Proto-Persian': Difference between revisions

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Thanks to some of the oldest languages attested in writing ([[Tsonboran]] especially) belonging in the [[Persian']] family, this protolang can reliably be traced all the way back to about -8ka, despite the family being relativly small. (Out of real language families, the "analog" of this might be Dravidian.)
Thanks to some of the oldest languages attested in writing ([[Tsonboran]] especially) belonging in the [[Persian']] family, this protolang can reliably be traced all the way back to about -8ka, despite the family being relativly small. (Out of real language families, the "analog" of this might be Dravidian.)


===Consonants===
{|
{|
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |
Line 11: Line 12:
! <small>Central</small>
! <small>Central</small>
! <small>Lateral</small>
! <small>Lateral</small>
|-
|- align="center"
! Aspirate stops
! Aspirate stops
| align="center" | pʰ
| pʰ
| align="center" | tʰ
| tʰ
|
|
| align="center" | kʰ
| kʰ
| align="center" | qʰ
| qʰ
|-
|- align="center"
! Tenuis stops
! Tenuis stops
| align="center" | p
| p
| align="center" | t
| t
|
| k
| q
|- align="center"
! Voiced stops
| b
| d
|- align="center"
! Nasal stops
| m
| n
|- align="center"
! Voiceless fricativs
|
|
| align="center" | k
| s
| align="center" | q
| ɬ ||
| χ
| h
|- align="center"
! Voiced continuants
| w
| r
| l
| align="left"| j
| ʁ
|}
 
====Cluster table====
{|
! Color key
|-
| style="background:#FFFFFF" | Plain consonant clusters; may occur morpheme-internally
|-
| style="background:#FFFFBF" | Plain consonant clusters with regular subphonemic modifications
|-
| style="background:#BFDFFF" | Contrast neutralization; occurs intermorphemically<br/>(Also interpretable as allophones of the aspirates, which do not occur intervocally!)
|-
| style="background:#BFFFBF" | Intermorphemic only
|-
| style="background:#FFDFBF" | Intermorphemic sandhi
|-
| style="background:#DFDFBF" | Interword (?) sandhi
|-
| style="background:#DFDFDF" | Epenthetic /ʊ/
|}
 
{|
|Coda →<br/>Onset ↓
! p !! t !! k !! q !! h !! m !! n
|-
! pʰ
| style="background:#DFDFDF" | N/A || tpʰ || kpʰ || qpʰ
| style="background:#BFDFFF" rowspan="3" valign="center" | ʰp || mpʰ || npʰ
|-
! p
| style="background:#DFDFDF" | N/A
| style="background:#FFFFBF" | ʰtp
| style="background:#FFFFBF" | ʰkp
| style="background:#FFFFBF" | ʰqp || mp || np
|-
! b
| style="background:#DFDFDF" | N/A || tb || kb || qb
| style="background:#DFDFBF" colspan="2" align="center" | m
|-
! tʰ
| ptʰ
| style="background:#FFDFBF" | qtʰ
| ktʰ || qtʰ
| style="background:#BFDFFF" rowspan="3" valign="center" | ʰt || mtʰ || ntʰ
|-
! t
| style="background:#FFFFBF" | ʰpt
| style="background:#FFDFBF" | ʰqt
| style="background:#FFFFBF" | ʰkt
| style="background:#FFFFBF" | ʰqt || mt || nt
|-
! d
| pd
| style="background:#DFDFBF" | tr || kd || qd
| style="background:#DFDFBF" colspan="2" align="center" | n
|-
! kʰ
| pkʰ || tkʰ
| style="background:#FFDFBF" colspan="2" align="center" | tkʰ
| style="background:#BFDFFF" rowspan="2" valign="center" | ʰk || mkʰ || nkʰ
|-
! k
| style="background:#FFFFBF" | ʰpk
| style="background:#FFFFBF" | ʰtk
| style="background:#FFDFBF" colspan="2" align="center" | ʰtk || mk || nk
|-
! qʰ
| pqʰ || tqʰ
| style="background:#FFDFBF" colspan="2" align="center" | tqʰ
| style="background:#BFDFFF" rowspan="2" valign="center" | ʰq || mqʰ || nqʰ
|-
! q
| style="background:#FFFFBF" | ʰpq
| style="background:#FFFFBF" | ʰtq
| style="background:#FFDFBF" colspan="2" align="center" | ʰtq || mq || nq
|-
! s
| style="background:#DFDFDF" | N/A
| style="background:#FFDFBF" | qs || ks || qs
| style="background:#BFFFBF" | hs || ms || ns
|-
! ɬ
| style="background:#DFDFDF" | N/A
| style="background:#FFDFBF" | ql
| style="background:#FFDFBF" | kl
| style="background:#FFDFBF" | ql
| style="background:#BFFFBF" | hɬ || mɬ || nɬ
|-
! χ
| style="background:#DFDFDF" | N/A
| style="background:#DFDFBF" colspan="3" align="center" | qʰ
| style="background:#DFDFBF" | hh || mχ || nχ
|-
! ʁ
| style="background:#DFDFDF" | N/A
| style="background:#FFFFBF" | tʀ
| style="background:#FFDFBF" | qʀ
| style="background:#FFFFBF" | qʀ
| style="background:#FFFFBF" | hʀ || mʁ || nʁ
|-
! h
| style="background:#FFDFBF" | ʰp
| style="background:#FFDFBF" | ʰt
| style="background:#FFDFBF" | ʰk
| style="background:#FFDFBF" | ʰq
| style="background:#BFFFBF" | hh || mh || nh
|-
! m
| style="background:#DFDFDF" | N/A
| style="background:#DFDFBF" colspan="3" align="center" | m || hm
| style="background:#DFDFBF" colspan="2" align="center" | m
|-
! n
| style="background:#DFDFDF" | N/A
| style="background:#DFDFBF" colspan="3" align="center" | n || hn
| style="background:#DFDFBF" colspan="2" align="center" | n
|-
! r
| pr || tr || kr || qr || hr
| style="background:#FFDFBF" | ms
| style="background:#FFDFBF" | ns
|-
! l
| pl
| style="background:#FFDFBF" | ql || kl || ql || hl
| style="background:#FFDFBF" | mɬ
| style="background:#FFDFBF" | nɬ
|-
! j
| pj || tj || kj
| style="background:#FFDFBF" | qʀj || hj || mj || nj
|-
|-
! Voiced stops
! w
| align="center" | b
| style="background:#DFDFDF" | N/A || tw || kw || qw || hw
| align="center" | d
| style="background:#DFDFBF" | m || nw
|}
 
===Vowels===
{|
| rowspan="2" |
! align="center" colspan="4" | Front
! align="center" colspan="4" | Non-Front
|-
! <small>Short</small>
! <small>Long</small>
! <small>_j</small>
! <small>_w</small>
! <small>Short</small>
! <small>Long</small>
! <small>_j</small>
! <small>_w</small>
|-
|-
! Voiceless fricativs
! Hi
| align="center" |
| align="center" | ɪ
| align="center" | s
| align="center" | ɪː
| align="center" | ɬ ||
| align="center" | ɪj
| align="center" | χ
| align="center" | ɪw
| align="center" | h
| align="center" | ʊ
| align="center" | ʊː
| align="center" | ʊj
|-
|-
! Voiced continuants
! Mid
| align="center" | m
| align="center" | e
| align="center" | n &nbsp; &nbsp; ɾ
| align="center" | eː
| align="center" | l
| align="center" | ej
| align="center" | j &nbsp; &nbsp; w
| align="center" | ew
| align="center" | ʁ
| align="center" rowspan="2" | ɐ || ||
| align="center" | ow
|-
|-
! Lo
| align="center" | æ
| align="center" | æː
| align="center" | æj
| align="center" | æw
| align="center" | ɒː
|}
|}
/ɐ ɒː/ form similar long-short pair, "/A Aː/" as the other vowels. /ow/ seems in some cases associated with this pair, in others with /ʊ ʊː ʊj/ (and in most, there's just no telling). There is no **/Aj/ of any sort; if there ever was, it might have previously merged into /æj/.
A medial glide forms a difthong with a preceding short vowel, but not a preceding long one.
[[Category: Earth']]
[[Category: Conlangs]]

Latest revision as of 07:02, 26 October 2011

Thanks to some of the oldest languages attested in writing (Tsonboran especially) belonging in the Persian' family, this protolang can reliably be traced all the way back to about -8ka, despite the family being relativly small. (Out of real language families, the "analog" of this might be Dravidian.)

Consonants

Labial Coronal Velar Uvular Glottal
Central Lateral
Aspirate stops pʰ tʰ kʰ qʰ
Tenuis stops p t k q
Voiced stops b d
Nasal stops m n
Voiceless fricativs s ɬ χ h
Voiced continuants w r l j ʁ

Cluster table

Color key
Plain consonant clusters; may occur morpheme-internally
Plain consonant clusters with regular subphonemic modifications
Contrast neutralization; occurs intermorphemically
(Also interpretable as allophones of the aspirates, which do not occur intervocally!)
Intermorphemic only
Intermorphemic sandhi
Interword (?) sandhi
Epenthetic /ʊ/
Coda →
Onset ↓ 		p t k q h m n
pʰ N/A tpʰ kpʰ qpʰ ʰp mpʰ npʰ
p N/A ʰtp ʰkp ʰqp mp np
b N/A tb kb qb m
tʰ ptʰ qtʰ ktʰ qtʰ ʰt mtʰ ntʰ
t ʰpt ʰqt ʰkt ʰqt mt nt
d pd tr kd qd n
kʰ pkʰ tkʰ tkʰ ʰk mkʰ nkʰ
k ʰpk ʰtk ʰtk mk nk
qʰ pqʰ tqʰ tqʰ ʰq mqʰ nqʰ
q ʰpq ʰtq ʰtq mq nq
s N/A qs ks qs hs ms ns
ɬ N/A ql kl ql hɬ mɬ nɬ
χ N/A qʰ hh mχ nχ
ʁ N/A tʀ qʀ qʀ hʀ mʁ nʁ
h ʰp ʰt ʰk ʰq hh mh nh
m N/A m hm m
n N/A n hn n
r pr tr kr qr hr ms ns
l pl ql kl ql hl mɬ nɬ
j pj tj kj qʀj hj mj nj
w N/A tw kw qw hw m nw

Vowels

Front Non-Front
Short Long _j _w Short Long _j _w
Hi ɪ ɪː ɪj ɪw ʊ ʊː ʊj
Mid e eː ej ew ɐ ow
Lo æ æː æj æw ɒː

/ɐ ɒː/ form similar long-short pair, "/A Aː/" as the other vowels. /ow/ seems in some cases associated with this pair, in others with /ʊ ʊː ʊj/ (and in most, there's just no telling). There is no **/Aj/ of any sort; if there ever was, it might have previously merged into /æj/.

A medial glide forms a difthong with a preceding short vowel, but not a preceding long one.

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