Classical Diūn: Difference between revisions

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''Also know as Djuun, Dyuun, Classical Djūn.
Intellectual Property of Samuel Martinez also known as "Mezzo" and "Sæm"''
{|border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
{|border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
|colspan="2" bgcolor="#6666FF" align="center" |'''Classical Djūn'''
|colspan="2" bgcolor="#6666FF" align="center" |'''Classical Diūn'''
|-
|-
|valign="top"|Spoken in:
|valign="top"|Spoken in:
||Djūn City-States
||Diūn City-States
|-
|-
|valign="top"|Time Period:
|valign="top"|Time Period:
|| 200 BNH - 200 NH(200 AD - 600 AD)  
|| 200 YBK - 200 YSK(200 CE - 600 CE)  
|-
|-
|valign="top"|Total speakers:
|valign="top"|Total speakers:
Line 16: Line 12:
|-
|-
|valign="top"|Genealogical classification:
|valign="top"|Genealogical classification:
||Proto-Djūn<br>
||Proto-Diūn<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;'''Classical Djūn'''
&nbsp;&nbsp;'''Classical Diūn'''
|-
|-
|valign="top"|Basic word order:
|valign="top"|Basic word order:
Line 30: Line 26:
|colspan="2" bgcolor="#6666FF" align="center" |'''Created by:'''
|colspan="2" bgcolor="#6666FF" align="center" |'''Created by:'''
|-
|-
||[[User:Mezzo|Samuel Martinez]] || 2007-
||[[User:Mezzo|Samuel Hopping]] || February 8, 2007-
|}
|}




== '''Phonology''' ==


Classical Diūn was born on Thursday February 08, 2007 at 8:08:35 PM as Djún. It has also been known as Djūn and Djun.




'''Plosive''' <nowiki>/p b t d t` d` k g/ /p b t d ʈ ɖ k g/ <p b t d th dh c,k g></nowiki>


'''Nasal''' <nowiki>/m n n`/ /m n ɳ/ <m n nh></nowiki>
== I. Phonology: ==


'''Fricative''' <nowiki>/f v s z s` z` h/ /f v s z ʂ ʐ h/ <f,ph v,bh s z sh zh h></nowiki>


'''Affricate''' <nowiki>/ts tS/ /ts tʃ/ <cc,ċ ch></nowiki>


'''Approximant''' <nowiki>/r\ j/ /ɹ j/ <r j,y></nowiki>
'''A. Phoneme Inventory:'''


'''Lateral Approximant''' <nowiki>/l/ /l/ <l></nowiki>
a. Consonants


{|border=1 cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 60%;"
!
![[bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]
![[alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[postalveolar consonant|Postalveolar]]
![[retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
![[palatal consonant|Palatal]]
![[velar consonant|Velar]]
|-
![[Plosive]]
| align="center"|p, b
| align="center"|t, d
|
| align="center"|t`, d`
|
| align="center"|k, g
|-
![[Nasal]]
| align="center"|m
| align="center"|n
|
| align="center"|n`
|
|
|-
![[Fricative]]
| align="center"|p\, B
| align="center"|s, z
|
| align="center"|s`, z`
| align="center"|C
|
|-
![[Affricate]]
|
| align="center"|ts
| align="center"|tS
|
|
|
|-
![[Approximant]]
|
| align="center"|r\
|
|
| align="center"|j
|
|-
![[Lateral]]
|
| align="center"|l
|
|
|
|
|}


'''Close''' <nowiki>/i: u:/ /i: u:/ <ī,ȳ ū></nowiki>
b. Consonant Orthography


'''Close Lax''' <nowiki>/I U/ /ɪ ʊ/ <i,y u></nowiki>
{|border=1 cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 60%;"
!
![[bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]
![[alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[postalveolar consonant|Postalveolar]]
![[retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
![[palatal consonant|Palatal]]
![[velar consonant|Velar]]
|-
![[Plosive]]
| align="center"|p, b
| align="center"|t, d
|
| align="center"|th, dh
|
| align="center"|c, g
|-
![[Nasal]]
| align="center"|m
| align="center"|n
|
| align="center"|nh
|
|
|-
![[Fricative]]
| align="center"|ph, bh / f, v
| align="center"|s, z
|
| align="center"|sh, zh
| align="center"|h
|
|-
![[Affricate]]
|
| align="center"|ċ/cc
| align="center"|ch
|
|
|
|-
![[Approximant]]
|
| align="center"|r
|
|
| align="center"|i
|
|-
![[Lateral]]
|
| align="center"|l
|
|
|
|
|}


'''Close-Mid''' <nowiki>/e: o:/ /e: o:/ <ē ō></nowiki>
c. Vowels


'''Mid Lax''' <nowiki>/@/ /ə/<ë></nowiki>
{|border=1 cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 70%;"
!
![[front vowel|Front]]
![[central vowel|Central]]
![[back vowel|Back]]
|-
![[close vowel|Close]]
| align="center"|i, i:
|
| align="center"|u, u:
|-
![[close mid vowel|Close Mid]]
| align="center"|e, e:
|
| align="center"|o, o:
|-
![[open vowel|Open]]
| align="center"|a, a:
|
|}


'''Open-Mid''' <nowiki>/E O/ /ɛ ɔ/ <e o></nowiki>
d. Vowel Orthography
 
'''Open Lax''' <nowiki>/{:/ /æ:/ <ā></nowiki>
 
'''Open''' <nowiki>/A/ /ɑ/ <a></nowiki>
 
 
'''short''' <nowiki>/I U E O A/ <i,y u e o a></nowiki>
 
'''long''' <nowiki>/i u e o {/ <ī,ȳ ū ē ō ā></nowiki>
 
'''neutral''' <nowiki>/@/ <ë></nowiki>
 
 
'''Diphthongs''' <nowiki>/OI aI aU/ <oi ai au></nowiki>
 
 
''*Some more conservative dialects retained'' <nowiki>/Y y/ <y ȳ></nowiki>
 
 
'''''Syllable Structure'''''
 
----
 
 
CV(C)
 
Stress is on the first syllable
 
 
'''''Allophones'''''
 
----
 
 
 
All plosives become aspirated at the end of a word
 
[N] occurs at the end of words as an allophone of /n/
 
[J] occurs as an allophone of /n/ word medial
 
[dZ] is an allophone of /g/ that occures medially
 
[T] is an allophone of /t/ between two vowels
 
[D] is an allophone of /d/ between two vowels
 
 
 
'''''Phonotactics'''''
 
----
 
 
No consonant clusters consisting of only fricatives,plosives or approximants
 
No consonant clusters involving nasals
 
The coda and onset cannot consist of more than two consonant sounds
 
There can be no double vowels sounds. vowels are either between two consonants or are diphthongs.
 
Approximants cannot begin a word. Approximants also have to have a Plosive or only the following fricatives /f v s z h/.
 
/r\/ cannot come after /p b k s z g/
 
retroflex consonants can only come at the end of a word
 
== '''Morphology''' ==
 
 
Djūn nouns are inflected for case and whether the noun carrys the definite article or not
 
 
Djūn is an Ergative_Absolutive Language. The Ergative case marks the subject of a transative verb.
 
 
the suffix -(ō)m is added to the noun to mark the Ergative case while no suffix is needed to mark the Absolutive case.
 
 
Example:
 
Vinidōm va cīdjī mū
 
Boy.PLUR-ERG 2PS.ABS have.3P future-particle
 
Boys will have you
 
 
the infix -(i)d marks the plural. It comes before the ergative suffix and after the root.
 
 
The suffix (though not present in the above sentence) -(ō)n marks that the root carries the definite article. When the word is marked for Ergativity the definite article is not marked. So our above sentence could be translated as "The Boys will have you" or "Boys will have you" depending on context.
 
 
The Djūn pronouns are as follows
 
________ERG_____ABS_____REFLEXIVE
 
1PS_____Tja_____Toi_____Tjī
 
1PP_____Nō______Bai_____Noi
 
2PS_____Vō______Va______Voi
 
2PP_____Djō_____Na______Djoi
 
3PMS____Cī______Ga______Coi
 
3PFS____Hō______Cā______Hoi
 
3PP_____Pē______Nī______Poi
 
 
Djūn Verbs are inflected for person and in one case (the participle) for tense. The Djūn tenses ( past and future) are expressed by separate morphemes. The Present does not need a separate morpheme unless forming the present participle.
 
 
infinitive: root '''-en'''
 
participle: '''-is''' + '''nōmen''' inflected for person
 
1st Person: '''-(h)ō'''
 
2nd Person: '''-(h)a'''
 
3rd Person: '''-(h)ī'''
 
All-Persons Plural: '''-(h)ē'''
 
 
The tense morphemes are as follows
 
'''mō:''' past morpheme
 
'''mī:''' present morpheme (only required in participle constructions)
 
'''mū:''' future morpheme
 
Tense morphemes follow the verb
 
 
Examples
 
 
1PS: 1 Person Singular
 
ERG: Ergative
 
ABS: Absolutive
 
1P: 1st Person
 
inf: infinitive
 
part: Participle
 
(past,present,future-)tnsmrph: tense morpheme
 
 
'''Tja ga hadō sōnen'''
 
1PS.ERG 3PMS.ABS to-do-1P can-inf
 
''I can do it''
 
 
'''Tja ga hadis nōmō mī'''
 
1PS.ERG 3PMS.ABS to-do-part to-be-1P present-tnsmrph
 
''I am doing it''
 
 
'''Tja ga hadis nōmō mō'''
 
1PS.ERG 3PMS.ABS to-do-part to-be-1P present-tnsmrph
 
''I was doing it''
 
 
'''Tja ga hadis nōmō mū'''
 
1PS.ERG 3PMS.ABS to-do-part to-be-1P present-tnsmrph
 
''I will be doing it''
 
 
'''Tja cā phīhō'''
 
1PS.ERG 3PFS.ABS to-love-1P
 
''I love her''


{|border=1 cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 70%;"
!
![[front vowel|Front]]
![[central vowel|Central]]
![[back vowel|Back]]
|-
![[close vowel|Close]]
| align="center"|i, ī
|
| align="center"|u, ū
|-
![[close mid vowel|Close Mid]]
| align="center"|e, ē
|
| align="center"|o, ō
|-
![[open vowel|Open]]
| align="center"|a, ā
|
|}


'''Hō toi phīhī'''
d. Diphthongs:


3PFS.ERG 1PS.ABS to-love-3P
[[Image:Diphthongs.jpg]]


''She loves me''
/ai au oi/ <ai au oi>


'''B. Allophones:'''


'''Vō cā phīha'''


2PS.ERG 3PFS.ABS to-love-2P
a. [J] occurs intervocalic as an allophone of /n/


''You love her''
b. [N] occurs in the coda of a syllable as an allophone of /n/


c. [tts] occurs intervocalic as an allophone of /ts/


You probably get it now...
d. [ttS] occurs intervocalic as an allophone of /tS/


e. [dZ] occurs intervocalic as an allophone of /g/


Adjectives take the ending -(h)(i)v. This is remnant of Proto-Djūn's fully inflected Adjectives


'''C. Phonotactics'''


'''Toidën vōv pōv' nōmī'''


Man.def. medium.adj here.ABS to-be.3P
a. No consonant clusters consisting of only fricatives,plosives or approximants


''The medium (sized) man is here''
b. The coda and onset cannot consist of more than two consonant sounds


== Syntax ==
c. Approximants cannot begin a word. Approximants also have to have a Plosive or only the following
fricatives infront of them /f v s z h/.


Djūn has Subject-Object-Verb (SOV) word order by default.
d. /r\/ cannot come after /p b k s z g/


e. retroflex consonants can only come at the end of a word


The Djūn verbal moods are:


'''D. Syllable Structure'''


Subject-Object-Verb - indictive


Verb-Object-Subject - question
a. CV(C)


Subject-Verb-Object - subjunctive
= II.Grammar: =


Verb-Object-Subject - command, -īm suffix is added to the verb which is not inflected


== '''I. The Ergative Case''' ==


Examples




'''Tja va phīhō.'''
a. The Ergative Case marks the subject of a transitive verb. The Ergative Case is marked by the suffix, -(o)m.


''I love you''




'''Phīhō va tja?'''
b. The Ergative Pronouns are as follows:


''Do I love you''


[[Image:Tablee2.PNG]]


'''Cī phīhī va...'''


''should he love you...''
'''Sihlem hiud ciīs cugi mo.'''


''Eng: The worm went down into the earth''


'''Phīhenīm va cī!'''


''Love him!''
'''Tia toidan zado.'''


''Eng: I see this man.''




The Adjective follows the noun it modifies. The Adverb also follows the verb it modifies.
c. The Ergative Plural is expressed with the suffix, -(i)dom.




Djūn uses postpositions unlike English which uses prepositions. So "In the house" would be "the house in"
'''Sihledom toi haccēde.'''


Because there is no Genitive case in Djūn, Djūn uses the post position "hē" (of) to show possesion.
''Eng: Worms frighten me.''




Example:


== '''II. The Absolutive Case''' ==


'''Zomūn toi hē'''


Wolf.ABS 1PS.ABS of
a. The Absolutive case functions as the subject of intransitive verbs and the object of transitive verbs. The Absolutive case is unmarked by morphology but distinguished syntactically. The Absolutive case is also used as the object of postpositions.


''My wolf''


b. The Absolutive pronouns are as follows:


'''Cī zomūn toi hē nōmī'''


3PMS.ERG wolf.ABS 1PS.ABS of to-be-3P
[[image:tablee.png]]


''It/He is my wolf''


'''Ci toidan vōmi mo.'''


'''''The Restrictive Clause'''''
''Eng: He hit this man''


----


The Restrictive Clause is formed by using the word "vis" (that)
'''Tia buhia Ċav he phīho.'''


''Eng: I love the girl from Ċav.''


'''Toi vīnō vis Vō toi phīha'''


''I know that you love me''
c. The Absolutive plural is expressed with the suffix, (i)d.




The construction "I know you love me" is impossible unlike in English
'''Tia sihled zado mo.'''


''Eng: I saw the worm''


'''''Reflexiveness'''''


----
[[Category: Conlangs]]

Latest revision as of 09:46, 15 July 2011

Classical Diūn
Spoken in: Diūn City-States
Time Period: 200 YBK - 200 YSK(200 CE - 600 CE)
Total speakers: extinct
Genealogical classification: Proto-Diūn

  Classical Diūn

Basic word order: SOV
Morphological type: semi-fusional
Morphosyntactic alignment: Ergative-Absolutive
Created by:
Samuel Hopping February 8, 2007-


Classical Diūn was born on Thursday February 08, 2007 at 8:08:35 PM as Djún. It has also been known as Djūn and Djun.


I. Phonology:

A. Phoneme Inventory:

a. Consonants

Bilabial Alveolar Postalveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar
Plosive p, b t, d t`, d` k, g
Nasal m n n`
Fricative p\, B s, z s`, z` C
Affricate ts tS
Approximant r\ j
Lateral l

b. Consonant Orthography

Bilabial Alveolar Postalveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar
Plosive p, b t, d th, dh c, g
Nasal m n nh
Fricative ph, bh / f, v s, z sh, zh h
Affricate ċ/cc ch
Approximant r i
Lateral l

c. Vowels

Front Central Back
Close i, i: u, u:
Close Mid e, e: o, o:
Open a, a:

d. Vowel Orthography

Front Central Back
Close i, ī u, ū
Close Mid e, ē o, ō
Open a, ā

d. Diphthongs:

Diphthongs.jpg

/ai au oi/ <ai au oi>

B. Allophones:


a. [J] occurs intervocalic as an allophone of /n/

b. [N] occurs in the coda of a syllable as an allophone of /n/

c. [tts] occurs intervocalic as an allophone of /ts/

d. [ttS] occurs intervocalic as an allophone of /tS/

e. [dZ] occurs intervocalic as an allophone of /g/


C. Phonotactics


a. No consonant clusters consisting of only fricatives,plosives or approximants

b. The coda and onset cannot consist of more than two consonant sounds

c. Approximants cannot begin a word. Approximants also have to have a Plosive or only the following fricatives infront of them /f v s z h/.

d. /r\/ cannot come after /p b k s z g/

e. retroflex consonants can only come at the end of a word


D. Syllable Structure


a. CV(C)

II.Grammar:

I. The Ergative Case

a. The Ergative Case marks the subject of a transitive verb. The Ergative Case is marked by the suffix, -(o)m.


b. The Ergative Pronouns are as follows:


Tablee2.PNG


Sihlem hiud ciīs cugi mo.

Eng: The worm went down into the earth


Tia toidan zado.

Eng: I see this man.


c. The Ergative Plural is expressed with the suffix, -(i)dom.


Sihledom toi haccēde.

Eng: Worms frighten me.


II. The Absolutive Case

a. The Absolutive case functions as the subject of intransitive verbs and the object of transitive verbs. The Absolutive case is unmarked by morphology but distinguished syntactically. The Absolutive case is also used as the object of postpositions.


b. The Absolutive pronouns are as follows:


File:Tablee.png


Ci toidan vōmi mo.

Eng: He hit this man


Tia buhia Ċav he phīho.

Eng: I love the girl from Ċav.


c. The Absolutive plural is expressed with the suffix, (i)d.


Tia sihled zado mo.

Eng: I saw the worm

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