Natlang Uses of Diacritics in the Latin Alphabet: Difference between revisions
mNo edit summary |
mNo edit summary |
||
Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
{{WIP}} | {{WIP}} | ||
This page will list different uses of diacritical marks that have natlang precedence. Conlangers can use this to find inspiration for their own conlang romanizations. | This page will list different uses of diacritical marks that have natlang precedence. Conlangers can use this to find inspiration for their own conlang romanizations. | ||
:Note that in this article combining diacritics are attached to a ◌. Diacritics without a ◌, like ¨ for example, are non-combining. Non-combining diacritics are sometimes called modifier letters in Unicode. | |||
== Caron == | == Caron == | ||
Line 42: | Line 43: | ||
! Language | ! Language | ||
! Letters | ! Letters | ||
! Notes | ! Notes | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 48: | Line 48: | ||
| [[Wikipedia:Latgalian_language|Latgalian]], [[Wikipedia:Latvian_language|Latvian]] | | [[Wikipedia:Latgalian_language|Latgalian]], [[Wikipedia:Latvian_language|Latvian]] | ||
| Čč /tʃ/, Šš /ʃ/, Žž /ʒ/ | | Čč /tʃ/, Šš /ʃ/, Žž /ʒ/ | ||
| Unaccented Cc stands for /ts/ in Latvian and Latgalian. | | Unaccented Cc stands for /ts/ in Latvian and Latgalian. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Wikipedia:Livonian_language|Livonian]] | | [[Wikipedia:Livonian_language|Livonian]] | ||
| Šš /ʃ/, Žž /ʒ/ | | Šš /ʃ/, Žž /ʒ/ | ||
| | | | ||
|} | |} | ||
Line 86: | Line 84: | ||
! Language | ! Language | ||
! Letters | ! Letters | ||
! Notes | ! Notes | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 92: | Line 89: | ||
| [[Wikipedia:Latgalian_language|Latgalian]], [[Wikipedia:Latvian_language|Latvian]] | | [[Wikipedia:Latgalian_language|Latgalian]], [[Wikipedia:Latvian_language|Latvian]] | ||
| Ģģ /ɟ/, Ķķ /c/, Ļļ /ʎ/, Ņņ /ɲ/ | | Ģģ /ɟ/, Ķķ /c/, Ļļ /ʎ/, Ņņ /ɲ/ | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Wikipedia:Livonian_language|Livonian]] | | [[Wikipedia:Livonian_language|Livonian]] | ||
| Ḑḑ /ɟ/, Ļļ /ʎ/, Ņņ /ɲ/, Ţţ /c/ | | Ḑḑ /ɟ/, Ļļ /ʎ/, Ņņ /ɲ/, Ţţ /c/ | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 103: | Line 98: | ||
| [[Wikipedia:Livonian_language|Livonian]] | | [[Wikipedia:Livonian_language|Livonian]] | ||
| Ŗŗ /rʲ/ | | Ŗŗ /rʲ/ | ||
| | | | ||
|} | |} | ||
Line 128: | Line 122: | ||
| Latin Small Letter U With Diaeresis And Acute || Latin Capital Letter U With Diaeresis And Caron || Latin Small Letter U With Diaeresis And Caron || Latin Capital Letter U With Diaeresis And Grave || Latin Small Letter U With Diaeresis And Grave || Latin Capital Letter U With Macron And Diaeresis || Latin Small Letter U With Macron And Diaeresis || Latin Capital Letter W With Diaeresis || Latin Small Letter W With Diaeresis || Latin Capital Letter X With Diaeresis || Latin Small Letter X With Diaeresis || Latin Capital Letter Y With Diaeresis || Latin Small Letter Y With Diaeresis | | Latin Small Letter U With Diaeresis And Acute || Latin Capital Letter U With Diaeresis And Caron || Latin Small Letter U With Diaeresis And Caron || Latin Capital Letter U With Diaeresis And Grave || Latin Small Letter U With Diaeresis And Grave || Latin Capital Letter U With Macron And Diaeresis || Latin Small Letter U With Macron And Diaeresis || Latin Capital Letter W With Diaeresis || Latin Small Letter W With Diaeresis || Latin Capital Letter X With Diaeresis || Latin Small Letter X With Diaeresis || Latin Capital Letter Y With Diaeresis || Latin Small Letter Y With Diaeresis | ||
|} | |} | ||
Diaeresis (known as tréma in French) and umlaut both employ the same character | Diaeresis (known as tréma in French) and umlaut both employ the same character. But there is a difference of use between diaeresis and umlaut. Letters with umlaut stand for completely different sounds than their non-accented counterparts. For example in Swedish <o> represents /u/ while <ö> represents /ø/. Diaeresis on the other hand does not change the sound value of a letter, but instead marks that a vowel is not part of a diphthong or digraph. | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
Line 135: | Line 129: | ||
! Language | ! Language | ||
! Letters | ! Letters | ||
! Notes | ! Notes | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 141: | Line 134: | ||
| [[Wikipedia:Finnish_language|Finnish]] | | [[Wikipedia:Finnish_language|Finnish]] | ||
| Ää /æ/, Öö /ø/ | | Ää /æ/, Öö /ø/ | ||
| | | Usage borrowed from Swedish. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Wikipedia:Livonian_language|Livonian]] | | [[Wikipedia:Livonian_language|Livonian]] | ||
| Ää /æ/ | | Ää /æ/ | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 152: | Line 143: | ||
| Ää /ɛ/, Öö /ø/ | | Ää /ɛ/, Öö /ø/ | ||
| The umlaut evolved from the letter e in the digraphs ae[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84] and oe[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96]. | | The umlaut evolved from the letter e in the digraphs ae[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84] and oe[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96]. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Syllable break. When two vowel follow each other, a diaeresis on the second vowel indicates that the vowels are in two different syllables instead of forming a diphthong. | | Syllable break. When two vowel follow each other, a diaeresis on the second vowel indicates that the vowels are in two different syllables instead of forming a diphthong. | ||
| [[Wikipedia:French_language|French]] | | [[Wikipedia:French_language|French]] | ||
| Ëë, Ïï, Üü, Ÿÿ | | Ëë, Ïï, Üü, Ÿÿ | ||
| | | | ||
|} | |} | ||
Line 178: | Line 167: | ||
! Language | ! Language | ||
! Letters | ! Letters | ||
! Notes | ! Notes | ||
|- | |- | ||
| rowspan=3 | Back version of front vowel. Often rounded. | | rowspan=3 | Back version of front vowel. Often also rounded. | ||
| [[Wikipedia:Chamorro_language|Chamorro]] | | [[Wikipedia:Chamorro_language|Chamorro]] | ||
| Åå /ɑ/ | | Åå /ɑ/ |
Revision as of 06:37, 14 August 2012
This page will list different uses of diacritical marks that have natlang precedence. Conlangers can use this to find inspiration for their own conlang romanizations.
- Note that in this article combining diacritics are attached to a ◌. Diacritics without a ◌, like ¨ for example, are non-combining. Non-combining diacritics are sometimes called modifier letters in Unicode.
Caron
ˇ | ◌̌ | Ǎ | ǎ | Č | č | Ď | ď | DŽ | Dž | dž | Ě | ě |
U+02C7 | U+030C | U+01CD | U+01CD | U+010C | U+010D | U+010E | U+010F | U+01C4 | U+01C5 | U+01C6 | U+011A | U+011B |
Caron | Combining Caron | Latin Letter Capital A With Caron | Latin Letter Small A With Caron | Latin Capital Letter C With Caron | Latin Small Letter C With Caron | Latin Capital Letter D With Caron | Latin Small Letter D With Caron | Latin Capital Letter Dz With Caron | Latin Capital Letter D With Small Letter Z With Caron | Latin Small Letter Dz With Caron | Latin Capital Letter E With Caron | Latin Small Letter E With Caron |
Note: May be confused with Modifier Letter Down Arrowhead ˅ (U+02C5). | Note: The caron looks actually like an apostrophe placed to the right of the ascender of the d. | |||||||||||
Ǧ | ǧ | Ȟ | ȟ | Ǐ | ǐ | ǰ | Ǩ | ǩ | Ľ | ľ | Ň | ň |
U+01E6 | U+01E7 | U+021E | U+021F | U+01CF | U+01D0 | U+01F0 | U+01E8 | U+01E9 | U+013D | U+013E | U+0147 | U+0148 |
Latin Capital Letter G With Caron | Latin Small Letter G With Caron | Latin Capital Letter H With Caron | Latin Small Letter H With Caron | Latin Capital Letter I With Caron | Latin Small Letter I With Caron | Latin Small Letter J With Caron | Latin Capital Letter K With Caron | Latin Small Letter K With Caron | Latin Capital Letter L With Caron | Latin Small Letter L With Caron | Latin Capital Letter N With Caron | Latin Small Letter N With Caron |
Note: The caron looks actually like an apostrophe placed to the right of the ascender of the Ll. | ||||||||||||
Ǒ | ǒ | Ř | ř | Š | š | Ṧ | ṧ | Ť | ť | Ǔ | ǔ | Ǚ |
U+01D1 | U+01D2 | U+0158 | U+0159 | U+0160 | U+0161 | U+1E66 | U+1E67 | U+0164 | U+0165 | U+01D3 | U+01D4 | U+01D9 |
Latin Capital Letter O With Caron | Latin Small Letter O With Caron | Latin Capital Letter R With Caron | Latin Small Letter R With Caron | Latin Capital Letter S With Caron | Latin Small Letter S With Caron | Latin Capital Letter S With Caron And Dot Above | Latin Small Letter S With Caron And Dot Above | Latin Capital Letter T With Caron | Latin Small Letter T With Caron | Latin Capital Letter U With Caron | Latin Small Letter U With Caron | Latin Capital Letter U With Diaeresis And Caron |
Note: The caron looks actually like an apostrophe placed to the right of the ascender of the t. | ||||||||||||
ǚ | Ž | ž | Ǯ | ǯ | ||||||||
U+01DA | U+017D | U+017E | U+01EE | U+01EF | ||||||||
Latin Small Letter U With Diaeresis And Caron | Latin Capital Letter Z With Caron | Latin Small Letter Z With Caron | Latin Capital Letter Ezh With Caron | Latin Small Letter Ezh With Caron |
Caron is also known as háček or haček. Note that the caron is easily confused with the similar looking Breve ˘, especially in small font sizes.
Usage | Language | Letters | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
Postalveolar consonant | Latgalian, Latvian | Čč /tʃ/, Šš /ʃ/, Žž /ʒ/ | Unaccented Cc stands for /ts/ in Latvian and Latgalian. |
Livonian | Šš /ʃ/, Žž /ʒ/ |
Cedilla
¸ | ◌̧ | Ç | ç | Ḉ | ḉ | Ḑ | ḑ | Ȩ | ȩ | Ḝ | ḝ | Ģ | |
U+00B8 | U+0327 | U+00C7 | U+00E7 | U+1E08 | U+1E09 | U+1E10 | U+1E11 | U+0228 | U+0229 | U+1E1C | U+1E1D | U+0122 | |
Cedilla | Combining Cedilla | Latin Capital Letter C With Cedilla | Latin Small Letter C With Cedilla | Latin Capital Letter C With Cedilla And Acute | Latin Small Letter C With Cedilla And Acute | Latin Capital Letter D With Cedilla | Latin Small Letter D With Cedilla | Latin Capital Letter E With Cedilla | Latin Small Letter E With Cedilla | Latin Capital Letter E With Cedilla And Breve | Latin Small Letter E With Cedilla And Breve | Latin Capital Letter G With Cedilla | |
ģ | Ḩ | ḩ | Ķ | ķ | Ļ | ļ | Ņ | ņ | Ŗ | ŗ | Ş | ş | |
U+0123 | U+1E28 | U+1E29 | U+0136 | U+0137 | U+013B | U+013C | U+0145 | U+0146 | U+0156 | U+0157 | U+015E | U+015F | |
Latin Small Letter G With Cedilla | Latin Capital Letter H With Cedilla | Latin Small Letter H With Cedilla | Latin Capital Letter K With Cedilla | Latin Small Letter K With Cedilla | Latin Capital Letter L With Cedilla | Latin Small Letter L With Cedilla | Latin Capital Letter N With Cedilla | Latin Small Letter N With Cedilla | Latin Capital Letter R With Cedilla | Latin Small Letter R With Cedilla | Latin Capital Letter S With Cedilla | Latin Small Letter S With Cedilla | |
Note: The diacritic is placed on top of the letter to avoid the descender of the g. | | ||||||||||||
Ţ | ţ | ||||||||||||
U+0162 | U+0163 | ||||||||||||
Latin Capital Letter T With Cedilla | Latin Small Letter T With Cedilla |
Usage | Language | Letters | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
Palatal consonant | Latgalian, Latvian | Ģģ /ɟ/, Ķķ /c/, Ļļ /ʎ/, Ņņ /ɲ/ | |
Livonian | Ḑḑ /ɟ/, Ļļ /ʎ/, Ņņ /ɲ/, Ţţ /c/ | ||
Palatalized consonant | Livonian | Ŗŗ /rʲ/ |
Diaeresis/Umlaut
¨ | ◌̈ | Ä | ä | Ǟ | ǟ | Ë | ë | Ḧ | ḧ | Ï | ï | Ḯ |
U+00A8 | U+0308 | U+00C4 | U+00E4 | U+01DE | U+01DF | U+00CB | U+00EB | U+1E26 | U+1E27 | U+00CF | U+00EF | U+1E2E |
Diaeresis | Combining Diaeresis | Latin Capital Letter A With Diaeresis | Latin Small Letter A With Diaeresis | Latin Capital Letter A With Diaeresis And Macron | Latin Small Letter A With Diaeresis And Macron | Latin Capital Letter E With Diaeresis | Latin Small Letter E With Diaeresis | Latin Capital Letter H With Diaeresis | Latin Small Letter H With Diaeresis | Latin Capital Letter I With Diaeresis | Latin Small Letter I With Diaeresis | Latin Capital Letter I With Diaeresis And Acute |
ḯ | Ö | ö | Ȫ | ȫ | Ṏ | ṏ | ẗ | Ü | ü | Ǖ | ǖ | Ǘ |
U+1E2F | U+00D6 | U+00F6 | U+022A | U+022B | U+1E4E | U+1E4F | U+1E97 | U+00DC | U+00FC | U+01D5 | U+01D6 | U+01D7 |
Latin Small Letter I With Diaeresis And Acute | Latin Capital Letter O With Diaeresis | Latin Small Letter O With Diaeresis | Latin Capital Letter O With Diaeresis And Macron | Latin Small Letter O With Diaeresis And Macron | Latin Capital Letter O With Tilde And Diaeresis | Latin Small Letter O With Tilde And Diaeresis | Latin Small Letter T With Diaeresis | Latin Capital Letter U With Diaeresis | Latin Small Letter U With Diaeresis | Latin Capital Letter U With Diaeresis And Macron | Latin Small Letter U With Diaeresis And Macron | Latin Capital Letter U With Diaeresis And Acute |
ǘ | Ǚ | ǚ | Ǜ | ǜ | Ṻ | ṻ | Ẅ | ẅ | Ẍ | ẍ | Ÿ | ÿ |
U+01D8 | U+01D9 | U+01DA | U+01DB | U+01DC | U+1E7A | U+1E7B | U+1E84 | U+1E85 | U+1E8C | U+1E8D | U+0178 | U+00FF |
Latin Small Letter U With Diaeresis And Acute | Latin Capital Letter U With Diaeresis And Caron | Latin Small Letter U With Diaeresis And Caron | Latin Capital Letter U With Diaeresis And Grave | Latin Small Letter U With Diaeresis And Grave | Latin Capital Letter U With Macron And Diaeresis | Latin Small Letter U With Macron And Diaeresis | Latin Capital Letter W With Diaeresis | Latin Small Letter W With Diaeresis | Latin Capital Letter X With Diaeresis | Latin Small Letter X With Diaeresis | Latin Capital Letter Y With Diaeresis | Latin Small Letter Y With Diaeresis |
Diaeresis (known as tréma in French) and umlaut both employ the same character. But there is a difference of use between diaeresis and umlaut. Letters with umlaut stand for completely different sounds than their non-accented counterparts. For example in Swedish <o> represents /u/ while <ö> represents /ø/. Diaeresis on the other hand does not change the sound value of a letter, but instead marks that a vowel is not part of a diphthong or digraph.
Usage | Language | Letters | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
Front version of back vowel | Finnish | Ää /æ/, Öö /ø/ | Usage borrowed from Swedish. |
Livonian | Ää /æ/ | ||
Swedish | Ää /ɛ/, Öö /ø/ | The umlaut evolved from the letter e in the digraphs ae[1] and oe[2]. | |
Syllable break. When two vowel follow each other, a diaeresis on the second vowel indicates that the vowels are in two different syllables instead of forming a diphthong. | French | Ëë, Ïï, Üü, Ÿÿ |
Ring Above
˚ | ◌̊ | Å | å | Ǻ | ǻ | Ů | ů | ẘ | ẙ |
U+02DA | U+030A | U+00C5 | U+00E5 | U+01FA | U+01FB | U+016E | U+016F | U+1E98 | U+1E99 |
Ring Above | Combining Ring Above | Latin Capital Letter A With Ring Above | Latin Small Letter A With Ring Above | Latin Capital Letter A With Ring Above And Acute | Latin Small Letter A With Ring Above And Acute | Latin Capital Letter U With Ring Above | Latin Small Letter U With Ring Above | Latin Small Letter W With Ring Above | Latin Small Letter Y With Ring Above |
Note: May be confused with the Degree Sign ° (U+00B0) | Note: May be confused with the Ångström Sign Å (U+212B). |
Use | Language | Letters | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
Back version of front vowel. Often also rounded. | Chamorro | Åå /ɑ/ | |
Danish, Norwegian | Åå /ɔ/ | From an earlier digraph aa representing /ɔ/, which in turn came from /aː/.[3] | |
Swedish | Åå /o/ | From an earlier digraph aa representing /ɔ/, which in turn came from /aː/.[4] |