Ibran sound changes: Difference between revisions
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m (→Early changes: there is no /a/ at this point (though [a] may well be its value)) |
(→Later changes: these changes apply when voiced too) |
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# /je(ː) wo(ː) wø(ː)/ → /ji(ː) u(ː) y(ː)/ in closed syllables | # /je(ː) wo(ː) wø(ː)/ → /ji(ː) u(ː) y(ː)/ in closed syllables | ||
# /w/ → ∅ _[V+rounded] | # /w/ → ∅ _[V+rounded] | ||
# /kʲ/ → /tʃ/ | # /kʲ ɡʲ/ → /tʃ dʒ/ | ||
# /k/ → /kʲ/ | # /k ɡ/ → /kʲ ɡʲ/ | ||
# /k̠/ → /k/ | # /k̠ ɡ̠/ → /k ɡ/ | ||
# final stops devoice | # final stops devoice | ||
# loss of schwa in final syllables | # loss of schwa in final syllables | ||
Line 146: | Line 146: | ||
# /je(ː) wo(ː) wø(ː)/ → /i(ː) u(ː) y(ː)/ in closed syllables | # /je(ː) wo(ː) wø(ː)/ → /i(ː) u(ː) y(ː)/ in closed syllables | ||
# Unstressed short vowels → /ə/ (even in diphthonɡs, thus /əj/) | # Unstressed short vowels → /ə/ (even in diphthonɡs, thus /əj/) | ||
# /kʲ/ → /tʃ/ | # /kʲ ɡʲ/ → /tʃ dʒ/ | ||
# /k̠/ → /k/ | # /k̠ ɡ̠/ → /k ɡ/ | ||
# /ɔɛ̃ ɑɛ̃/ /ɔ̃ː æ̃ː/ | # /ɔɛ̃ ɑɛ̃/ /ɔ̃ː æ̃ː/ | ||
# /ɔɛ oj ɑɛ/ → /ɔj ɔj ɑj/ | # /ɔɛ oj ɑɛ/ → /ɔj ɔj ɑj/ |
Revision as of 19:22, 28 February 2012
Sound changes from Latin to Ibran.
Common changes
(Changes to Ibran-flavored Vulgar Latin.)
- Word-final /m/ → ∅
- In some function words (e.g. meum, iam) this /m/ |M| → /n/ |N|
- /mn ɡn/ → /nn/
- Final /t/ → ∅
- /h/ → ∅
- /e/ or /i/ in hiatus in unstressed penult → /j/ |I| (transcribed as |j|)
- V in unstressed penult → ∅
- /tk/ → /tʃ/ |Z|
- Word-stress vowels:
- /aː a/ → /ɑ/ |A|
- /e aj/ → /ɛ/ |E| (tr. |ę|)
- /i eː oj/ → /e/ |E| (tr. |ẹ|)
- /iː/ → /i/ |I|
- /o/ → /ɔ/ |O| (tr. |ǫ|)
- /u oː aw/ → /o/ |O| (tr. |ọ|)
- /uː/ → /u/ |V| (tr. |u|)
- Unstressed vowels:
- /aː a/ → /ɑ/ |A|
- /i eː e oj aj/ → /ɛ/ |E|
- /iː/ → /i/ |I|
- /u oː o aw/ → /ɔ/ |O|
- /uː/ → /u/ |V| (tr. |u|)
Verb endings
Latin verbs in -ere generally merge with those in -ēre. The following are the ancestral forms of the Ibran verb endings.
Verbs in -āre (-áre)
- Present: -o, -as, -a, -ámos, -átes, -an.
- Imperfect: -á, -ás, -á, -ámos, -átes, -án.
- Preterite: -ái, -ásti, -áe, -ámos, -ástes, -áron.
- Present subjunctive: -e, -es, -e, -ẹ́mos, -ẹ́tes, -en.
- Imperfect subjunctive: -ásse, -ásses, -ásse, -assẹ́mos, -assẹ́tes, -ássen.
Verbs in -ēre and -ĕre (-ẹ́re)
- Pres. -jo/-o, -es, -e, -ẹ́mos, -ẹ́tes, -en.
- Impf. -ẹ́a, -ẹ́as, -ẹ́a, -eámos, -eátes, -ẹ́an.
- Pret. -i, -ẹ́sti, -e, -ímos, -ístes, -ẹ́ron.
- Pr.subj. -a, -as, -a, -ámos, -átes, -an.
- Impf.subj. -ẹ́sse, -ẹ́sses, -ẹ́sse, -essẹ́mos, -essẹ́tes, --ẹ́ssen.
Verbs in -īre (-íre)
- Pres. -jo, -is, -e, -ímos, -ítes, -jon.
- Impf. -jẹ́a, -jẹ́as, -jẹ́a, -jeámos, -jeátes, -jẹ́an.
- Pret. -í, -ísti, -íe, -ímos, -ístes, -iẹ́ron.
- Pr.subj. -ja, -jas, -ja, -jámos, -játes, -jan.
- Impf.subj. -ísse, -ísses, -ísse, -issẹ́mos, -issẹ́tes, -íssen.
Early changes
- /[voiced consonant]j/ → /dʒ/ |I| (tr. |j|)
- /[unvoiced cons.]j/ → /tʃ/ |Z|
- /j/ → /dʒ/ (V)_V
- Occasionally any of these /dʒ/ will reduce entirely to /j/ |Y| (by dialectal influence?)
- /nn nj/ → /ɲ/ |NH|
- /ll lj/ → /ʎ/ |LL|
- /d ɡ/ → ∅ V_V
- /b/ → /v/ |V| V_V
- /ɑi ɑɛ ɛɛ/ → /ɛj/ |EI| (tr. |ęj|)
- /eɛ ei/ → /ej/ |EI| (tr. |ẹj|)
- /ɔi oi/ → /ɔj oj/ |OI| (tr. |ǫj ọj|)
- These three rules do not take effect if the second vowel is stressed.
- /k ɡ kʷ/ → /tʃ dʒ kʲ/ |C G QV| (|qu|) _[V+front]
- /k ɡ kʷ/ → /kʲ ɡʲ k/ |C G QV| (|qu|) _[ɑ]
- /k ɡ kʷ/ → /k ɡ k̠/ |C G QV| (|qu|) _[V+back]
- /p f t s k kʲ k̠/ → /b v l z ɡ ɡʲ ɡ̄/ |B V L S G G GV| (|gu|) V_V
- An original /l ... t/ sequence dissimilates to /d ... l/ (oblitare → *obdilare)
- An original /t ... t/ sequence dissimilates to /l ... d/ (veritatem → *verilade)
- /p t k/ → /b d ɡ/ |B D G| V_[r,l]
- /f/ → /v/ |V| _[r,l]
- /tt kk ss rr/ → /t k s r/ |T C SS R|
- /ɑ[velar] e[velar] i[velar] o[velar] u[velar] → /ɑɛ̯ ɛj ej ɔɛ̯ oj/ |AE EI EI OE OI/ (|ae ęj ẹj oe ọj|) [stressedV]_[dental,nasal]
- the [velar] may be a lateral
- /ɑ[velar,dental] e[velar,dental] i[velar,dental] o[velar,dental] u[velar,dental] → /ɑɛ̯ ɛj ej ɔɛ̯ oj/ |AE EI EI OE OI/ (|ae ęj ẹj oe ọj|) [stressedV]_[sibilant]
- But /i[velar,dental][sibilant] u[velar,dental][sibilant]/ → /i[sibilant+long] u[sibilant+long]/
- (complicated... but basically:
- aKT aKN aKS/aTS → aeT aeN aeS
- eKT eKN eKS/eTS → eiT eiN eiS
- iKT iKN iKS/iTS → éiT éiN iSS
- oKT oKN oKS/oTS → oeT oeN oeS
- uKT uKN uKS/uTS → óiT óiN uSS)
- The eKT... ond oKT... rules go into effect whichever quality of E vowel is involved. In unstressed syllables—I won't bother writing the rule here—the element assimilates:
- aKT aKN aKS/aTS → aTT aNN aSS
- eKT eKN eKS/eTS → eTT eNN eSS
- iKT iKN iKS/iTS → iTT iNN iSS
- oKT oKN oKS/oTS → oTT oNN oSS
- uKT uKN uKS/uTS → uTT uNN uSS
- /ɔ u/[-stress] → /a œ/ |A EV| (|à eu|) _C[V+front]
- /ɑ e o/ → /a i œ/ |A I EV| (|à i eu|) _/ɲ,ʎ/
- /ɑrj erj orj/ → /aːr ɛːr œːr/ |AIR EIR EUR|
- /ɑ/ → /a/ r_ (unless _r or _[velar])
- /ɛ e ɔ o/ → /jɛ je ɔj/wɛ uː/o/ |IE IE OI/UE UO/O| when stressed.
- ɔj/wɛ — wɛ in syllables closed by sonorants, ɔj elsewhere
- uː/o — uː in open syllables, o in closed ones. (The spelling |uo| comes from an intermediate /wo/ stage)
- e/ɛ — do not palatalize after shibilants
- /f/ → /h/ |h| _[V+round]
- final V (including /a/ but not /ɑ/), and V before final /s/ ← ∅ (unless restored by analogy)
- final /ɑ/ → /ə/ |e|
- /ɑ/ between the initial syllable and the stressed syllable reduces to /ə/ |a|
- other vowels between the initial syllable and the stressed syllable drop if the syllable structure allows it, or reduce to /ə/ |e| if not
- plural /ɔs ɑs/ reduce to /əs/ |es| (plural /ɛs/ just becomes /s/ by a previous rule)
- initial unstressed /ɛ/ or /i/ disappear.
- /m/ → /w̃/ |ũ| _C
- [labial,lateral] → /w/ |u| _C
- /aw ɑw əw ʌw/ → /oː/
- /ɛw ew iw/ → /œː øː yː/
- /ɔw ow uw/ → /oː oː uː/
About this point (the beginning of the Old Ibran period) the orthography stabilizes, including the introduction of some accent marks to alleviate homography.
Later changes
- Nasalized vowels denasalize
- /Vn/ → /V~/ finally and before consonants
- Neutralization of voicing in fricatives (which assimilate in voicing to the following phoneme, or voiceless when final)
- /u/ → /y/
- /ʎ/ → /j/ (/iʎ/ → /iː/ finally or before consonants)
- /ɡl/ → /lː/
- /tʃ tʃː dʒ dʒː/ → /ç tʃ ʝ dʒ/
- /i/ after a hiatus → /ji/
Roesan changes
- /õ ã/ → /ũ ɐ̃/
- syllable-initial /j/ → /ʝ/; /dj tj sj/ → /ɟʝ cç ç/
- /s/ assimilates to following consonants
- /je(ː) wo(ː) wø(ː)/ → /ji(ː) u(ː) y(ː)/ in closed syllables
- /w/ → ∅ _[V+rounded]
- /kʲ ɡʲ/ → /tʃ dʒ/
- /k ɡ/ → /kʲ ɡʲ/
- /k̠ ɡ̠/ → /k ɡ/
- final stops devoice
- loss of schwa in final syllables
- loss of /h/
- /ɔɛ ɑɛ/ → /ɔː aː/
- /ej ɛj/ → /ɛj/
- /oj ɔj/ → /œj/
Paysan changes
- /ĩ õ ỹ/ → /ɛ̃ ɔ̃ œ̃/
- /a (ã)/ → /æ (æ̃)/
- /s/ → ∅ before following consonants (/esC osC/ → /ɛC ɔC/)
- /je(ː) wo(ː) wø(ː)/ → /i(ː) u(ː) y(ː)/ in closed syllables
- Unstressed short vowels → /ə/ (even in diphthonɡs, thus /əj/)
- /kʲ ɡʲ/ → /tʃ dʒ/
- /k̠ ɡ̠/ → /k ɡ/
- /ɔɛ̃ ɑɛ̃/ /ɔ̃ː æ̃ː/
- /ɔɛ oj ɑɛ/ → /ɔj ɔj ɑj/
- /ɡ/ → /x/