letter O With Macron And Acute || Latin Capital Letter O With Diaeresis And Macron || Latin Small Letter O With Diaeresis And Macron || Latin Capital Letter O With Tilde And Macron || Latin Small Letter O With Tilde And Macron || Latin Capital Letter O With Dot Above And Macron || Latin Small Letter O With Dot Above And Macron || Latin Capital Letter R With Dot Below And Macron || Latin Small Letter R With Dot Below And Macron | |||
|- | |||
| style="font-size:180%" | Ū || style="font-size:180%" | ū || style="font-size:180%" | Ṻ || style="font-size:180%" | ṻ || style="font-size:180%" | Ǖ || style="font-size:180%" | ǖ || style="font-size:180%" | Ȳ || style="font-size:180%" | ȳ | |||
|- | |||
| U+016A || U+016B || U+1E7A || U+1E7B || U+01D5 || U+01D6 || U+0232 || U+0233 | |||
|- | |||
| Latin Capital Letter U With Macron || Latin Small Letter U With Macron || Latin Capital Letter U With Macron And Diaeresis || Latin Small Letter U With Macron And Diaeresis || Latin Capital Letter U With Diaeresis And Macron || Latin Small Letter U With Diaeresis And Macron || Latin Capital Letter Y With Macron || Latin Small Letter Y With Macron | |||
|} | |} | ||
Revision as of 13:42, 15 August 2012
This page will list different uses of diacritical marks that have natlang precedence. Conlangers can use this to find inspiration for their own conlang romanizations.
- Note that in this article combining diacritics are attached to a ◌. Diacritics without a ◌, like ¨ for example, are non-combining. Non-combining diacritics are sometimes called modifier letters in Unicode.
Caron
ˇ | ◌̌ | Ǎ | ǎ | Č | č | Ď | ď | DŽ | Dž | dž | Ě | ě |
U+02C7 | U+030C | U+01CD | U+01CD | U+010C | U+010D | U+010E | U+010F | U+01C4 | U+01C5 | U+01C6 | U+011A | U+011B |
Caron | Combining Caron | Latin Letter Capital A With Caron | Latin Letter Small A With Caron | Latin Capital Letter C With Caron | Latin Small Letter C With Caron | Latin Capital Letter D With Caron | Latin Small Letter D With Caron | Latin Capital Letter Dz With Caron | Latin Capital Letter D With Small Letter Z With Caron | Latin Small Letter Dz With Caron | Latin Capital Letter E With Caron | Latin Small Letter E With Caron |
Note: May be confused with Modifier Letter Down Arrowhead ˅ (U+02C5). | Note: The caron looks actually like an apostrophe placed to the right of the ascender of the d. | |||||||||||
Ǧ | ǧ | Ȟ | ȟ | Ǐ | ǐ | ǰ | Ǩ | ǩ | Ľ | ľ | Ň | ň |
U+01E6 | U+01E7 | U+021E | U+021F | U+01CF | U+01D0 | U+01F0 | U+01E8 | U+01E9 | U+013D | U+013E | U+0147 | U+0148 |
Latin Capital Letter G With Caron | Latin Small Letter G With Caron | Latin Capital Letter H With Caron | Latin Small Letter H With Caron | Latin Capital Letter I With Caron | Latin Small Letter I With Caron | Latin Small Letter J With Caron | Latin Capital Letter K With Caron | Latin Small Letter K With Caron | Latin Capital Letter L With Caron | Latin Small Letter L With Caron | Latin Capital Letter N With Caron | Latin Small Letter N With Caron |
Note: The caron looks actually like an apostrophe placed to the right of the ascender of the Ll. | ||||||||||||
Ǒ | ǒ | Ř | ř | Š | š | Ṧ | ṧ | Ť | ť | Ǔ | ǔ | Ǚ |
U+01D1 | U+01D2 | U+0158 | U+0159 | U+0160 | U+0161 | U+1E66 | U+1E67 | U+0164 | U+0165 | U+01D3 | U+01D4 | U+01D9 |
Latin Capital Letter O With Caron | Latin Small Letter O With Caron | Latin Capital Letter R With Caron | Latin Small Letter R With Caron | Latin Capital Letter S With Caron | Latin Small Letter S With Caron | Latin Capital Letter S With Caron And Dot Above | Latin Small Letter S With Caron And Dot Above | Latin Capital Letter T With Caron | Latin Small Letter T With Caron | Latin Capital Letter U With Caron | Latin Small Letter U With Caron | Latin Capital Letter U With Diaeresis And Caron |
Note: The caron looks actually like an apostrophe placed to the right of the ascender of the t. | ||||||||||||
ǚ | Ž | ž | Ǯ | ǯ | ||||||||
U+01DA | U+017D | U+017E | U+01EE | U+01EF | ||||||||
Latin Small Letter U With Diaeresis And Caron | Latin Capital Letter Z With Caron | Latin Small Letter Z With Caron | Latin Capital Letter Ezh With Caron | Latin Small Letter Ezh With Caron |
Caron is also known as háček or haček. Note that the caron is easily confused with the similar looking Breve ˘, especially in small font sizes.
Usage | Language | Letters | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
Postalveolar consonant | Latgalian, Latvian | Čč /tʃ/, Šš /ʃ/, Žž /ʒ/ | Unaccented Cc stands for /ts/ in Latvian and Latgalian. |
Livonian | Šš /ʃ/, Žž /ʒ/ |
Cedilla
¸ | ◌̧ | Ç | ç | Ḉ | ḉ | Ḑ | ḑ | Ȩ | ȩ | Ḝ | ḝ | Ģ |
U+00B8 | U+0327 | U+00C7 | U+00E7 | U+1E08 | U+1E09 | U+1E10 | U+1E11 | U+0228 | U+0229 | U+1E1C | U+1E1D | U+0122 |
Cedilla | Combining Cedilla | Latin Capital Letter C With Cedilla | Latin Small Letter C With Cedilla | Latin Capital Letter C With Cedilla And Acute | Latin Small Letter C With Cedilla And Acute | Latin Capital Letter D With Cedilla | Latin Small Letter D With Cedilla | Latin Capital Letter E With Cedilla | Latin Small Letter E With Cedilla | Latin Capital Letter E With Cedilla And Breve | Latin Small Letter E With Cedilla And Breve | Latin Capital Letter G With Cedilla |
ģ | Ḩ | ḩ | Ķ | ķ | Ļ | ļ | Ņ | ņ | Ŗ | ŗ | Ş | ş |
U+0123 | U+1E28 | U+1E29 | U+0136 | U+0137 | U+013B | U+013C | U+0145 | U+0146 | U+0156 | U+0157 | U+015E | U+015F |
Latin Small Letter G With Cedilla | Latin Capital Letter H With Cedilla | Latin Small Letter H With Cedilla | Latin Capital Letter K With Cedilla | Latin Small Letter K With Cedilla | Latin Capital Letter L With Cedilla | Latin Small Letter L With Cedilla | Latin Capital Letter N With Cedilla | Latin Small Letter N With Cedilla | Latin Capital Letter R With Cedilla | Latin Small Letter R With Cedilla | Latin Capital Letter S With Cedilla | Latin Small Letter S With Cedilla |
Note: The diacritic is placed on top of the letter to avoid the descender of the g. | | Note: May be confused with Latin Capital Letter S With Comma Below Ș (U+0218). | Note: May be confused with Latin Small Letter S With Comma Below ș (U+0219). | |||||||||
Ţ | ţ | |||||||||||
U+0162 | U+0163 | |||||||||||
Latin Capital Letter T With Cedilla | Latin Small Letter T With Cedilla | |||||||||||
Note: May be confused with Latin Capital Letter T With Comma Below Ț (U+021A). | Note: May be confused with Latin Small Letter T With Comma Below ț (U+021B). |
Note that the cedilla may be confused with Ogonek ˛ or Comma Below ◌̦. In some fonts, the cedilla together with some letters may look identical to the comma. In Romanian, the letters Șș and Țț are actually supposed to have a comma below and not a cedilla, while in most other languages Şş and Ţţ are supposed to have cedillas.
Usage | Language | Letters | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
Palatal consonant | Latgalian, Latvian | Ģģ /ɟ/, Ķķ /c/, Ļļ /ʎ/, Ņņ /ɲ/ | |
Livonian | Ḑḑ /ɟ/, Ļļ /ʎ/, Ņņ /ɲ/, Ţţ /c/ | ||
Palatalized consonant | Livonian | Ŗŗ /rʲ/ |
Diaeresis/Umlaut
¨ | ◌̈ | Ä | ä | Ǟ | ǟ | Ë | ë | Ḧ | ḧ | Ï | ï | Ḯ |
U+00A8 | U+0308 | U+00C4 | U+00E4 | U+01DE | U+01DF | U+00CB | U+00EB | U+1E26 | U+1E27 | U+00CF | U+00EF | U+1E2E |
Diaeresis | Combining Diaeresis | Latin Capital Letter A With Diaeresis | Latin Small Letter A With Diaeresis | Latin Capital Letter A With Diaeresis And Macron | Latin Small Letter A With Diaeresis And Macron | Latin Capital Letter E With Diaeresis | Latin Small Letter E With Diaeresis | Latin Capital Letter H With Diaeresis | Latin Small Letter H With Diaeresis | Latin Capital Letter I With Diaeresis | Latin Small Letter I With Diaeresis | Latin Capital Letter I With Diaeresis And Acute |
ḯ | Ö | ö | Ȫ | ȫ | Ṏ | ṏ | ẗ | Ü | ü | Ǖ | ǖ | Ǘ |
U+1E2F | U+00D6 | U+00F6 | U+022A | U+022B | U+1E4E | U+1E4F | U+1E97 | U+00DC | U+00FC | U+01D5 | U+01D6 | U+01D7 |
Latin Small Letter I With Diaeresis And Acute | Latin Capital Letter O With Diaeresis | Latin Small Letter O With Diaeresis | Latin Capital Letter O With Diaeresis And Macron | Latin Small Letter O With Diaeresis And Macron | Latin Capital Letter O With Tilde And Diaeresis | Latin Small Letter O With Tilde And Diaeresis | Latin Small Letter T With Diaeresis | Latin Capital Letter U With Diaeresis | Latin Small Letter U With Diaeresis | Latin Capital Letter U With Diaeresis And Macron | Latin Small Letter U With Diaeresis And Macron | Latin Capital Letter U With Diaeresis And Acute |
ǘ | Ǚ | ǚ | Ǜ | ǜ | Ṻ | ṻ | Ẅ | ẅ | Ẍ | ẍ | Ÿ | ÿ |
U+01D8 | U+01D9 | U+01DA | U+01DB | U+01DC | U+1E7A | U+1E7B | U+1E84 | U+1E85 | U+1E8C | U+1E8D | U+0178 | U+00FF |
Latin Small Letter U With Diaeresis And Acute | Latin Capital Letter U With Diaeresis And Caron | Latin Small Letter U With Diaeresis And Caron | Latin Capital Letter U With Diaeresis And Grave | Latin Small Letter U With Diaeresis And Grave | Latin Capital Letter U With Macron And Diaeresis | Latin Small Letter U With Macron And Diaeresis | Latin Capital Letter W With Diaeresis | Latin Small Letter W With Diaeresis | Latin Capital Letter X With Diaeresis | Latin Small Letter X With Diaeresis | Latin Capital Letter Y With Diaeresis | Latin Small Letter Y With Diaeresis |
Diaeresis (known as tréma in French) and umlaut both employ the same character. But there is a difference of use between diaeresis and umlaut. Letters with umlaut stand for completely different sounds than their non-accented counterparts. For example in Swedish <o> represents /u/ while <ö> represents /ø/. Diaeresis on the other hand does not change the sound value of a letter, but instead marks that a vowel is not part of a diphthong or digraph.
Usage | Language | Letters | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
Front version of back vowel | Finnish | Ää /æ/, Öö /ø/ | Usage borrowed from Swedish. |
Livonian | Ää /æ/ | ||
Swedish | Ää /ɛ/, Öö /ø/ | The umlaut evolved from the letter e in the digraphs ae[1] and oe[2]. | |
Syllable break. When two vowel follow each other, a diaeresis on the second vowel indicates that the vowels are in two different syllables instead of forming a diphthong. | French | Ëë, Ïï, Üü, Ÿÿ |
Dot Above
˙ | ◌̇ | Ȧ | ȧ | Ǡ | ǡ | Ḃ | ḃ | Ċ | ċ | Ḋ | ḋ | Ė |
U+02D9 | U+0307 | U+0226 | U+0227 | U+01E0 | U+01E1 | U+1E02 | U+1E03 | U+010A | U+010B | U+1E0A | U+1E0B | U+0116 |
Dot Above | Combining Dot Above | Latin Capital Letter A With Dot Above | Latin Small Letter A With Dot Above | Latin Capital Letter A With Dot Above And Macron | Latin Small Letter A With Dot Above And Macron | Latin Capital Letter B With Dot Above | Latin Small Letter B With Dot Above | Latin Capital Letter C With Dot Above | Latin Small Letter C With Dot Above | Latin Capital Letter D With Dot Above | Latin Small Letter D With Dot Above | Latin Capital Letter E With Dot Above |
ė | Ḟ | ḟ | Ġ | ġ | Ḣ | ḣ | İ | i | Ṁ | ṁ | Ṅ | ṅ |
U+0117 | U+1E1E | U+1E1F | U+0120 | U+0121 | U+1E22 | U+1E23 | U+0130 | U+0069 | U+1E40 | U+1E41 | U+1E44 | U+1E45 |
Latin Small Letter E With Dot Above | Latin Capital Letter F With Dot Above | Latin Small Letter F With Dot Above | Latin Capital Letter G With Dot Above | Latin Small Letter G With Dot Above | Latin Capital Letter H With Dot Above | Latin Small Letter H With Dot Above | Latin Capital Letter I With Dot Above | Latin Small Letter I | Latin Capital Letter M With Dot Above | Latin Small Letter M With Dot Above | Latin Capital Letter N With Dot Above | Latin Small Letter N With Dot Above |
Note: In most languages i is the lower case version of I, but in Turkish İ and i resp. I and ı go together. If Turkish case is used, you need to make sure that various software handles that correctly. For example dictionaries need to sort the letters in the right order. | ||||||||||||
Ȯ | ȯ | Ȱ | ȱ | Ṗ | ṗ | Ṙ | ṙ | Ṡ | ṡ | ẛ | Ṥ | ṥ |
U+022E | U+022F | U+0230 | U+0231 | U+1E56 | U+1E57 | U+1E58 | U+1E59 | U+1E60 | U+1E61 | U+1E9B | U+1E64 | U+1E65 |
Latin Capital Letter O With Dot Above | Latin Small Letter O With Dot Above | Latin Capital Letter O With Dot Above And Macron | Latin Small Letter O With Dot Above And Macron | Latin Capital Letter P With Dot Above | Latin Small Letter P With Dot Above | Latin Capital Letter R With Dot Above | Latin Small Letter R With Dot Above | Latin Capital Letter S With Dot Above | Latin Small Letter S With Dot Above | Latin Small Letter Long S With Dot Above | Latin Capital Letter S With Acute And Dot Above | Latin Small Letter S With Acute And Dot Above |
Ṧ | ṧ | Ṩ | ṩ | Ṫ | ṫ | Ẇ | ẇ | Ẋ | ẋ | Ẏ | ẏ | Ż |
U+1E66 | U+1E67 | U+1E68 | U+1E69 | U+1E6A | U+1E6B | U+1E86 | U+1E87 | U+1E8A | U+1E8B | U+1E8E | U+1E8F | U+017B |
Latin Capital Letter S With Caron And Dot Above | Latin Small Letter S With Caron And Dot Above | Latin Capital Letter S With Dot Below And Dot Above | Latin Small Letter S With Dot Below And Dot Above | Latin Capital Letter T With Dot Above | Latin Small Letter T With Dot Above | Latin Capital Letter W With Dot Above | Latin Small Letter W With Dot Above | Latin Capital Letter X With Dot Above | Latin Small Letter X With Dot Above | Latin Capital Letter Y With Dot Above | Latin Small Letter Y With Dot Above | Latin Capital Letter Z With Dot Above |
ż | ||||||||||||
U+017C | ||||||||||||
Latin Small Letter Z With Dot Above |
Use | Language | Letters | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
Raised vowel | Livonian | Ȯȯ /ʊ/ |
Macron
¯ | ˉ | ◌̄ | Ā | ā | Ǟ | ǟ | Ǡ | ǡ | Ǣ | ǣ | Ē | ē | |||||||||||||
U+00AF | U+02C9 | U+0304 | U+0100 | U+0101 | U+01DE | U+01DF | U+01E0 | U+01E1 | U+01E2 | U+01E3 | U+0112 | U+0113 | |||||||||||||
Macron | Modifier Letter Macron | Combining Macron | Latin Capital Letter A With Macron | Latin Small Letter A With Macron | Latin Capital Letter A With Diaeresis And Macron | Latin Small Letter A With Diaeresis And Macron | Latin Capital Letter A With Dot Above And Macron | Latin Small Letter A With Dot Above And Macron | Latin Capital Letter Ae With Macron | Latin Small Letter Ae With Macron | Latin Capital Letter E With Macron | Latin Small Letter E With Macron | |||||||||||||
Ḕ | ḕ | Ḗ | ḗ | Ḡ | ḡ | Ī | ī | Ḹ | ḹ | Ō | ō | Ǭ | |||||||||||||
U+1E14 | U+1E15 | U+1E16 | U+1E17 | U+1E20 | U+1E21 | U+012A | U+012B | U+1E38 | U+1E39 | U+014C | U+014D | U+01EC | |||||||||||||
Latin Capital Letter E With Macron And Grave | Latin Small Letter E With Macron And Grave | Latin Capital Letter E With Macron And Acute | Latin Small Letter E With Macron And Acute | Latin Capital Letter G With Macron | Latin Small Letter G With Macron | Latin Capital Letter I With Macron | Latin Small Letter I With Macron | Latin Capital Letter L With Dot Below And Macron | Latin Small Letter L With Dot Below And Macron | Latin Capital Letter O With Macron | Latin Small Letter O With Macron | Latin Capital Letter O With Ogonek And Macron | |||||||||||||
ǭ | Ṑ | ṑ | Ṓ | ṓ | Ȫ | ȫ | Ȭ | ȭ | Ȱ | ȱ | Ṝ | ṝ | |||||||||||||
U+01ED | U+1E50 | U+1E51 | U+1E52 | U+1E53 | U+022A | U+022B | U+022C | U+022D | U+0230 | U+0231 | U+1E5C | U+1E5D | Latin Small Letter O With Ogonek And Macron | Latin Capital Letter O With Macron And Grave | Latin Small Letter O With Macron And Grave | Latin Capital Letter O With Macron And Acute | Latin Small Letter O With Macron And Acute | Latin Capital Letter O With Diaeresis And Macron | Latin Small Letter O With Diaeresis And Macron | Latin Capital Letter O With Tilde And Macron | Latin Small Letter O With Tilde And Macron | Latin Capital Letter O With Dot Above And Macron | Latin Small Letter O With Dot Above And Macron | Latin Capital Letter R With Dot Below And Macron | Latin Small Letter R With Dot Below And Macron |
Ū | ū | Ṻ | ṻ | Ǖ | ǖ | Ȳ | ȳ | ||||||||||||||||||
U+016A | U+016B | U+1E7A | U+1E7B | U+01D5 | U+01D6 | U+0232 | U+0233 | ||||||||||||||||||
Latin Capital Letter U With Macron | Latin Small Letter U With Macron | Latin Capital Letter U With Macron And Diaeresis | Latin Small Letter U With Macron And Diaeresis | Latin Capital Letter U With Diaeresis And Macron | Latin Small Letter U With Diaeresis And Macron | Latin Capital Letter Y With Macron | Latin Small Letter Y With Macron |
Ring Above
˚ | ◌̊ | Å | å | Ǻ | ǻ | Ů | ů | ẘ | ẙ |
U+02DA | U+030A | U+00C5 | U+00E5 | U+01FA | U+01FB | U+016E | U+016F | U+1E98 | U+1E99 |
Ring Above | Combining Ring Above | Latin Capital Letter A With Ring Above | Latin Small Letter A With Ring Above | Latin Capital Letter A With Ring Above And Acute | Latin Small Letter A With Ring Above And Acute | Latin Capital Letter U With Ring Above | Latin Small Letter U With Ring Above | Latin Small Letter W With Ring Above | Latin Small Letter Y With Ring Above |
Note: May be confused with the Degree Sign ° (U+00B0) | Note: May be confused with the Ångström Sign Å (U+212B). |
Use | Language | Letters | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
Back version of front vowel. Often also rounded. | Chamorro | Åå /ɑ/ | |
Danish, Norwegian | Åå /ɔ/ | From an earlier digraph aa representing /ɔ/, which in turn came from /aː/.[3] | |
Swedish | Åå /o/ | From an earlier digraph aa representing /ɔ/, which in turn came from /aː/.[4] |