Uínlītska

This majority language of Norse America is derived from Old Norse, with adstrates from Germanic, Celtic, Algonquian, Iroquoian, and Inuit, in particular Scots, Scots Gaelic, English, Nunatsiaviummiutut, Nunavimmiutitut, Míkmak, Ojibwe, Abenaki and Beothuk.

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This page, while never stable, has become outstandingly unstable, and is guaranteed to be unstable, and to lack self-consistency. Do not treat anything here as though it is either correct or inviolate.

Phonology

See the Uínlītska Phonology article for details.

Consonants

p b		t d		k ȝ	ku ȝu	ʔ
f	ð	s	sj	h	hu
			tj
		þ l
m		n		γ	γu
u			j

a

æ

sc

ð

e

f

ȝ

γ

h

i

j

k

kj

l

hl

m

n

nk

o

p

s

sj

sk

t

tj

þ

u

z

ø

ɑ

ɛ

sk

θ

e

f

ɡ

ŋ

x

i

j

k

tʃ

l

ɬ

m

n

ŋk

o

p

s

ʃ

ʃk

t

tʃ

ɬ

w/o

z

ə

Diacritics are acute for long vowels, macron (the linea nasalis) for nasalized vowels, and hook-below for the 'open' versions of e and o. The plønna, the dot written for the glottal stop, is also generally treated as a diactritic. All these are normally ignored completely when sorting.

The orthography is uncial (that is there are no capital letters), and is based on Carolingian. In modern times, increasing use has been made of the normal Latin alphabet for printed works, and but the traditional script still survives in its original form, as well as in a descendant script similar to Rotunda and Schwabacher.

Runes

ᚠ

ᚢ

ᚦ

ᚨ

ᚲ

ᚹ

ᚺ

ᚾ

ᛁ

ᛃ

ᛇ

ᛈ

ᛊ

ᛋ

ᛏ

ᛖ

ᛗ

ᛚ

ᛝ

ᛟ

ᛨ

f

o

ɬ

ɑ

k

w

x

n

i

e

j

p

z

s

t

ɛ

m

l

ŋ

ɔ

ə

Morphology

Both verbs and nouns distinguish between single, dual and plural number.

Morphophonemics

See the Uínlītska Phonology article for definitions of the vowel archiphonemes.

The consonant archiphonemes ɴ, ʟ, ᴊ, and ᴡ have the following realizations:

Base	Environment
	V_V	V_#	#_V	C_V	V_C	C_C	C_#	#_C
ɴ	n	n	n	ən	n	ən	ə̃	nə
ʟ	l	l	l	l	w	əl	il	lə
ᴊ	j	j	j	j	j	i	i	i
ᴡ	w	w	w	w	w	o	o	o

Nouns

Summary

A fully inflected noun consists of (in order) a stem, inflected for number and case, optional marking for definiteness, and an optional postposition. For instance: sōrƿinmeð (with the son), hámsū (about a house).

Gender

Nouns are split into Masculine, Feminine and Neuter genders in the singular. In the dual and plural, Masculine and Feminine collapse into identically-formed paradigms, which is often called the Common plural.

Case

Nouns have three core cases (used only for core NPs), and four oblique cases (which are used with postpositions for non-core NPs).

Nouns may also be marked with attitudinals (qv).

The citation form of a noun includes a hyphen followed by the stem vowel.

See the section on umlaut and sandhi for a description of the notation used below.

Core Cases

Erg, Nom/Abs, Acc, based on fluid-S system oriented to intentionality. In certain circumstances, the choice of cases adds morphology to the verb, this is shown in the Verb row.

	Undergoer
Initiator	Animate		Inanimate	Intransitive	Not Specified	Negative
	Willing	Unwilling
Unintentional	Nom/Acc	Erg/Acc	Nom/Acc	Acc	Nom	Erg
Intentional	Erg/Nom	Erg/Acc	Erg/Nom	Nom	Nom	Erg
Verb		Patient-	Agent-		ыk-/ы-	ɴ-

The Patient and Agent prefixes are identical to those used for the possessor of obligatorily possessed nouns.

Oblique Cases

Gen/Abl, Dat, Loc, Ins

Declensions

REDO FROM START

I

II

III

IV

V

ON Stem

-a

-i/-u

-o

-r

-nd

Sg

Du

Pl

Sg

Du

Pl

Sg

Du

Pl

Sg

Du

Pl

Sg

Du

Pl

Nominative

Initiator

-ʟ

-ʟᴊ

-η

-∅

-ᴊ

-ω-∅

-ω-ʟ

-ω-ʟᴊ

-ʟ

-ʟ

-ʟᴊ

-υ-ᴊ

-ᴊ

-jᴊ

-υ-ʟ

Accusative

Undergoer

-∅

-ᴊ

-∅

-∅

-ᴊ

-∅

-ᴡ

-ᴡᴊ

-η

Genitive

From

-s

-ø

-a

-a

-ω-a

-a

Dative

To

-ᴊ

-ω-ᴊɴ

-ᴊ

-ᴊ

-ю-ᴊ

-ᴊɴ

Locative

At

-s

-ᴊs

-s

-s

-ᴊs

-s

-øs

-øᴊs

-ηs

Oblique

(Everything else)

-sj

-øs

-as

-as

-ω-as

-as

Some useful patterns occur in noun declensions:

• The Dual is formed in most cases from the Singular plus -ᴊ.
• The Locative and Oblique are formed from the Accusative and Genitive respectively plus -s (or -j when the ending is already s).

Obligatory Possession

Certain nouns (notably body parts and family members) must bear a possessive prefix showing their referent/"possessor". Other nouns may optionally bear the same prefixes (instead of using a Genitive phrase) if the possessor is animate.

The prefixes used are:

Posessor	Marking
1	ɴ-
2	ki-/k-
3 Px	ᴡ-
3 Ob	ю-/юs-

Article

Definiteness is marked as follows:

Definite To		Marking
Speaker	Listener	Animate	Inanimate
No	No	Not marked
Yes	No	-ᴊl	-ᴊþ
Yes	Yes	-ᴊ̃	-ᴊs

Attributive Article

The particles hī, his precede adjectives and adverbs used attributively as parts of names, as opposed to "ordinary" articles suffixed to adjectives and adverbs to nominalise that quality. For instance pję́n hī ǫzih is Bjarn The Weathly, and pję́n ǫzihī is the weathly Bjarn (as opposed to the other one).

Postpositions

Many common postpositions have become enclitics, and a process of their becoming instead enlargements of the case system is imminent, and arguably already underway in various colloquial lects.

Note: needs moar disambig.

Postposition	Nom	Acc	Gen	Dat	Loc	Obl
á			by means of	upon	on	in the manner of
af			from	out of		because of
at				to	near	towards
í			among	into, onto	in, within	during
eftí		along	in order to obtain	according to	behind	later than
flá			from			concerning
hfᵫ́ri			because of	against	in front of	earlier than
með			by means of	as well as	in combination with
of	above	over	concerning	because of	around, about	for
ǫ́			of	out of, from		made from
sjá	beside, at the side of; compared with; close by
til	in; of, concerning; on; as, for, to obtain; until, to, up to the time
útā	outside (of); beyond; without
ū			about, concerning	across	throughout
ᵫðð	reaching to, against, with; towards, at; in exchange for; by; (together) with, close to; because of
ᵫfí	above, over, at; across, upon

Postpositions show above with a leading hyphen have generally fused as enclitics.

Pronouns

Pronouns are marked for person, number and case. Additionally, pronouns carry inclusivity/exclusivity information for the first person not encoded elsewhere. See the respective sections above and below for more details on the individual systems.

Placeholder mostly-pure-ON pronouns

1st

2nd

3rd

Incl

Excl

Proximal

Distal

Sg

Du

Pl

Du

Pl

Sg

Du

Pl

Sg

Du

Pl

Sg

Du

Pl

Nominative

ek

fist

fé

hlo

hlist

hlé

an

ant

hléj

hlast

hlęst

zǫ

Accusative

mih

øski

øs

hlisk

iski

ihli

hán

hánt

zá

zat

zet

zǫ

Genitive

mín

oská

fǫ́

hlín

iska

isa

ęns

ęnts

hléjø

hles

hlents

hléjø

Dative

Locative

Oblique

ehs

fits

fés

hløs

hlits

hléls

ans

ants

hléjs

hlats

hlęts

zǫs

The 3rd Person Prox/Dist forms are used (more or less) to distinguish between an 3rd Person who is the subject of the current sentence/clause (using the Proximal) and a 3rd person who is not the subject (using the Distal).

Verbs 2.0

In order to use a verb, you need to know it's Conjugation and Class.

The dictionary form of a verb lists the Present Indicative stem, along with the conjugation number and class letter, for instance the following fictional example:

• sing- v. (2/A) - To sing (sth).

Personal Marking

This is the general template for personal distinctions in verb conjugations.

Person		Number
		Singular	Plural
Indef.	Somebody	X
Neg.	Nobody	X
1st	Me	1	1p
2nd	You	2	2p
An Px	Him (Near)	3	3p
An Ob	Him (Far)	3'	3'p
Inan	It	0	0p

Conjugations

TAM morphology is similar to ON, with ablaut and ablaut-like processes.

There are five main Conjugations, plus a small number of irregular verbs.

1st Conjugation

From ON conjugations x, y, and z.

INDICATIVE
Nonpast						Past
Sing.			Plur.			Sing.			Plur.
1	2	3	1	2	3	1	2	3	1	2	3
-a	-al	-al	-ø̄	-iz	-a	-az	-az	-azi	-iz	-iziz	-∅

2nd Conjugation

From ON conjugations x, y, and z.

				I	II	III	IV	V	To be
INDIC.	Nonpast	Sing.	1.	-a	-i	-∅	-∅	-υ-∅	em
			2.	-al	-il	-l	-s	-υ-l	és
			3.	-al	-il				é
		Plur.	1.	-ø̄	-jø̄	-ø̄	-ø̄	-υ-ø̄	éhø̄
			2.	-iz	-iz	-iz			éhøz
			3.	-a	-ja	-a			euo
	Past	Sing.	1.	-az	-ta	-ω-∅	-ηj-∅	-ω-∅	uá
			2.	-azi	-til	-ω-s	-ηj-t	-ω-s	uás
			3.	-azi	-ti	-ω-∅	-ηj-∅	-ω-∅	uá
		Plur.	1.	-izø̄	-tī	-ω-ø̄	-ø̄	-ω-ø̄	uálī
			2.	-iziz	-tiz	-ω-øz	-iz	-ω-iz	uáliz
			3.	-∅	-ti	-i	-i	-ω-i	uáli
IMPERAT.				-a	-∅	-∅	-∅	-∅	ué
SUBJ.	Pres.	Sing.	1.	-a	-a	-a			sjá
			2.	-il	-il	-il			sél
			3.	-i	-i	-i			sé
		Plur.	1.	-ī	-ī	-ī			sém
			2.	-iz	-iz	-iz			séz
			3.	-i	-i	-i			sé
	Pret.	Sing.	1.
			2.
			3.
		Plur.	1.
			2.
			3.

3rd Conjugation

From ON conjugations x, y, and z.

INDICATIVE
Nonpast						Past
Sing.			Plur.			Sing.			Plur.
1	2	3	1	2	3	1	2	3	1	2	3
-∅	-(i)l	-(i)lz	-ø̄	-iz	-(j)a	-ω-∅	-ω-s	-ω-(u)s	-ω-∅	-ω-(ʔ)ø̄	-ω-(ʔ)øs

4th Conjugation

From ON conjugations x, y, and z.

				I	II	III	IV	V	To be
INDIC.	Nonpast	Sing.	1.	-a	-i	-∅	-∅	-υ-∅	em
			2.	-al	-il	-l	-s	-υ-l	és
			3.	-al	-il				é
		Plur.	1.	-ø̄	-jø̄	-ø̄	-ø̄	-υ-ø̄	éhø̄
			2.	-iz	-iz	-iz			éhøz
			3.	-a	-ja	-a			euo
	Past	Sing.	1.	-az	-ta	-ω-∅	-ηj-∅	-ω-∅	uá
			2.	-azi	-til	-ω-s	-ηj-t	-ω-s	uás
			3.	-azi	-ti	-ω-∅	-ηj-∅	-ω-∅	uá
		Plur.	1.	-izø̄	-tī	-ω-ø̄	-ø̄	-ω-ø̄	uálī
			2.	-iziz	-tiz	-ω-øz	-iz	-ω-iz	uáliz
			3.	-∅	-ti	-i	-i	-ω-i	uáli
IMPERAT.				-a	-∅	-∅	-∅	-∅	ué
SUBJ.	Pres.	Sing.	1.	-a	-a	-a			sjá
			2.	-il	-il	-il			sél
			3.	-i	-i	-i			sé
		Plur.	1.	-ī	-ī	-ī			sém
			2.	-iz	-iz	-iz			séz
			3.	-i	-i	-i			sé
	Pret.	Sing.	1.
			2.
			3.
		Plur.	1.
			2.
			3.

5th Conjugation

From ON conjugations x, y, and z.

				I	II	III	IV	V	To be
INDIC.	Nonpast	Sing.	1.	-a	-i	-∅	-∅	-υ-∅	em
			2.	-al	-il	-l	-s	-υ-l	és
			3.	-al	-il				é
		Plur.	1.	-ø̄	-jø̄	-ø̄	-ø̄	-υ-ø̄	éhø̄
			2.	-iz	-iz	-iz			éhøz
			3.	-a	-ja	-a			euo
	Past	Sing.	1.	-az	-ta	-ω-∅	-ηj-∅	-ω-∅	uá
			2.	-azi	-til	-ω-s	-ηj-t	-ω-s	uás
			3.	-azi	-ti	-ω-∅	-ηj-∅	-ω-∅	uá
		Plur.	1.	-izø̄	-tī	-ω-ø̄	-ø̄	-ω-ø̄	uálī
			2.	-iziz	-tiz	-ω-øz	-iz	-ω-iz	uáliz
			3.	-∅	-ti	-i	-i	-ω-i	uáli
IMPERAT.				-a	-∅	-∅	-∅	-∅	ué
SUBJ.	Pres.	Sing.	1.	-a	-a	-a			sjá
			2.	-il	-il	-il			sél
			3.	-i	-i	-i			sé
		Plur.	1.	-ī	-ī	-ī			sém
			2.	-iz	-iz	-iz			séz
			3.	-i	-i	-i			sé
	Pret.	Sing.	1.
			2.
			3.
		Plur.	1.
			2.
			3.

Common Irregular Verbs

From ON conjugations x, y, and z.

				I	II	III	IV	V	To be
INDIC.	Nonpast	Sing.	1.	-a	-i	-∅	-∅	-υ-∅	em
			2.	-al	-il	-l	-s	-υ-l	és
			3.	-al	-il				é
		Plur.	1.	-ø̄	-jø̄	-ø̄	-ø̄	-υ-ø̄	éhø̄
			2.	-iz	-iz	-iz			éhøz
			3.	-a	-ja	-a			euo
	Past	Sing.	1.	-az	-ta	-ω-∅	-ηj-∅	-ω-∅	uá
			2.	-azi	-til	-ω-s	-ηj-t	-ω-s	uás
			3.	-azi	-ti	-ω-∅	-ηj-∅	-ω-∅	uá
		Plur.	1.	-izø̄	-tī	-ω-ø̄	-ø̄	-ω-ø̄	uálī
			2.	-iziz	-tiz	-ω-øz	-iz	-ω-iz	uáliz
			3.	-∅	-ti	-i	-i	-ω-i	uáli
IMPERAT.				-a	-∅	-∅	-∅	-∅	ué
SUBJ.	Pres.	Sing.	1.	-a	-a	-a			sjá
			2.	-il	-il	-il			sél
			3.	-i	-i	-i			sé
		Plur.	1.	-ī	-ī	-ī			sém
			2.	-iz	-iz	-iz			séz
			3.	-i	-i	-i			sé
	Pret.	Sing.	1.
			2.
			3.
		Plur.	1.
			2.
			3.

Classes

Personal morphology is more like the Algonquian model than the ON model.

Class	Description	Agent	Patient	Oblique
A	Transitive Active	Morph	Acc	Obl
I	Intransitive Active	Morph	Obl	Obl
R	Transitive Stative	Erg	Morph	Obl
S	Intransitive Stative	Obl	Morph	Obl
U	Undergoer Incorprating	Morph	Inc	Obl
G	Goal Incorporating	Morph	Inc	Obl
M	Modifier Incorporating	Morph	Obl	Inc
C	Copular / Comparitive	Morph	Morph	Obl

Class A

Simple Active/Nominative.

Mainly based on the ON verb, with some borrowings and calques.

Subject	Marking
1	-ø̄
2	-ᴊ
3	-ыt
Neg	ne- -n
Indef	u-

Class S

Simple Stative/Ergative.

Class T

Obligatorily Transitive/Tripartite.

Subject	Object
	1	2	3 An Px	3 An Ob	3 Inan	Neg	Indef
1	-ø̄
2	-ᴊ
3	-ыt
Neg	ne- -n

Class U

Noun-Undergoer Incorporational.

Class G

Noun-Goal Incorporational.

Class M

Noun-Modifier Incorporational.

These tend to be equivalent to abilitatives, optatives, and other similar verbs and auxilliaries, and are usually short (sometimes monophonemic) and most often suffixes. A classic example is the Class 2A verb -m ("to be able to use/perform"), which when suffixed to the name of the language uínlītska forms the derived verb stem uínlītskam , which forms fully-conjugated forms such as intuínlītskam /indwiːnlĩtʃkam/, literally "I can speak Uínlītska".

Subject	Object
	An Px	An Ob	Inan
1	u-	mihtⁱ-	intᵒ-
2	hᵒ-	ᵃl-	kⁱ-
3	-ᵗo	-ˢᵗo	-u

Class R

Noun-Referent Stative Hemitransitive. Or something.

Like Class M, usually short or very short, and always immediately follow their (normally non-case-marked) referent.

The example -tu ("To be one of those / to be a member of that group"), combined with uínlītj (Uinlander) forms the phrase stem uínlītj -tu, which forms fully-conjugated forms such as uínlītj intu /wiːnlĩtʃ indo/, literally "I am a Uinlander". Likewise uínlītj kitu and uínlītj tu for the 2nd and 3rd person versions.

Subject	Object
	An Px	An Ob	Inan
1	u-	mihtⁱ-	inᵗ-
2	hᵒ-	ᵃl-	kiᵗ-
3	-ᵗo	-ˢᵗo	-ᵘ

Verbs 1.0

The verb is similar in structure to the ON verb. The 3rd and 4th conjugations of weak verbs have disappeared entirely, merging with the 2nd, and several strong conjugations have collapsed together.

Need to add more personal distinctions, and a variety of object suffixes

Per sound changes, verbs are apparently much simpler

Conjugations

				I	II	III	IV	V	To be
INDIC.	Nonpast	Sing.	1.	-a	-i	-∅	-∅	-υ-∅	em
			2.	-al	-il	-l	-s	-υ-l	és
			3.	-al	-il				é
		Plur.	1.	-ø̄	-jø̄	-ø̄	-ø̄	-υ-ø̄	éhø̄
			2.	-iz	-iz	-iz			éhøz
			3.	-a	-ja	-a			euo
	Past	Sing.	1.	-az	-ta	-ω-∅	-ηj-∅	-ω-∅	uá
			2.	-azi	-til	-ω-s	-ηj-t	-ω-s	uás
			3.	-azi	-ti	-ω-∅	-ηj-∅	-ω-∅	uá
		Plur.	1.	-izø̄	-tī	-ω-ø̄	-ø̄	-ω-ø̄	uálī
			2.	-iziz	-tiz	-ω-øz	-iz	-ω-iz	uáliz
			3.	-∅	-ti	-i	-i	-ω-i	uáli
IMPERAT.				-a	-∅	-∅	-∅	-∅	ué
SUBJ.	Pres.	Sing.	1.	-a	-a	-a			sjá
			2.	-il	-il	-il			sél
			3.	-i	-i	-i			sé
		Plur.	1.	-ī	-ī	-ī			sém
			2.	-iz	-iz	-iz			séz
			3.	-i	-i	-i			sé
	Pret.	Sing.	1.
			2.
			3.
		Plur.	1.
			2.
			3.

Example Verbs

None yet

Voice

Active Voice

Simple bare verb.

Passive Voice

The use of the Passive is virtually obligatory when the agent of the verb is of lower percieved animacy than the undergoer.

Future Tense

Formed by want/must/should/might/etc. per ItC/WGer style patterns.

Aspects

Perfect formed by is/have/become/do/etc. per ItC/WGer style patterns.

Attitudinal and Evidential modifiers

Equiv. doch, schon, mal, eben, ja, etc.

Other Languages

Other languages in this AU presume the gradual creation and growth of European colonies in North & Central America starting around 1000CE instead of the rapid colonization of Central America starting around 1500CE and of North America starting around 1600CE.

Finla was the first major consolidation of power, followed by "Nova Scotia" (provisional name), consisting mostly of Christian Celtic and Anglo-Saxon missionaries from England and France who established their major centers on the southwest coast of Greenland and to the south of Finla between 1100CE and 1250CE. Their Hibernic language is a Celtic koine of Old Gaelic, Old Welsh, Old Breton and Old Cornish with adstrates from Old English and Old French and a significant superstrate from Church Latin.