Ibran sound changes: Difference between revisions
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| { t, k, d } > ∅ / __# || { t, | | { t, k, d } > ∅ / __# || { t, c, d } > ∅ / __# || ''potit'' || ˈpo.tit || > || ''poti'' || ˈpo.ti | ||
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Revision as of 17:09, 13 March 2012
Sound changes from Latin to Ibran.
Common changes
(Changes to Ibran-flavored Vulgar Latin.)
№ | Phonetic Rule | Orthographic Rule | Example | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | m > ∅ / __# | m > ∅ / __# | causam | ˈkau.sam | > | causa | ˈkau.sa |
m > n / __# | m > n / __# | jam | ˈjam | > | jan | ˈjan | |
The latter change applies in some function words and probably all monosyllables. | |||||||
2 | { m, ŋ } > n / __n | { m, g } > n / __n | cognoscere | koŋ.nosˈkeːre | > | connoscere | kon.nosˈkeːre |
3 | { t, k, d } > ∅ / __# | { t, c, d } > ∅ / __# | potit | ˈpo.tit | > | poti | ˈpo.ti |
4 | h > ∅ | h > ∅ | habere | haˈbeːre | > | abere | aˈbeːre |
5 | { e, i }[-stress][+penult] > j / __V | { e, i }[-stress][+penult] > j / __V | perdiu | ˈper.di.uː | > | perdju | ˈper.djuː |
6 | V[-stress][+penult] > ∅ | V[-stress][+penult] > ∅ | genere | ˈɡe.ne.re | > | genre | ˈɡen.re |
7 | tk > tʃ | tc > z[confirm] | portcu | ˈport.ku | > | porzu | ˈpor.tʃu |
*|ch| might or might not make more sense as an outcome | |||||||
8 | { a, aː }[+stress] > ɑ | no change | parte | ˈpar.te | > | parte | ˈpɑr.te |
{ e, aj }[+stress] > ɛ | ae[+stress] > e | gente caecu |
ˈɡen.te ˈkaj.ku |
> > |
gente cecu |
ˈɡɛn.te ˈkɛ.ku | |
{ i, eː, oj }[+stress] > e | { i, e, oe }[+stress] > é | spissu jacere foedu |
ˈspis.su jaˈkeːre ˈfoj.du |
> > > |
spéssu jacére fédu |
ˈspes.su jaˈke.re ˈfe.du | |
iː[+stress] > i | no change | audire | auˈdiːre | > | audire | auˈdi.re | |
o[+stress] > ɔ | no change | ovu | ˈo.vu | > | ovu | ˈɔ.vu | |
{ u, oː, au }[+stress] > o | { u, o, au }[+stress] > ó | muttu totu paucu |
ˈmut.tu ˈtoːtu ˈpau.ku |
> > > |
móttu tótu pócu |
ˈmot.tu ˈto.tu ˈpo.ku | |
uː[+stress] > u | no change | unu | ˈuːnu | > | unu | ˈu.nu | |
9 | { a, aː }[-stress] > ɑ | no change | marritu | marˈri.tu | > | marrito | mɑrˈri.tɔ |
{ i, eː, e, oj, aj }[-stress] > ɛ | { i, oe, ae }[-stress] > e | bibére | biˈbe.re | > | bebére | bɛˈbe.rɛ | |
iː[-stress] > i | no change | ficatu | fiːˈkɑ.tu | > | ficato | fiˈkɑ.tɔ | |
{ u, oː, o, au }[-stress] > ɔ | { u, au }[-stress] > o | audire | auˈdi.re | > | odire | ɔˈdi.rɛ | |
uː[-stress] > u | no change | tutare | tuːˈtɑ.re | > | tutare | tuˈtɑ.rɛ |
Verb endings
Latin verbs in -ere generally merge with those in -ēre. The following are the ancestral forms of the Ibran verb endings.
Verbs in -āre (-áre)
- Present: -o, -as, -a, -ámos, -átes, -an.
- Imperfect: -á, -ás, -á, -ámos, -átes, -án.
- Preterite: -ái, -ásti, -áe, -ámos, -ástes, -áron.
- Present subjunctive: -e, -es, -e, -ẹ́mos, -ẹ́tes, -en.
- Imperfect subjunctive: -ásse, -ásses, -ásse, -assẹ́mos, -assẹ́tes, -ássen.
Verbs in -ēre and -ĕre (-ẹ́re)
- Pres. -jo/-o, -es, -e, -ẹ́mos, -ẹ́tes, -en.
- Impf. -ẹ́a, -ẹ́as, -ẹ́a, -eámos, -eátes, -ẹ́an.
- Pret. -i, -ẹ́sti, -e, -ímos, -ístes, -ẹ́ron.
- Pr.subj. -a, -as, -a, -ámos, -átes, -an.
- Impf.subj. -ẹ́sse, -ẹ́sses, -ẹ́sse, -essẹ́mos, -essẹ́tes, --ẹ́ssen.
Verbs in -īre (-íre)
- Pres. -jo, -is, -e, -ímos, -ítes, -jon.
- Impf. -jẹ́a, -jẹ́as, -jẹ́a, -jeámos, -jeátes, -jẹ́an.
- Pret. -í, -ísti, -íe, -ímos, -ístes, -iẹ́ron.
- Pr.subj. -ja, -jas, -ja, -jámos, -játes, -jan.
- Impf.subj. -ísse, -ísses, -ísse, -issẹ́mos, -issẹ́tes, -íssen.
Early changes
- /[voiced consonant]j/ → /dʒ/ |I| (tr. |j|)
- /[unvoiced cons.]j/ → /tʃ/ |Z|
- /j/ → /dʒ/ (V)_V
- Occasionally any of these /dʒ/ will reduce entirely to /j/ |Y| (by dialectal influence?)
- /nn nj/ → /ɲ/ |NH|
- /ll lj/ → /ʎ/ |LL|
- /d ɡ/ → ∅ V_V
- /b/ → /v/ |V| V_V
- /ɑi ɑɛ ɛɛ/ → /ɛj/ |EI| (tr. |ęj|)
- /eɛ ei/ → /ej/ |EI| (tr. |ẹj|)
- /ɔi oi/ → /ɔj oj/ |OI| (tr. |ǫj ọj|)
- These three rules do not take effect if the second vowel is stressed.
- /k ɡ kʷ/ → /tʃ dʒ kʲ/ |C G QV| (|qu|) _[V+front]
- /k ɡ kʷ/ → /kʲ ɡʲ k/ |C G QV| (|qu|) _[ɑ]
- /k ɡ kʷ/ → /k ɡ k̠/ |C G QV| (|qu|) _[V+back]
- /p f t s k kʲ k̠/ → /b v l z ɡ ɡʲ ɡ̄/ |B V L S G G GV| (|gu|) V_V
- An original /l ... t/ sequence dissimilates to /d ... l/ (oblitare → *obdilare)
- An original /t ... t/ sequence dissimilates to /l ... d/ (veritatem → *verilade)
- /p t k/ → /b d ɡ/ |B D G| V_[r,l]
- /f/ → /v/ |V| _[r,l]
- /tt kk ss rr/ → /t k s r/ |T C SS R|
- /ɑ[velar] e[velar] i[velar] o[velar] u[velar] → /ɑɛ̯ ɛj ej ɔɛ̯ oj/ |AE EI EI OE OI/ (|ae ęj ẹj oe ọj|) [stressedV]_[dental,nasal]
- the [velar] may be a lateral
- /ɑ[velar,dental] e[velar,dental] i[velar,dental] o[velar,dental] u[velar,dental] → /ɑɛ̯ ɛj ej ɔɛ̯ oj/ |AE EI EI OE OI/ (|ae ęj ẹj oe ọj|) [stressedV]_[sibilant]
- But /i[velar,dental][sibilant] u[velar,dental][sibilant]/ → /i[sibilant+long] u[sibilant+long]/
- (complicated... but basically:
- aKT aKN aKS/aTS → aeT aeN aeS
- eKT eKN eKS/eTS → eiT eiN eiS
- iKT iKN iKS/iTS → éiT éiN iSS
- oKT oKN oKS/oTS → oeT oeN oeS
- uKT uKN uKS/uTS → óiT óiN uSS)
- The eKT... ond oKT... rules go into effect whichever quality of E vowel is involved. In unstressed syllables—I won't bother writing the rule here—the element assimilates:
- aKT aKN aKS/aTS → aTT aNN aSS
- eKT eKN eKS/eTS → eTT eNN eSS
- iKT iKN iKS/iTS → iTT iNN iSS
- oKT oKN oKS/oTS → oTT oNN oSS
- uKT uKN uKS/uTS → uTT uNN uSS
- /ɔ u/[-stress] → /a œ/ |A EV| (|à eu|) _C[V+front]
- /ɑ e o/ → /a i œ/ |A I EV| (|à i eu|) _/ɲ,ʎ/
- /ɑrj erj orj/ → /aːr ɛːr œːr/ |AIR EIR EUR|
- /ɑ/ → /a/ r_ (unless _r or _[velar])
- /ɛ e ɔ o/ → /jɛ je ɔj/wɛ uː/o/ |IE IE OI/UE UO/O| when stressed.
- ɔj/wɛ — wɛ in syllables closed by sonorants, ɔj elsewhere
- uː/o — uː in open syllables, o in closed ones. (The spelling |uo| comes from an intermediate /wo/ stage)
- e/ɛ — do not palatalize after shibilants
- /f/ → /h/ |h| _[V+round]
- final V (including /a/ but not /ɑ/), and V before final /s/ ← ∅ (unless restored by analogy)
- final /ɑ/ → /ə/ |e|
- /ɑ/ between the initial syllable and the stressed syllable reduces to /ə/ |a|
- other vowels between the initial syllable and the stressed syllable drop if the syllable structure allows it, or reduce to /ə/ |e| if not
- plural /ɔs ɑs/ reduce to /əs/ |es| (plural /ɛs/ just becomes /s/ by a previous rule)
- initial unstressed /ɛ/ or /i/ disappear.
- /m/ → /w̃/ |ũ| _C
- [labial,lateral] → /w/ |u| _C
- /aw ɑw əw ʌw/ → /oː/
- /ɛw ew iw/ → /œː øː yː/
- /ɔw ow uw/ → /oː oː uː/
About this point (the beginning of the Old Ibran period) the orthography stabilizes, including the introduction of some accent marks to alleviate homography.
Later changes
- Nasalized vowels denasalize
- /Vn/ → /V~/ finally and before consonants
- Neutralization of voicing in fricatives (which assimilate in voicing to the following phoneme, or voiceless when final)
- /u/ → /y/
- /ʎ/ → /j/ (/iʎ/ → /iː/ finally or before consonants)
- /ɡl/ → /lː/
- /tʃ tʃː dʒ dʒː/ → /ç tʃ ʝ dʒ/
- /i/ after a hiatus → /ji/
Roesan changes
- /õ ã/ → /ũ ɐ̃/
- syllable-initial /j/ → /ʝ/; /dj tj sj/ → /ɟʝ cç ç/
- /s/ assimilates to following consonants
- /je(ː) wo(ː) wø(ː)/ → /ji(ː) u(ː) y(ː)/ in closed syllables
- /w/ → ∅ _[V+rounded]
- /kʲ ɡʲ/ → /tʃ dʒ/
- /k ɡ/ → /kʲ ɡʲ/
- /k̠ ɡ̠/ → /k ɡ/
- final stops devoice
- loss of schwa in final syllables
- loss of /h/
- /ɔɛ ɑɛ/ → /ɔː aː/
- /ej ɛj/ → /ɛj/
- /oj ɔj/ → /œj/
Paysan changes
- /ĩ õ ỹ/ → /ɛ̃ ɔ̃ œ̃/
- /a (ã)/ → /æ (æ̃)/
- /s/ → ∅ before following consonants (/esC osC/ → /ɛC ɔC/)
- /je(ː) wo(ː) wø(ː)/ → /i(ː) u(ː) y(ː)/ in closed syllables
- Unstressed short vowels → /ə/ (even in diphthonɡs, thus /əj/)
- /kʲ ɡʲ/ → /tʃ dʒ/
- /k̠ ɡ̠/ → /k ɡ/
- /ɔɛ̃ ɑɛ̃/ /ɔ̃ː æ̃ː/
- /ɔɛ oj ɑɛ/ → /ɔj ɔj ɑj/
- /ɡ/ → /x/