Ibran sound changes: Difference between revisions
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| l > d / V__VtV || l > d / V__VtV || ''oblitare'' || ɔb.liˈtɑ.rɛ || > || ''obdilare'' || ɔb.diˈlɑ.rɛ | | l > d / V__VtV || l > d / V__VtV || ''oblitare'' || ɔb.liˈtɑ.rɛ || > || ''obdilare'' || ɔb.diˈlɑ.rɛ | ||
|- bgcolor="#eee" | |- bgcolor="#eee" | ||
| t > d / | | t > d / VtV__V || t > d / VtV__V || ''veretate'' || vɛ.rɛˈtɑ.tɛ || > || ''verelade'' || vɛ.rɛˈlɑ.dɛ | ||
|- bgcolor="#eee" | |- bgcolor="#eee" | ||
| t > l / V__V || t > l / V__V || ''pote'' || ˈpɔ.tɛ || > || ''pole'' || ˈpɔ.lɛ | | t > l / V__V || t > l / V__V || ''pote'' || ˈpɔ.tɛ || > || ''pole'' || ˈpɔ.lɛ |
Revision as of 19:53, 15 March 2012
Sound changes from Latin to Ibran.
Common changes
(Changes to Ibran-flavored Vulgar Latin.)
№ | Phonetic Rule | Orthographic Rule | Example | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | m > ∅ / __# | m > ∅ / __# | causam | ˈkau.sam | > | causa | ˈkau.sa |
m > n / __# | m > n / __# | jam | ˈjam | > | jan | ˈjan | |
The latter change applies in some function words and probably all monosyllables. | |||||||
2 | { m, ŋ } > n / __n | { m, g } > n / __n | cognoscere | koŋ.nosˈkeːre | > | connoscere | kon.nosˈkeːre |
3 | { t, k, d } > ∅ / __# | { t, c, d } > ∅ / __# | potit | ˈpo.tit | > | poti | ˈpo.ti |
4 | h > ∅ | h > ∅ | habere | haˈbeːre | > | abere | aˈbeːre |
5 | { e, i }[-stress][+penult] > j / __V | { e, i }[-stress][+penult] > j / __V | perdiu | ˈper.di.uː | > | perdju | ˈper.djuː |
6 | V[-stress][+penult] > ∅ | V[-stress][+penult] > ∅ | genere | ˈɡe.ne.re | > | genre | ˈɡen.re |
7 | tk > tʃ | tc > z[confirm] | portcu | ˈport.ku | > | porzu | ˈpor.tʃu |
*|ch| might or might not make more sense as an outcome | |||||||
8 | { a, aː }[+stress] > ɑ | no change | parte | ˈpar.te | > | parte | ˈpɑr.te |
{ e, aj }[+stress] > ɛ | ae[+stress] > e | gente caecu |
ˈɡen.te ˈkaj.ku |
> > |
gente cecu |
ˈɡɛn.te ˈkɛ.ku | |
{ i, eː, oj }[+stress] > e | { i, e, oe }[+stress] > é | spissu jacere foedu |
ˈspis.su jaˈkeːre ˈfoj.du |
> > > |
spéssu jacére fédu |
ˈspes.su jaˈke.re ˈfe.du | |
iː[+stress] > i | no change | audire | auˈdiːre | > | audire | auˈdi.re | |
o[+stress] > ɔ | no change | ovu | ˈo.vu | > | ovu | ˈɔ.vu | |
{ u, oː, au }[+stress] > o | { u, o, au }[+stress] > ó | muttu totu paucu |
ˈmut.tu ˈtoːtu ˈpau.ku |
> > > |
móttu tótu pócu |
ˈmot.tu ˈto.tu ˈpo.ku | |
uː[+stress] > u | no change | unu | ˈuːnu | > | unu | ˈu.nu | |
9 | { a, aː }[-stress] > ɑ | no change | marritu | marˈri.tu | > | marrito | mɑrˈri.tɔ |
{ i, eː, e, oj, aj }[-stress] > ɛ | { i, oe, ae }[-stress] > e | bibére | biˈbe.re | > | bebére | bɛˈbe.rɛ | |
iː[-stress] > i | no change | ficatu | fiːˈkɑ.tu | > | ficato | fiˈkɑ.tɔ | |
{ u, oː, o, au }[-stress] > ɔ | { u, au }[-stress] > o | audire | auˈdi.re | > | odire | ɔˈdi.rɛ | |
uː[-stress] > u | no change | tutare | tuːˈtɑ.re | > | tutare | tuˈtɑ.rɛ |
Verb endings
Latin verbs in -ere generally merge with those in -ēre. The following are the ancestral forms of the Ibran verb endings.
Verbs in -āre (-áre)
- Present: -o, -as, -a, -ámos, -átes, -an.
- Imperfect: -á, -ás, -á, -ámos, -átes, -án.
- Preterite: -ái, -ásti, -áe, -ámos, -ástes, -áron.
- Present subjunctive: -e, -es, -e, -ẹ́mos, -ẹ́tes, -en.
- Imperfect subjunctive: -ásse, -ásses, -ásse, -assẹ́mos, -assẹ́tes, -ássen.
Verbs in -ēre and -ĕre (-ẹ́re)
- Pres. -jo/-o, -es, -e, -ẹ́mos, -ẹ́tes, -en.
- Impf. -ẹ́a, -ẹ́as, -ẹ́a, -eámos, -eátes, -ẹ́an.
- Pret. -i, -ẹ́sti, -e, -ímos, -ístes, -ẹ́ron.
- Pr.subj. -a, -as, -a, -ámos, -átes, -an.
- Impf.subj. -ẹ́sse, -ẹ́sses, -ẹ́sse, -essẹ́mos, -essẹ́tes, --ẹ́ssen.
Verbs in -īre (-íre)
- Pres. -jo, -is, -e, -ímos, -ítes, -jon.
- Impf. -jẹ́a, -jẹ́as, -jẹ́a, -jeámos, -jeátes, -jẹ́an.
- Pret. -í, -ísti, -íe, -ímos, -ístes, -iẹ́ron.
- Pr.subj. -ja, -jas, -ja, -jámos, -játes, -jan.
- Impf.subj. -ísse, -ísses, -ísse, -issẹ́mos, -issẹ́tes, -íssen.
Early changes
№ | Phonetic Rule | Orthographic Rule | Example | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | { [+stop], [+fric] }[+voice]j > dʒ | { [+stop], [+fric] }[+voice]j > j | perdju | ˈpɛr.dju | > | perju | ˈper.dʒu |
2 | { [+stop], [+fric] }[-voice]j > tʃ | { [+stop], [+fric] }[-voice]j > z[confirm] | propjo | ˈprɔ.pjɔ | > | prozo | ˈprɔ.tʃɔ |
* Should be spelled the same way as the outcome of VL#7 above. | |||||||
3 | j > dʒ / { #, V }__V | no change | jocare | jɔˈkɑ.rɛ | > | jocare | dʒɔˈkɑ.rɛ |
* Sometimes #1 or #3 may result in |y| /j/ instead. | |||||||
4 | { nn, nj } > ɲ | { nn, nj } > nh | connoscére | kɔn.nɔsˈke.rɛ | > | conhoscére | kɔ.ɲɔsˈke.rɛ |
5 | { ll, lj } > ʎ | { ll, lj } > ll[confirm] | stella | ˈstɛl.lɑ | > | stella | ˈstɛ.ʎɑ |
* Why isn't this |lh|, parallel with |nh| from #4? | |||||||
6 | { d, ɡ } > ∅ / V__V | { d, g } > ∅ / V__V | vedére | vɛˈde.rɛ | > | veére | vɛˈe.rɛ |
7 | b > v / V__V | b > v / V__V | abére | ɑˈbe.rɛ | > | avére | ɑˈve.rɛ |
8 | { ɑ, ɛ }{ i, ɛ }[-stress] > ɛj | { a, e }{ i, e }[-stress] > ei | pee | ˈpɛ.ɛ | > | pei | ˈpɛj |
9 | { ɛ, i }[-stress] > j / e__ | e[-stress] > i / é__ | fée | ˈfe.ɛ | > | féi | ˈfej |
10 | { i }[-stress] > j / { ɔ, o }__ | no change | ói | ˈo.i | > | ói | ˈoj |
11 | k > tʃ / __V[+front] | no change | dicére | diˈke.rɛ | > | dicére | diˈtʃe.rɛ |
ɡ > dʒ / __V[+front] | no change | gente | ˈɡɛn.tɛ | > | gente | ˈdʒɛn.tɛ | |
kʷ > kʲ / __V[+front] | no change | porque | pɔrˈkʷɛ | > | porque | pɔrˈkʲɛ | |
ɡʷ > ɡʲ / __V[+front] | no change | anguélla | ɑnˈɡʷe.ʎɑ | > | anguélla | ɑnˈɡʲe.ʎɑ | |
12 | k > kʲ / __ɑ | no change | locale | lɔˈkɑ.lɛ | > | locale | lɔˈkʲɑ.lɛ |
ɡ > ɡʲ / __ɑ | no change | galbino | ɡɑlˈbi.nɔ | > | galbino | ɡʲɑlˈbi.nɔ | |
kʷ > k / __ɑ | no change | qualqué | ˈkʷɑl.ke | > | qualqué | ˈkɑl.ke | |
ɡʷ > ɡ / __ɑ | no change | léngua | ˈlen.ɡʷɑ | > | léngua | ˈlen.ɡɑ | |
13 | kʷ > k̠ / __V[+back] | no change | quómdo | ˈkʷom.dɔ | > | quómdo | ˈk̠om.dɔ |
ɡʷ > ɡ̠ / __V[+back] | no change | exténguo | ɛksˈten.ɡʷɔ | > | exténguo | ɛksˈten.ɡ̠ɔ | |
14 | p > b / V__V | p > b / V__V | sapére | sɑˈpe.rɛ | > | sabére | sɑˈbe.rɛ |
f > v / V__V | f > v / V__V | proféta | prɔˈfe.tɑ | > | provéla | prɔˈve.lɑ | |
l > d / V__VtV | l > d / V__VtV | oblitare | ɔb.liˈtɑ.rɛ | > | obdilare | ɔb.diˈlɑ.rɛ | |
t > d / VtV__V | t > d / VtV__V | veretate | vɛ.rɛˈtɑ.tɛ | > | verelade | vɛ.rɛˈlɑ.dɛ | |
t > l / V__V | t > l / V__V | pote | ˈpɔ.tɛ | > | pole | ˈpɔ.lɛ | |
s > z / V__V | no change | cósa | ˈko.sɑ | > | cósa | ˈko.zɑ | |
k > ɡ / V__V | { c, q } > g / V__V | veraco | vɛˈrɑ.ko | > | verago | vɛˈrɑ.ɡɔ | |
kʲ > ɡʲ / V__V | { c, q } > g / V__V | locale | lɔˈkʲɑ.lɛ | > | logale | lɔˈɡʲɑ.lɛ | |
k̠ > ɡ̠ / V__V | qu > gu / V__V | sequo | ˈsɛ.k̠ɔ | > | seguo | ˈsɛ.ɡ̠ɔ |
- /p t k/ → /b d ɡ/ |B D G| V_[r,l]
- /f/ → /v/ |V| _[r,l]
- /tt kk ss rr/ → /t k s r/ |T C SS R|
- /ɑ[velar] e[velar] i[velar] o[velar] u[velar] → /ɑɛ̯ ɛj ej ɔɛ̯ oj/ |AE EI EI OE OI/ (|ae ęj ẹj oe ọj|) [stressedV]_[dental,nasal]
- the [velar] may be a lateral
- /ɑ[velar,dental] e[velar,dental] i[velar,dental] o[velar,dental] u[velar,dental] → /ɑɛ̯ ɛj ej ɔɛ̯ oj/ |AE EI EI OE OI/ (|ae ęj ẹj oe ọj|) [stressedV]_[sibilant]
- But /i[velar,dental][sibilant] u[velar,dental][sibilant]/ → /i[sibilant+long] u[sibilant+long]/
- (complicated... but basically:
- aKT aKN aKS/aTS → aeT aeN aeS
- eKT eKN eKS/eTS → eiT eiN eiS
- iKT iKN iKS/iTS → éiT éiN iSS
- oKT oKN oKS/oTS → oeT oeN oeS
- uKT uKN uKS/uTS → óiT óiN uSS)
- The eKT... ond oKT... rules go into effect whichever quality of E vowel is involved. In unstressed syllables—I won't bother writing the rule here—the element assimilates:
- aKT aKN aKS/aTS → aTT aNN aSS
- eKT eKN eKS/eTS → eTT eNN eSS
- iKT iKN iKS/iTS → iTT iNN iSS
- oKT oKN oKS/oTS → oTT oNN oSS
- uKT uKN uKS/uTS → uTT uNN uSS
- /ɔ u/[-stress] → /a œ/ |A EV| (|à eu|) _C[V+front]
- /ɑ e o/ → /a i œ/ |A I EV| (|à i eu|) _/ɲ,ʎ/
- /ɑrj erj orj/ → /aːr ɛːr œːr/ |AIR EIR EUR|
- /ɑ/ → /a/ r_ (unless _r or _[velar])
- /ɛ e ɔ o/ → /jɛ je ɔj/wɛ uː/o/ |IE IE OI/UE UO/O| when stressed.
- ɔj/wɛ — wɛ in syllables closed by sonorants, ɔj elsewhere
- uː/o — uː in open syllables, o in closed ones. (The spelling |uo| comes from an intermediate /wo/ stage)
- e/ɛ — do not palatalize after shibilants
- /f/ → /h/ |h| _[V+round]
- final V (including /a/ but not /ɑ/), and V before final /s/ ← ∅ (unless restored by analogy)
- final /ɑ/ → /ə/ |e|
- /ɑ/ between the initial syllable and the stressed syllable reduces to /ə/ |a|
- other vowels between the initial syllable and the stressed syllable drop if the syllable structure allows it, or reduce to /ə/ |e| if not
- plural /ɔs ɑs/ reduce to /əs/ |es| (plural /ɛs/ just becomes /s/ by a previous rule)
- initial unstressed /ɛ/ or /i/ disappear.
- /m/ → /w̃/ |ũ| _C
- [labial,lateral] → /w/ |u| _C
- /aw ɑw əw ʌw/ → /oː/
- /ɛw ew iw/ → /œː øː yː/
- /ɔw ow uw/ → /oː oː uː/
About this point (the beginning of the Old Ibran period) the orthography stabilizes, including the introduction of some accent marks to alleviate homography.
Later changes
- Nasalized vowels denasalize
- /Vn/ → /V~/ finally and before consonants
- Neutralization of voicing in fricatives (which assimilate in voicing to the following phoneme, or voiceless when final)
- /u/ → /y/
- /ʎ/ → /j/ (/iʎ/ → /iː/ finally or before consonants)
- /ɡl/ → /lː/
- /tʃ tʃː dʒ dʒː/ → /ç tʃ ʝ dʒ/
- /i/ after a hiatus → /ji/
Roesan changes
- /õ ã/ → /ũ ɐ̃/
- syllable-initial /j/ → /ʝ/; /dj tj sj/ → /ɟʝ cç ç/
- /s/ assimilates to following consonants
- /je(ː) wo(ː) wø(ː)/ → /ji(ː) u(ː) y(ː)/ in closed syllables
- /w/ → ∅ _[V+rounded]
- /kʲ ɡʲ/ → /tʃ dʒ/
- /k ɡ/ → /kʲ ɡʲ/
- /k̠ ɡ̠/ → /k ɡ/
- final stops devoice
- loss of schwa in final syllables
- loss of /h/
- /ɔɛ ɑɛ/ → /ɔː aː/
- /ej ɛj/ → /ɛj/
- /oj ɔj/ → /œj/
Paysan changes
- /ĩ õ ỹ/ → /ɛ̃ ɔ̃ œ̃/
- /a (ã)/ → /æ (æ̃)/
- /s/ → ∅ before following consonants (/esC osC/ → /ɛC ɔC/)
- /je(ː) wo(ː) wø(ː)/ → /i(ː) u(ː) y(ː)/ in closed syllables
- Unstressed short vowels → /ə/ (even in diphthonɡs, thus /əj/)
- /kʲ ɡʲ/ → /tʃ dʒ/
- /k̠ ɡ̠/ → /k ɡ/
- /ɔɛ̃ ɑɛ̃/ /ɔ̃ː æ̃ː/
- /ɔɛ oj ɑɛ/ → /ɔj ɔj ɑj/
- /ɡ/ → /x/