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{{Language|
{{stub}}
| English = Old Verat
Kuma-Koban is an [[Wikipedia:Indo-European_languages|Indo-European language]] spoken in the [[Wikipedia:North_Caucasus|North Caucasus]] during the [[Wikipedia:Bronze_Age_collapse late|bronze-age]], principally in the area around the [[Wikipedia:Kuma-Manych_Depression|Kuma-Manych depression]]. Nominally, it belongs to an independent branch of the IE family, though many characteristics point to a [[Wikipedia:Proto-Greek_language|pre-Proto-Greek]] or [[Wikipedia:Anatolian_languages|Anatolian]] origin.
| native = Verát
| country = Terek Highlands
| nativecountry = Teregvérga
| universe = Khelivega Continuity
| speakers = 200 Thousand
| family = Indo-European
| branch = Indo-Caucasian
| subbranch = Vertaic
| wordorder = SOV
| type = Inflecting
| alignment = Split-S
| author = [[User:thegoatman|S. G. McCabe]]
| date = c2002 CE
| background = white
| headingbg = olivedrab
| width = 25%
}}


More commonly just Verát, this was the language spoken by the southern [[dōra|dōras]], most famously, those who's clans entered into the [[Great Pact]] at [[Terek (KVC)|Terek]]. This is the langauge spoken by [[Undun]] and his compatriots, as opposed to the slightly younger and only slightly changed High or [[Terek Verat]] which appears during the [[First Kingdom (KVC)|First Kingdom]]. Genetically, Verát is an old Indo-European language, an early branching-off, indicated by some archaic and otherwise unsusual features. It shares many traits with the Indo-Iranian languages in particular, but is clearly not a member of that family.
==Culture==
The Kuma-Koban people show material practices consistent with those of the [[Wikipedia:Srubna_culture|Srubna Culture]], with influence from the older Koban-Culture.


It was clearly in the south and east, especially at Terek, as presumably as far north as Kuban. The early [[First Kingdom (KVC)|First Kingdom]] scholar [[Rōtalka-vega|Rōtálkos]] eksa Kherosko mentions that the territory of [[Leşpeli-vega]] extended only as far north as Kuban, that being the last of the original seven clans to enter the Pact.
==Phonology==
Kuma-Koban is rather conservative in terms of its phonological development away from PIE. It shows twelve plosive to six non-plosive consonants, and six vowel qualities and two lengths.
 
The langauge only displays two fricatives, of which /h/ has a rather limited distribution, found only word-initially and between /a/ (for good historical reasons: /h/ < PIE *h2 or, more rarely, *h3).
 
===Major Historical Developments===
There are four main historical developments from [[Wikipedia:Proto-Indo-European_language|PIE]] to Kuma-Koban which deserve special consideration. These are, in their presumed order of occurrence, the preservation of PIE ''*h₂'' and ''*h₃'' as consinants before ''*e'', the vocalization of syllabic resonants, the splitting of the labiovelar series, and [[Wikipedia:Grassmann%27s_law|Grassmann's law]].
 
====Laryngeal Preservation====
Kuma-Koban, unlike any other language outside Anatolia, preserves the PIE laryngeals ''*h₂'' and ''*h₃'' as /h/ before ''*e''. They show the same vowel-coloring property as in other languages, changing ''*e'' to /a/ and /o/ respectively.
{| cellpadding="2"
|''*h₂ab-ōl-'' || → || '''haboːl-''' || "fruit"
|-
|''*h₂euh₂-os'' || → || '''haːu-os''' || "grandfather"
|-
|''*h₃estH-'' || → || '''hostə-''' || "bone"
|}
 
The laryngeals then merge completely, and are preserved as a single vowel /ə/ between consonants and at word-boundaries:
{| cellpadding="2"
|''*h₃rēǵ-'' || → || '''əreːɟ-''' || "chief"
|-
|''*ph₂-tēr-'' || → || '''pʰəteːr-''' || "father"
|}
 
====Syllabic Resonants====
Syllabic resonants, both alone and with laryngeals (i.e. the "long syllabics") behave much as they do in Sanskrit or Lithuanian. The vowel which the syllable takes depends on the preceding consonant: we see {{IPA|/u/}} after labiovelars, and /ə/ elsewhere.
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" class="wikitable"
|+ PIE forms and KK Reflexes
|-
! || C_C || (C.)C_V || Cʷ_C || (C.)Cʷ_V
|-
!''*rH''
|əːr || ər || uːr || ur
|-
!''*lH''
|əːl || ə || uːl || ul
|-
!''*r''
| ər || r || ur || r
|-
!''*l''
| əl || l || ul || l
|-
!''*mH''
| əː || əm || uː || um
|-
!''*nH''
| əː || ən || uː || un
|-
!''*m''
| ə || (ə)m || ə || (u)m
|-
!''*n''
| ə || (ə)n || ə || (u)n
|}
 
====Labiovelars====
At a relatively early stage in its development, Kuma-Koban lost the labiovelars as a phonemic series: ''*kʷ *gʷ *gʷʰ'' split into plain labials and plain velars, conditioned on the roundness of nearby vowels. When a labiovelar is preceded immediately by ''*u'' or ''*ū'', or followed by any round vowel, it will lose its lip-rounding feature to become a plain velar. This also occurs before *s. Otherwise, the labiovelars become plain labials.
 
{| cellpadding="5"
|+ Conditioned Splitting of Labiovelars
|''*kʷ *gʷ *gʷʰ'' || → || /k g gʰ/ || /_[V+Round] /_s /u(ː)_
|-
|''*kʷ *gʷ *gʷʰ'' || → || /p b bʰ/ || elsewhere
|}
 
====Grassmann's Law====
This is a sound law governing the distribution of aspirated plosives within a root, as seen in Greek, Sanskrit, and Kuma-Koban.
 
===Allophony===
 
 
==Morphology==
 
 
==Morphosyntax==
 
 
==Syntax==
 
[[Category: Conlangs]]

Latest revision as of 12:17, 17 July 2011

This article is a stub. If you can contribute to its content, feel free to do so.

Kuma-Koban is an Indo-European language spoken in the North Caucasus during the bronze-age, principally in the area around the Kuma-Manych depression. Nominally, it belongs to an independent branch of the IE family, though many characteristics point to a pre-Proto-Greek or Anatolian origin.

Culture

The Kuma-Koban people show material practices consistent with those of the Srubna Culture, with influence from the older Koban-Culture.

Phonology

Kuma-Koban is rather conservative in terms of its phonological development away from PIE. It shows twelve plosive to six non-plosive consonants, and six vowel qualities and two lengths.

The langauge only displays two fricatives, of which /h/ has a rather limited distribution, found only word-initially and between /a/ (for good historical reasons: /h/ < PIE *h2 or, more rarely, *h3).

Major Historical Developments

There are four main historical developments from PIE to Kuma-Koban which deserve special consideration. These are, in their presumed order of occurrence, the preservation of PIE *h₂ and *h₃ as consinants before *e, the vocalization of syllabic resonants, the splitting of the labiovelar series, and Grassmann's law.

Laryngeal Preservation

Kuma-Koban, unlike any other language outside Anatolia, preserves the PIE laryngeals *h₂ and *h₃ as /h/ before *e. They show the same vowel-coloring property as in other languages, changing *e to /a/ and /o/ respectively.

*h₂ab-ōl- → haboːl- "fruit"
*h₂euh₂-os → haːu-os "grandfather"
*h₃estH- → hostə- "bone"

The laryngeals then merge completely, and are preserved as a single vowel /ə/ between consonants and at word-boundaries:

*h₃rēǵ- → əreːɟ- "chief"
*ph₂-tēr- → pʰəteːr- "father"

Syllabic Resonants

Syllabic resonants, both alone and with laryngeals (i.e. the "long syllabics") behave much as they do in Sanskrit or Lithuanian. The vowel which the syllable takes depends on the preceding consonant: we see /u/ after labiovelars, and /ə/ elsewhere.

PIE forms and KK Reflexes
C_C (C.)C_V Cʷ_C (C.)Cʷ_V
*rH əːr ər uːr ur
*lH əːl ə uːl ul
*r ər r ur r
*l əl l ul l
*mH əː əm uː um
*nH əː ən uː un
*m ə (ə)m ə (u)m
*n ə (ə)n ə (u)n

Labiovelars

At a relatively early stage in its development, Kuma-Koban lost the labiovelars as a phonemic series: *kʷ *gʷ *gʷʰ split into plain labials and plain velars, conditioned on the roundness of nearby vowels. When a labiovelar is preceded immediately by *u or *ū, or followed by any round vowel, it will lose its lip-rounding feature to become a plain velar. This also occurs before *s. Otherwise, the labiovelars become plain labials.

Conditioned Splitting of Labiovelars
*kʷ *gʷ *gʷʰ → /k g gʰ/ /_[V+Round] /_s /u(ː)_
*kʷ *gʷ *gʷʰ → /p b bʰ/ elsewhere

Grassmann's Law

This is a sound law governing the distribution of aspirated plosives within a root, as seen in Greek, Sanskrit, and Kuma-Koban.

Allophony

Morphology

Morphosyntax

Syntax

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