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Nouns are divided into several classes, depending on the type of item. Each class has a special set of pronouns. Ony classes one and two have a first person pronoun. Several of the classes have special words that may belong only to those classes, as well as special affixes. Some words may fall into several classes.
Nouns are divided into several classes, depending on the type of item. Each class has a special set of pronouns. Ony classes one and two have a first person pronoun. Several of the classes have special words that may belong only to those classes, as well as special affixes. Some words may fall into several classes.


Nouns have four cases: Ergative, absolutive, genetive and dative.
Nouns have two cases: a combined ergative/genetive, absolutive.


===1. Divine/humans of a higher status - ''twilmerd''===
This class is used to describe the divine as well as those of a higher social status than oneself, usually royalty. This is the smallest class of nouns.
====Prefixes====
*'''Plural marker''' = wen-
*'''Ergative marker''' = keþ-
*'''Genetive marker''' = þû-
*'''Dative marker''' = tir-
====Pronouns====
=====Absolutive=====
*'''First person''' = waþelb
*'''Second person''' = nurlemp
*'''Third person''' = klondrempt
===== Ergative=====
*'''First person''' = keþwaþelb
*'''Second person''' = keþnurlemp
*'''Third person''' = keþklondrempt
=====Genetive=====
*'''First person''' = þûwaþelb
*'''Second person''' = þûnurlemp
*'''Third person''' = þûklondrempt
=====Dative=====
*'''First person''' = tirwaþelb
*'''Second person''' = tirnurlemp
*'''Third person''' = tirklondrempt
====Special words====
*kþeltomp - man ''or'' woman, person
*kþeltomp - man ''or'' woman, person
*þmeltilb - God
*þmeltilb - God
Line 51: Line 18:
*twilmerd - important person/VIP
*twilmerd - important person/VIP


===2. Humans===
{| border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;
*'''Plural marker''' = w
|-
*'''Ergative marker''' = k
!Markers!!Ergative/Genetive!!Absolutive
*'''Genetive marker''' = þ
|-
*'''Dative marker''' = t
|Singular||k||(þ)
|-
|Plural||wem (k)||þek (þ)
|-
|Dual (rare)||nilm k||nilm þ
|}


====Pronouns====


=====Absolutive=====
===Pronouns===
*'''First person''' = þkwâm
 
*'''Second person''' = meþt
{| border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;
*'''Third person''' = klont
|-
!Singular pronouns!!Absolutive!!Ergative/Genitive
|-
|'''First person'''||þkwâm||k þkwâm
|-
|'''Second person'''||meþt||k meþt
|-
|'''Third person'''||klont||k klont
|-
|'''Fourth person'''||wim||k wim
|}


=====Ergative=====
First person plural pronouns are treated differently. See below.
*'''First person''' = k þkwâm
*'''Second person''' = k meþ
*'''Third person''' = k klont


=====Genetive=====
{| border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;
*'''First person''' = þ þkwâm
|-
*'''Second person''' = þ meþt
!Plural pronouns!!Absolutive!!Ergative/Genitive
*'''Third person''' = þ klont
|-
|'''Second person'''||þek (þ) meþt||wem (k) meþt
|-
|'''Third person'''||þek (þ) klont||wem (k) klont
|-
|'''Fourth person'''||þek (þ) wim||wem (k) wim
|}


=====Dative=====
First person plural pronouns are distinct words. Unlike English, the first person plural pronouns distinguish who is included in "we".
*'''First person''' = t þkwâm
*'''Second person''' = t meþt
*'''Third person''' = t klont


====Special words====
{| border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;
|-
!We pronouns!!Absolutive!!Ergative/Genitive
|-
|'''I + you (not he she or they)'''||hegrâl||k hegrâl
|-
|'''I + he, she or they (not you)'''||þkim||k þkim
|-
|'''I + he, she or they +you'''||bwok||k bwok
|}


===3. Animals/plants/the natural world===
===4. Tools/buildings/Inanimate objects===
===5. Places===
===6.  Body parts===


==Verbs  - ''ðâpþthempt''==
==Verbs  - ''ðâpþthempt''==
Compared to the complex class system of nouns, verbs are relatively simple. Verbs fall into two types, transitive and intransitive.
Compared to the complex class system of nouns, verbs are relatively simple. Verbs fall into two types, transitive and intransitive.


There is no tense in the language, but aspect. Aspect and mood are expressed by a word at the beginning of the sentence. These words may be combined together, with a hyphen.
There is no tense in the language, but aspect. Aspect and mood are expressed by prefixes to the verbs. These words may be combined together.


{| border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;
{| border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;
Line 95: Line 81:
!verbs!!perfective!!continuous!!habitually!!negative
!verbs!!perfective!!continuous!!habitually!!negative
|-
|-
|'''imperative'''||mok||þkek||hem||lâmp
|'''imperative'''||mok-||þkek-||hem-||lâmp-
|-
|-
|'''would'''||mâr||þâr||hâr||lâr
|'''would'''||mâr-||þâr-||hâr-||lâr-
|-
|-
|'''negative'''||mek||þek||hek||lek
|'''negative'''||mek-||þek-||hek-||lek-
|-
|-
|'''positive'''||milk||þilk||hilk||lilk
|'''positive'''||mi-||þi-||hi-||li-
|-
|-
|'''want'''||milþ||þilþ||hilþ||lilþ
|'''want'''||milþ-||þilþ-||hilþ-||lilþ-
|-
|-
|'''must'''||mump||þump||hump||lump
|'''must'''||mu-||þu-||hu-||lu-
|-
|-
|'''can'''||muþ||þuþ||huþ||luþ
|'''can'''||muþ-||þuþ-||huþ-||luþ-
|-
|-
|'''need'''||menð||þenð||henð||lenð
|'''need'''||men-||þen-||hen-||len-
|-
|-
<!--|'''become'''||morm||þorm||horm||lorm
|-
|'''make'''||meþt||þeþt||heþt||leþt
|--->
|}
|}


*þke- to make, cause
*þke- to make, cause
*kwo- to become
*kwo- to become
==Adjectives and adverbs==
"Natural" adjectives follow the noun and a particle '''m'''. For example: ''þkor m tilmp'' "blue water"
*tem- (“made of” or “being a”): ''hirþ m temþkor'' “a water-way”, i.e. “a way made of water”.
*twu- (“of” or “relating to”) ''roptr m twuþkor'' “water sports”.
*kint- (“having” or “full of”): ''hirþ m kintþkor'' “a way full of water”.
''yar m kintnidr'' - beautiful woman nidr = beauty
Adjectives are usually considered nouns. so...


==Alphabet - ''kormpbarþt''==
==Alphabet - ''kormpbarþt''==
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*The girl walked inside the house.
*The girl walked inside the house.
>>
>>
[[category: Conlangs]]

Latest revision as of 14:44, 17 July 2011

Þolb - Þolb texts | Þolb phrase book | Þolb vocabulary >>


there are no prepostions. these are done with adverbs.

Overview

Þolb is an ergative-absolutive language. Word order is generally Patient-Verb-Agent.

Nouns - ðâpþtpontek

Nouns are divided into several classes, depending on the type of item. Each class has a special set of pronouns. Ony classes one and two have a first person pronoun. Several of the classes have special words that may belong only to those classes, as well as special affixes. Some words may fall into several classes.

Nouns have two cases: a combined ergative/genetive, absolutive.

  • kþeltomp - man or woman, person
  • þmeltilb - God
  • þkwelmport - King
  • twilmerd - important person/VIP
Markers Ergative/Genetive Absolutive
Singular k (þ)
Plural wem (k) þek (þ)
Dual (rare) nilm k nilm þ


Pronouns

Singular pronouns Absolutive Ergative/Genitive
First person þkwâm k þkwâm
Second person meþt k meþt
Third person klont k klont
Fourth person wim k wim 
First person plural pronouns are treated differently. See below.
Plural pronouns Absolutive Ergative/Genitive
Second person þek (þ) meþt wem (k) meþt
Third person þek (þ) klont wem (k) klont
Fourth person þek (þ) wim wem (k) wim

First person plural pronouns are distinct words. Unlike English, the first person plural pronouns distinguish who is included in "we".

We pronouns Absolutive Ergative/Genitive
I + you (not he she or they) hegrâl k hegrâl
I + he, she or they (not you) þkim k þkim
I + he, she or they +you bwok k bwok


Verbs - ðâpþthempt

Compared to the complex class system of nouns, verbs are relatively simple. Verbs fall into two types, transitive and intransitive.

There is no tense in the language, but aspect. Aspect and mood are expressed by prefixes to the verbs. These words may be combined together.

verbs perfective continuous habitually negative
imperative mok- þkek- hem- lâmp-
would mâr- þâr- hâr- lâr-
negative mek- þek- hek- lek-
positive mi- þi- hi- li-
want milþ- þilþ- hilþ- lilþ-
must mu- þu- hu- lu-
can muþ- þuþ- huþ- luþ-
need men- þen- hen- len-
  • þke- to make, cause
  • kwo- to become

Adjectives and adverbs

"Natural" adjectives follow the noun and a particle m. For example: þkor m tilmp "blue water"

  • tem- (“made of” or “being a”): hirþ m temþkor “a water-way”, i.e. “a way made of water”.
  • twu- (“of” or “relating to”) roptr m twuþkor “water sports”.
  • kint- (“having” or “full of”): hirþ m kintþkor “a way full of water”.

yar m kintnidr - beautiful woman nidr = beauty


Adjectives are usually considered nouns. so...

Alphabet - kormpbarþt

a â b d ð e g h k l m n ng o p r t þ u û w y

Examples

  • Darm halb remp.
  • The man has arrived.
  • Þkek meþt wipt k þkwâm.
  • I love you.
  • Milk halb gelþ t kolm r melm.
  • The man walked into the house.
  • Þkek þkor kwemp.
  • The water is boiling.
  • Þkek mantr þkekwemp k klont.
  • I am boiling the potato.

<<

  • Walm gelþ kolm balþteþ r grûmp.
  • The girl walked inside the house.

>>

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