Ibran sound changes: Difference between revisions

From FrathWiki
Jump to navigationJump to search
m (→‎Common changes: |k| what is this |k|?)
Line 86: Line 86:


== Early changes ==
== Early changes ==
# /[voiced consonant]j/ → /dʒ/ |I| (tr. |''j''|)
{| class="toccolours"
# /[unvoiced cons.]j/ → /tʃ/ |Z|
|- bgcolor="lightgrey"
# /j/ → /dʒ/ (V)_V
! № !! Phonetic Rule !! Orthographic Rule !!colspan=5| Example
#: Occasionally any of these /dʒ/ will reduce entirely to /j/ |Y| (by dialectal influence?)
|-
# /nn nj/ → /ɲ/ |NH|
|bgcolor="lightgrey"| 1
# /ll lj/ → /ʎ/ |LL|
| { [+stop], [+fric] }[+voice]j > dʒ || { [+stop], [+fric] }[+voice]j > j || ''perdju'' || ˈpɛr.dju || > || ''perju'' || ˈper.dʒu
# /d ɡ/ → ∅ V_V
|- bgcolor="#eee"
# /b/ → /v/ |V| V_V
|rowspan=2 bgcolor="lightgrey"| 2
# /ɑi ɑɛ ɛɛ/ → /ɛj/ |EI| (tr. |''ęj''|)
| { [+stop], [+fric] }[-voice]j > tʃ || { [+stop], [+fric] }[-voice]j > z<sup>[''confirm'']</sup> || ''propjo'' || ˈprɔ.pjɔ || > || ''prozo'' || ˈprɔ.tʃɔ
# /eɛ ei/ &rarr; /ej/ |EI| (tr. |''ẹj''|)
|- bgcolor="#eee"
# /ɔi oi/ &rarr; /ɔj oj/ |OI| (tr. |''ǫj'' ''ọj''|)
|colspan=7| * ''Should be spelled the same way as the outcome of VL#7 above.''
#: These three rules do not take effect if the second vowel is stressed.
|-
|rowspan=2 bgcolor="lightgrey"| 3
| j > dʒ / { #, V }__V || ''no change'' || ''jocare'' || jɔˈkɑ.rɛ || > || ''jocare'' || dʒɔˈkɑ.rɛ
|-
|colspan=7| * ''Sometimes #1 or #3 may result in ''|y| /j/'' instead.''
|- bgcolor="#eee"
|bgcolor="lightgrey"| 4
| { nn, nj } > ɲ || { nn, nj } > nh || ''connoscére'' || kɔn.nɔsˈke.rɛ || > || ''conhoscére'' || kɔ.ɲɔsˈke.rɛ
|-
|rowspan=2 bgcolor="lightgrey"| 5
| { ll, lj } > ʎ || { ll, lj } > ll<sup>[''confirm'']</sup> || ''stella'' || ˈstɛl.lɑ || > || ''stella'' || ˈstɛ.ʎɑ
|-
|colspan=7| * ''Why isn't this ''|lh|'', parallel with ''|nh|'' from #4?''
|- bgcolor="#eee"
|bgcolor="lightgrey"| 6
| { d, ɡ } > ∅ / V__V || { d, g } > ∅ / V__V || ''vedére'' || vɛˈde.rɛ || > || ''veére'' || vɛˈe.rɛ
|-
|bgcolor="lightgrey"| 7
| b > v / V__V || b > v / V__V || ''abére'' || ɑˈbe.rɛ || > || ''avére'' || ɑˈve.rɛ
|- bgcolor="#eee"
|bgcolor="lightgrey"| 8
| { ɑ, ɛ }{ i, ɛ }[-stress] > ɛj || { a, e }{ i, e }[-stress] > ei || ''pee'' || ˈpɛ.ɛ || > || ''pei'' || ˈpɛj
|-
|bgcolor="lightgrey"| 9
| { ɛ, i }[-stress] > j / e__ || e[-stress] > i / é__ || ''fée'' || ˈfe.ɛ || > || ''féi'' || ˈfej
|- bgcolor="#eee"
|bgcolor="lightgrey"| 10
| { i }[-stress] > j / { ɔ, o }__ || ''no change'' || ''ói'' || ˈo.i || > || ''ói'' || ˈoj
|}
 
# /k ɡ kʷ/ &rarr; /tʃ dʒ kʲ/ |C G QV| (|''qu''|) _[V+front]
# /k ɡ kʷ/ &rarr; /tʃ dʒ kʲ/ |C G QV| (|''qu''|) _[V+front]
# /k ɡ kʷ/ &rarr; /kʲ ɡʲ k/ |C G QV| (|''qu''|) _[ɑ]
# /k ɡ kʷ/ &rarr; /kʲ ɡʲ k/ |C G QV| (|''qu''|) _[ɑ]

Revision as of 20:02, 13 March 2012

Sound changes from Latin to Ibran.

Common changes

(Changes to Ibran-flavored Vulgar Latin.)

№ Phonetic Rule Orthographic Rule Example
1 m > ∅ / __# m > ∅ / __# causam ˈkau.sam > causa ˈkau.sa
m > n / __# m > n / __# jam ˈjam > jan ˈjan
The latter change applies in some function words and probably all monosyllables.
2 { m, ŋ } > n / __n { m, g } > n / __n cognoscere koŋ.nosˈkeːre > connoscere kon.nosˈkeːre
3 { t, k, d } > ∅ / __# { t, c, d } > ∅ / __# potit ˈpo.tit > poti ˈpo.ti
4 h > ∅ h > ∅ habere haˈbeːre > abere aˈbeːre
5 { e, i }[-stress][+penult] > j / __V { e, i }[-stress][+penult] > j / __V perdiu ˈper.di.uː > perdju ˈper.djuː
6 V[-stress][+penult] > ∅ V[-stress][+penult] > ∅ genere ˈɡe.ne.re > genre ˈɡen.re
7 tk > tʃ tc > z[confirm] portcu ˈport.ku > porzu ˈpor.tʃu
*|ch| might or might not make more sense as an outcome
8 { a, aː }[+stress] > ɑ no change parte ˈpar.te > parte ˈpɑr.te
{ e, aj }[+stress] > ɛ ae[+stress] > e gente
caecu		 ˈɡen.te
ˈkaj.ku		 >
>		 gente
cecu		 ˈɡɛn.te
ˈkɛ.ku
{ i, eː, oj }[+stress] > e { i, e, oe }[+stress] > é spissu
jacere
foedu		 ˈspis.su
jaˈkeːre
ˈfoj.du		 >
>
>		 spéssu
jacére
fédu		 ˈspes.su
jaˈke.re
ˈfe.du
iː[+stress] > i no change audire auˈdiːre > audire auˈdi.re
o[+stress] > ɔ no change ovu ˈo.vu > ovu ˈɔ.vu
{ u, oː, au }[+stress] > o { u, o, au }[+stress] > ó muttu
totu
paucu		 ˈmut.tu
ˈtoːtu
ˈpau.ku		 >
>
>		 móttu
tótu
pócu		 ˈmot.tu
ˈto.tu
ˈpo.ku
uː[+stress] > u no change unu ˈuːnu > unu ˈu.nu
9 { a, aː }[-stress] > ɑ no change marritu marˈri.tu > marrito mɑrˈri.tɔ
{ i, eː, e, oj, aj }[-stress] > ɛ { i, oe, ae }[-stress] > e bibére biˈbe.re > bebére bɛˈbe.rɛ
iː[-stress] > i no change ficatu fiːˈkɑ.tu > ficato fiˈkɑ.tɔ
{ u, oː, o, au }[-stress] > ɔ { u, au }[-stress] > o audire auˈdi.re > odire ɔˈdi.rɛ
uː[-stress] > u no change tutare tuːˈtɑ.re > tutare tuˈtɑ.rɛ

Verb endings

Latin verbs in -ere generally merge with those in -ēre. The following are the ancestral forms of the Ibran verb endings.

Verbs in -āre (-áre)

  • Present: -o, -as, -a, -ámos, -átes, -an.
  • Imperfect: -á, -ás, -á, -ámos, -átes, -án.
  • Preterite: -ái, -ásti, -áe, -ámos, -ástes, -áron.
  • Present subjunctive: -e, -es, -e, -ẹ́mos, -ẹ́tes, -en.
  • Imperfect subjunctive: -ásse, -ásses, -ásse, -assẹ́mos, -assẹ́tes, -ássen.

Verbs in -ēre and -ĕre (-ẹ́re)

  • Pres. -jo/-o, -es, -e, -ẹ́mos, -ẹ́tes, -en.
  • Impf. -ẹ́a, -ẹ́as, -ẹ́a, -eámos, -eátes, -ẹ́an.
  • Pret. -i, -ẹ́sti, -e, -ímos, -ístes, -ẹ́ron.
  • Pr.subj. -a, -as, -a, -ámos, -átes, -an.
  • Impf.subj. -ẹ́sse, -ẹ́sses, -ẹ́sse, -essẹ́mos, -essẹ́tes, --ẹ́ssen.

Verbs in -īre (-íre)

  • Pres. -jo, -is, -e, -ímos, -ítes, -jon.
  • Impf. -jẹ́a, -jẹ́as, -jẹ́a, -jeámos, -jeátes, -jẹ́an.
  • Pret. -í, -ísti, -íe, -ímos, -ístes, -iẹ́ron.
  • Pr.subj. -ja, -jas, -ja, -jámos, -játes, -jan.
  • Impf.subj. -ísse, -ísses, -ísse, -issẹ́mos, -issẹ́tes, -íssen.

Early changes

№ Phonetic Rule Orthographic Rule Example
1 { [+stop], [+fric] }[+voice]j > dʒ { [+stop], [+fric] }[+voice]j > j perdju ˈpɛr.dju > perju ˈper.dʒu
2 { [+stop], [+fric] }[-voice]j > tʃ { [+stop], [+fric] }[-voice]j > z[confirm] propjo ˈprɔ.pjɔ > prozo ˈprɔ.tʃɔ
* Should be spelled the same way as the outcome of VL#7 above.
3 j > dʒ / { #, V }__V no change jocare jɔˈkɑ.rɛ > jocare dʒɔˈkɑ.rɛ
* Sometimes #1 or #3 may result in |y| /j/ instead.
4 { nn, nj } > ɲ { nn, nj } > nh connoscére kɔn.nɔsˈke.rɛ > conhoscére kɔ.ɲɔsˈke.rɛ
5 { ll, lj } > ʎ { ll, lj } > ll[confirm] stella ˈstɛl.lɑ > stella ˈstɛ.ʎɑ
* Why isn't this |lh|, parallel with |nh| from #4?
6 { d, ɡ } > ∅ / V__V { d, g } > ∅ / V__V vedére vɛˈde.rɛ > veére vɛˈe.rɛ
7 b > v / V__V b > v / V__V abére ɑˈbe.rɛ > avére ɑˈve.rɛ
8 { ɑ, ɛ }{ i, ɛ }[-stress] > ɛj { a, e }{ i, e }[-stress] > ei pee ˈpɛ.ɛ > pei ˈpɛj
9 { ɛ, i }[-stress] > j / e__ e[-stress] > i / é__ fée ˈfe.ɛ > féi ˈfej
10 { i }[-stress] > j / { ɔ, o }__ no change ói ˈo.i > ói ˈoj
  1. /k ɡ kʷ/ → /tʃ dʒ kʲ/ |C G QV| (|qu|) _[V+front]
  2. /k ɡ kʷ/ → /kʲ ɡʲ k/ |C G QV| (|qu|) _[ɑ]
  3. /k ɡ kʷ/ → /k ɡ k̠/ |C G QV| (|qu|) _[V+back]
  4. /p f t s k kʲ k̠/ → /b v l z ɡ ɡʲ ɡ̄/ |B V L S G G GV| (|gu|) V_V
    An original /l ... t/ sequence dissimilates to /d ... l/ (oblitare → *obdilare)
    An original /t ... t/ sequence dissimilates to /l ... d/ (veritatem → *verilade)
  5. /p t k/ → /b d ɡ/ |B D G| V_[r,l]
  6. /f/ → /v/ |V| _[r,l]
  7. /tt kk ss rr/ → /t k s r/ |T C SS R|
  8. /ɑ[velar] e[velar] i[velar] o[velar] u[velar] → /ɑɛ̯ ɛj ej ɔɛ̯ oj/ |AE EI EI OE OI/ (|ae ęj ẹj oe ọj|) [stressedV]_[dental,nasal]
    • the [velar] may be a lateral
  9. /ɑ[velar,dental] e[velar,dental] i[velar,dental] o[velar,dental] u[velar,dental] → /ɑɛ̯ ɛj ej ɔɛ̯ oj/ |AE EI EI OE OI/ (|ae ęj ẹj oe ọj|) [stressedV]_[sibilant]
    But /i[velar,dental][sibilant] u[velar,dental][sibilant]/ → /i[sibilant+long] u[sibilant+long]/
    (complicated... but basically:
    aKT aKN aKS/aTS → aeT aeN aeS
    eKT eKN eKS/eTS → eiT eiN eiS
    iKT iKN iKS/iTS → éiT éiN iSS
    oKT oKN oKS/oTS → oeT oeN oeS
    uKT uKN uKS/uTS → óiT óiN uSS)
    The eKT... ond oKT... rules go into effect whichever quality of E vowel is involved. In unstressed syllables—I won't bother writing the rule here—the element assimilates:
    aKT aKN aKS/aTS → aTT aNN aSS
    eKT eKN eKS/eTS → eTT eNN eSS
    iKT iKN iKS/iTS → iTT iNN iSS
    oKT oKN oKS/oTS → oTT oNN oSS
    uKT uKN uKS/uTS → uTT uNN uSS
  10. /ɔ u/[-stress] → /a œ/ |A EV| (|à eu|) _C[V+front]
  11. /ɑ e o/ → /a i œ/ |A I EV| (|à i eu|) _/ɲ,ʎ/
  12. /ɑrj erj orj/ → /aːr ɛːr œːr/ |AIR EIR EUR|
  13. /ɑ/ → /a/ r_ (unless _r or _[velar])
  14. /ɛ e ɔ o/ → /jɛ je ɔj/wɛ uː/o/ |IE IE OI/UE UO/O| when stressed.
    ɔj/wɛ — wɛ in syllables closed by sonorants, ɔj elsewhere
    uː/o — uː in open syllables, o in closed ones. (The spelling |uo| comes from an intermediate /wo/ stage)
    e/ɛ — do not palatalize after shibilants
  15. /f/ → /h/ |h| _[V+round]
  16. final V (including /a/ but not /ɑ/), and V before final /s/ ← ∅ (unless restored by analogy)
  17. final /ɑ/ → /ə/ |e|
  18. /ɑ/ between the initial syllable and the stressed syllable reduces to /ə/ |a|
  19. other vowels between the initial syllable and the stressed syllable drop if the syllable structure allows it, or reduce to /ə/ |e| if not
  20. plural /ɔs ɑs/ reduce to /əs/ |es| (plural /ɛs/ just becomes /s/ by a previous rule)
  21. initial unstressed /ɛ/ or /i/ disappear.
  22. /m/ → /w̃/ |ũ| _C
  23. [labial,lateral] → /w/ |u| _C
  24. /aw ɑw əw ʌw/ → /oː/
  25. /ɛw ew iw/ → /œː øː yː/
  26. /ɔw ow uw/ → /oː oː uː/

About this point (the beginning of the Old Ibran period) the orthography stabilizes, including the introduction of some accent marks to alleviate homography.

Later changes

  1. Nasalized vowels denasalize
  2. /Vn/ → /V~/ finally and before consonants
  3. Neutralization of voicing in fricatives (which assimilate in voicing to the following phoneme, or voiceless when final)
  4. /u/ → /y/
  5. /ʎ/ → /j/ (/iʎ/ → /iː/ finally or before consonants)
  6. /ɡl/ → /lː/
  7. /tʃ tʃː dʒ dʒː/ → /ç tʃ ʝ dʒ/
  8. /i/ after a hiatus → /ji/


Roesan changes

  1. /õ ã/ → /ũ ɐ̃/
  2. syllable-initial /j/ → /ʝ/; /dj tj sj/ → /ɟʝ cç ç/
  3. /s/ assimilates to following consonants
  4. /je(ː) wo(ː) wø(ː)/ → /ji(ː) u(ː) y(ː)/ in closed syllables
  5. /w/ → ∅ _[V+rounded]
  6. /kʲ ɡʲ/ → /tʃ dʒ/
  7. /k ɡ/ → /kʲ ɡʲ/
  8. /k̠ ɡ̠/ → /k ɡ/
  9. final stops devoice
  10. loss of schwa in final syllables
  11. loss of /h/
  12. /ɔɛ ɑɛ/ → /ɔː aː/
  13. /ej ɛj/ → /ɛj/
  14. /oj ɔj/ → /œj/

Paysan changes

  1. /ĩ õ ỹ/ → /ɛ̃ ɔ̃ œ̃/
  2. /a (ã)/ → /æ (æ̃)/
  3. /s/ → ∅ before following consonants (/esC osC/ → /ɛC ɔC/)
  4. /je(ː) wo(ː) wø(ː)/ → /i(ː) u(ː) y(ː)/ in closed syllables
  5. Unstressed short vowels → /ə/ (even in diphthonɡs, thus /əj/)
  6. /kʲ ɡʲ/ → /tʃ dʒ/
  7. /k̠ ɡ̠/ → /k ɡ/
  8. /ɔɛ̃ ɑɛ̃/ /ɔ̃ː æ̃ː/
  9. /ɔɛ oj ɑɛ/ → /ɔj ɔj ɑj/
  10. /ɡ/ → /x/
Retrieved from "http://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Ibran_sound_changes&oldid=64660"