Classical Diūn: Difference between revisions

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''Also know as Djuun, Dyuun, Classical Djūn.
{|border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
Intellectual Property of Samuel Martinez also known as "Mezzo" and "Sæm"''
|colspan="2" bgcolor="#6666FF" align="center" |'''Classical Diūn'''
|-
|valign="top"|Spoken in:
||Diūn City-States
|-
|valign="top"|Time Period:
|| 200 YBK - 200 YSK(200 CE - 600 CE)
|-
|valign="top"|Total speakers:
||extinct
|-
|valign="top"|Genealogical classification:
||Proto-Diūn<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;'''Classical Diūn'''
|-
|valign="top"|Basic word order:
||SOV
|-
|valign="top"|Morphological type:
||semi-fusional
|-
|valign="top"|Morphosyntactic alignment:
||Ergative-Absolutive
|-
|colspan="2" bgcolor="#6666FF" align="center" |'''Created by:'''
|-
||[[User:Mezzo|Samuel Hopping]] || February 8, 2007-
|}




== '''Phonology''' ==


Classical Diūn was born on Thursday February 08, 2007 at 8:08:35 PM as Djún. It has also been known as Djūn and Djun.




'''Plosive''' <nowiki>/p b t d t` d` k g/ /p b t d ʈ ɖ k g/ <p b t d th dh c,k g></nowiki>


'''Nasal''' <nowiki>/m n n`/ /m n ɳ/ <m n nh></nowiki>
== I. Phonology: ==


'''Fricative''' <nowiki>/f v s z s` z` h/ /f v s z ʂ ʐ h/ <f,ph v,bh s z sh zh h></nowiki>


'''Affricate''' <nowiki>/ts tS/ /ts tʃ/ <cc,ċ ch></nowiki>


'''Approximant''' <nowiki>/r\ j/ /ɹ j/ <r j,y></nowiki>
'''A. Phoneme Inventory:'''


'''Lateral Approximant''' <nowiki>/l/ /l/ <l></nowiki>
a. Consonants


{|border=1 cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 60%;"
!
![[bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]
![[alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[postalveolar consonant|Postalveolar]]
![[retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
![[palatal consonant|Palatal]]
![[velar consonant|Velar]]
|-
![[Plosive]]
| align="center"|p, b
| align="center"|t, d
|
| align="center"|t`, d`
|
| align="center"|k, g
|-
![[Nasal]]
| align="center"|m
| align="center"|n
|
| align="center"|n`
|
|
|-
![[Fricative]]
| align="center"|p\, B
| align="center"|s, z
|
| align="center"|s`, z`
| align="center"|C
|
|-
![[Affricate]]
|
| align="center"|ts
| align="center"|tS
|
|
|
|-
![[Approximant]]
|
| align="center"|r\
|
|
| align="center"|j
|
|-
![[Lateral]]
|
| align="center"|l
|
|
|
|
|}


'''Close''' <nowiki>/i: u:/ /i: u:/ <ī,ȳ ū></nowiki>
b. Consonant Orthography


'''Close Lax''' <nowiki>/I U/ /ɪ ʊ/ <i,y u></nowiki>
{|border=1 cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 60%;"
!
![[bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]
![[alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[postalveolar consonant|Postalveolar]]
![[retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
![[palatal consonant|Palatal]]
![[velar consonant|Velar]]
|-
![[Plosive]]
| align="center"|p, b
| align="center"|t, d
|
| align="center"|th, dh
|
| align="center"|c, g
|-
![[Nasal]]
| align="center"|m
| align="center"|n
|
| align="center"|nh
|
|
|-
![[Fricative]]
| align="center"|ph, bh / f, v
| align="center"|s, z
|
| align="center"|sh, zh
| align="center"|h
|
|-
![[Affricate]]
|
| align="center"|ċ/cc
| align="center"|ch
|
|
|
|-
![[Approximant]]
|
| align="center"|r
|
|
| align="center"|i
|
|-
![[Lateral]]
|
| align="center"|l
|
|
|
|
|}


'''Close-Mid''' <nowiki>/e: o:/ /e: o:/ <ē ō></nowiki>
c. Vowels


'''Mid Lax''' <nowiki>/@/ /ə/<ë></nowiki>
{|border=1 cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 70%;"
!
![[front vowel|Front]]
![[central vowel|Central]]
![[back vowel|Back]]
|-
![[close vowel|Close]]
| align="center"|i, i:
|
| align="center"|u, u:
|-
![[close mid vowel|Close Mid]]
| align="center"|e, e:
|
| align="center"|o, o:
|-
![[open vowel|Open]]
| align="center"|a, a:
|
|}


'''Open-Mid''' <nowiki>/E O/ /ɛ ɔ/ <e o></nowiki>
d. Vowel Orthography


'''Open Lax''' <nowiki>/{:/ /æ:/ <ā></nowiki>
{|border=1 cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 70%;"
!
![[front vowel|Front]]
![[central vowel|Central]]
![[back vowel|Back]]
|-
![[close vowel|Close]]
| align="center"|i, ī
|
| align="center"|u, ū
|-
![[close mid vowel|Close Mid]]
| align="center"|e, ē
|
| align="center"|o, ō
|-
![[open vowel|Open]]
| align="center"|a, ā
|
|}


'''Open''' <nowiki>/A/ /ɑ/ <a></nowiki>
d. Diphthongs:


[[Image:Diphthongs.jpg]]


'''short''' <nowiki>/I U E O A/ <i,y u e o a></nowiki>
/ai au oi/ <ai au oi>


'''long''' <nowiki>/i u e o {/ <ī,ȳ ū ē ō ā></nowiki>
'''B. Allophones:'''


'''neutral''' <nowiki>/@/ <ë></nowiki>


a. [J] occurs intervocalic as an allophone of /n/


'''Diphthongs''' <nowiki>/OI aI aU/ <oi ai au></nowiki>
b. [N] occurs in the coda of a syllable as an allophone of /n/


c. [tts] occurs intervocalic as an allophone of /ts/


''*Some more conservative dialects retained'' <nowiki>/Y y/ <y ȳ></nowiki>
d. [ttS] occurs intervocalic as an allophone of /tS/


e. [dZ] occurs intervocalic as an allophone of /g/


'''''Syllable Structure'''''


----
'''C. Phonotactics'''




CV(C)
a. No consonant clusters consisting of only fricatives,plosives or approximants


Stress is on the first syllable
b. The coda and onset cannot consist of more than two consonant sounds


c. Approximants cannot begin a word. Approximants also have to have a Plosive or only the following
fricatives infront of them /f v s z h/.


'''''Allophones'''''
d. /r\/ cannot come after /p b k s z g/


----
e. retroflex consonants can only come at the end of a word




'''D. Syllable Structure'''


All plosives become aspirated at the end of a word


[N] occurs at the end of words as an allophone of /n/
a. CV(C)


[J] occurs as an allophone of /n/ word medial
= II.Grammar: =


[dZ] is an allophone of /g/ that occures medially


[T] is an allophone of /t/ between two vowels
== '''I. The Ergative Case''' ==


[D] is an allophone of /d/ between two vowels




a. The Ergative Case marks the subject of a transitive verb. The Ergative Case is marked by the suffix, -(o)m.


'''''Phonotactics'''''


----


b. The Ergative Pronouns are as follows:


No consonant clusters consisting of only fricatives,plosives or approximants


No consonant clusters involving nasals
[[Image:Tablee2.PNG]]


The coda and onset cannot consist of more than two consonant sounds


There can be no double vowels sounds. vowels are either between two consonants or are diphthongs.
'''Sihlem hiud ciīs cugi mo.'''


Approximants cannot begin a word. Approximants also have to have a Plosive or only the following fricatives /f v s z h/.
''Eng: The worm went down into the earth''


/r\/ cannot come after /p b k s z g/


retroflex consonants can only come at the end of a word
'''Tia toidan zado.'''


== '''Morphology''' ==
''Eng: I see this man.''




Djūn nouns are inflected for case and whether the noun carrys the definite article or not
c. The Ergative Plural is expressed with the suffix, -(i)dom.




Djūn is an Ergative_Absolutive Language. The Ergative case marks the subject of a transative verb.
'''Sihledom toi haccēde.'''


''Eng: Worms frighten me.''


the suffix -(ō)m is added to the noun to mark the Ergative case while no suffix is needed to mark the Absolutive case.




Example:
== '''II. The Absolutive Case''' ==


Vinidōm va cīdjī mū


Boy.PLUR-ERG 2PS.ABS have.3P future-particle
a. The Absolutive case functions as the subject of intransitive verbs and the object of transitive verbs. The Absolutive case is unmarked by morphology but distinguished syntactically. The Absolutive case is also used as the object of postpositions.


Boys will have you


b. The Absolutive pronouns are as follows:


the infix -(i)d marks the plural. It comes before the ergative suffix and after the root.


[[image:tablee.png]]


The suffix (though not present in the above sentence) -(ō)n marks that the root carries the definite article. When the word is marked for Ergativity the definite article is not marked. So our above sentence could be translated as "The Boys will have you" or "Boys will have you" depending on context.


'''Ci toidan vōmi mo.'''


The Djūn pronouns are as follows
''Eng: He hit this man''


________ERG_____ABS_____REFLEXIVE


1PS_____Tja_____Toi_____Tjī
'''Tia buhia Ċav he phīho.'''


1PP_____Nō______Bai_____Noi
''Eng: I love the girl from Ċav.''


2PS_____Vō______Va______Voi


2PP_____Djō_____Na______Djoi
c. The Absolutive plural is expressed with the suffix, (i)d.


3PMS____Cī______Ga______Coi


3PFS____Hō______Cā______Hoi
'''Tia sihled zado mo.'''


3PP_____Pē______Nī______Poi
''Eng: I saw the worm''




Djūn Verbs are inflected for person and in one case (the participle) for tense. The Djūn tenses ( past and future) are expressed by separate morphemes. The Present does not need a separate morpheme unless forming the present participle.
[[Category: Conlangs]]
 
 
infinitive: root '''-en'''
 
participle: '''-is''' + '''nōmen''' inflected for person
 
1st Person: '''-(h)ō'''
 
2nd Person: '''-(h)a'''
 
3rd Person: '''-(h)ī'''
 
All-Persons Plural: '''-(h)ē'''
 
 
The tense morphemes are as follows
 
'''mō:''' past morpheme
 
'''mī:''' present morpheme (only required in participle constructions)
 
'''mū:''' future morpheme
 
Tense morphemes follow the verb
 
 
Examples
 
 
1PS: 1 Person Singular
 
ERG: Ergative
 
ABS: Absolutive
 
1P: 1st Person
 
inf: infinitive
 
part: Participle
 
(past,present,future-)tnsmrph: tense morpheme
 
 
'''Tja ga hadō sōnen'''
 
1PS.ERG 3PMS.ABS to-do-1P can-inf
 
''I can do it''
 
 
'''Tja ga hadis nōmō mī'''
 
1PS.ERG 3PMS.ABS to-do-part to-be-1P present-tnsmrph
 
''I am doing it''
 
 
'''Tja ga hadis nōmō mō'''
 
1PS.ERG 3PMS.ABS to-do-part to-be-1P present-tnsmrph
 
''I was doing it''
 
 
'''Tja ga hadis nōmō mū'''
 
1PS.ERG 3PMS.ABS to-do-part to-be-1P present-tnsmrph
 
''I will be doing it''
 
 
'''Tja cā phīhō'''
 
1PS.ERG 3PFS.ABS to-love-1P
 
''I love her''
 
 
'''Hō toi phīhī'''
 
3PFS.ERG 1PS.ABS to-love-3P
 
''She loves me''
 
 
'''Vō cā phīha'''
 
2PS.ERG 3PFS.ABS to-love-2P
 
''You love her''
 
 
You probably get it now...
 
 
Adjectives take the ending -(h)(i)v. This is remnant of Proto-Djūn's fully inflected Adjectives
 
 
'''Toidën vōv pōv' nōmī'''
 
Man.def. medium.adj here.ABS to-be.3P
 
''The medium (sized) man is here''
 
== Syntax ==
 
Djūn has Subject-Object-Verb (SOV) word order by default.
 
 
The Djūn verbal moods are:
 
 
Subject-Object-Verb - indictive
 
Verb-Object-Subject - question
 
Subject-Verb-Object - subjunctive
 
Verb-Object-Subject - command, -īm suffix is added to the verb which is not inflected
 
 
Examples
 
 
'''Tja va phīhō.'''
 
''I love you''
 
 
'''Phīhō va tja?'''
 
''Do I love you''
 
 
'''Cī phīhī va...'''
 
''should he love you...''
 
 
'''Phīhenīm va cī!'''
 
''Love him!''
 
 
 
The Adjective follows the noun it modifies. The Adverb also follows the verb it modifies.
 
 
Djūn uses postpositions unlike English which uses prepositions. So "In the house" would be "the house in"
 
Because there is no Genitive case in Djūn, Djūn uses the post position "hē" (of) to show possesion.
 
 
Example:
 
 
'''Zomūn toi hē'''
 
Wolf.ABS 1PS.ABS of
 
''My wolf''
 
 
'''Cī zomūn toi hē nōmī'''
 
3PMS.ERG wolf.ABS 1PS.ABS of to-be-3P
 
''It/He is my wolf''
 
 
'''''The Restrictive Clause'''''
 
----
 
The Restrictive Clause is formed by using the word "vis" (that)
 
 
'''Toi vīnō vis Vō toi phīha'''
 
''I know that you love me''
 
 
The construction "I know you love me" is impossible unlike in English
 
 
'''''Reflexiveness'''''
 
----

Latest revision as of 09:46, 15 July 2011

Classical Diūn
Spoken in: Diūn City-States
Time Period: 200 YBK - 200 YSK(200 CE - 600 CE)
Total speakers: extinct
Genealogical classification: Proto-Diūn

  Classical Diūn

Basic word order: SOV
Morphological type: semi-fusional
Morphosyntactic alignment: Ergative-Absolutive
Created by:
Samuel Hopping February 8, 2007-


Classical Diūn was born on Thursday February 08, 2007 at 8:08:35 PM as Djún. It has also been known as Djūn and Djun.


I. Phonology:

A. Phoneme Inventory:

a. Consonants

Bilabial Alveolar Postalveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar
Plosive p, b t, d t`, d` k, g
Nasal m n n`
Fricative p\, B s, z s`, z` C
Affricate ts tS
Approximant r\ j
Lateral l

b. Consonant Orthography

Bilabial Alveolar Postalveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar
Plosive p, b t, d th, dh c, g
Nasal m n nh
Fricative ph, bh / f, v s, z sh, zh h
Affricate ċ/cc ch
Approximant r i
Lateral l

c. Vowels

Front Central Back
Close i, i: u, u:
Close Mid e, e: o, o:
Open a, a:

d. Vowel Orthography

Front Central Back
Close i, ī u, ū
Close Mid e, ē o, ō
Open a, ā

d. Diphthongs:

Diphthongs.jpg

/ai au oi/ <ai au oi>

B. Allophones:


a. [J] occurs intervocalic as an allophone of /n/

b. [N] occurs in the coda of a syllable as an allophone of /n/

c. [tts] occurs intervocalic as an allophone of /ts/

d. [ttS] occurs intervocalic as an allophone of /tS/

e. [dZ] occurs intervocalic as an allophone of /g/


C. Phonotactics


a. No consonant clusters consisting of only fricatives,plosives or approximants

b. The coda and onset cannot consist of more than two consonant sounds

c. Approximants cannot begin a word. Approximants also have to have a Plosive or only the following fricatives infront of them /f v s z h/.

d. /r\/ cannot come after /p b k s z g/

e. retroflex consonants can only come at the end of a word


D. Syllable Structure


a. CV(C)

II.Grammar:

I. The Ergative Case

a. The Ergative Case marks the subject of a transitive verb. The Ergative Case is marked by the suffix, -(o)m.


b. The Ergative Pronouns are as follows:


Tablee2.PNG


Sihlem hiud ciīs cugi mo.

Eng: The worm went down into the earth


Tia toidan zado.

Eng: I see this man.


c. The Ergative Plural is expressed with the suffix, -(i)dom.


Sihledom toi haccēde.

Eng: Worms frighten me.


II. The Absolutive Case

a. The Absolutive case functions as the subject of intransitive verbs and the object of transitive verbs. The Absolutive case is unmarked by morphology but distinguished syntactically. The Absolutive case is also used as the object of postpositions.


b. The Absolutive pronouns are as follows:


File:Tablee.png


Ci toidan vōmi mo.

Eng: He hit this man


Tia buhia Ċav he phīho.

Eng: I love the girl from Ċav.


c. The Absolutive plural is expressed with the suffix, (i)d.


Tia sihled zado mo.

Eng: I saw the worm

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