Kala: Difference between revisions
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{{Kala 2}} | |||
__NOTOC__ | |||
*'''Kala''' is meant to be a simple and euphonic personal conlang. | |||
*Many lexical entries are inspired/influenced/borrowed by/from any number of natlangs | |||
==Pronunciation== | |||
* Where '''~''' appears, it indicates [[Wikipedia:Free_variation|free variation]] between phonemes. | |||
===Vowels=== | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! | |||
!'''Front''' | |||
!'''Central''' | |||
!'''Back''' | |||
|-align=center | |||
!'''Close''' | |||
|{{IPA|i~i:}} '''(i)''' || || {{IPA|u~u:}} '''(u)''' | |||
|-align=center | |||
!'''Mid''' | |||
|{{IPA|e~e:}} '''(e)''' || || {{IPA|o~o:}} '''(o)''' | |||
|-align=center | |||
!'''Open''' | |||
| || {{IPA|a~a:}} '''(a)''' || | |||
|} | |||
== | ====Diphthongs==== | ||
=====falling===== | |||
*{{IPA|[aɪ~aɪ:]}} - '''ai''' | |||
*{{IPA|[aʊ~aʊ:]}} - '''ao''' | |||
== | =====rising===== | ||
*{{IPA|[wa~wa:]}} - '''ua''' | |||
*{{IPA|[waɪ~waɪ:]}} - '''uai''' | |||
*{{IPA|[ja~ja:]}} - '''ya''' | |||
*{{IPA|[jaʊ~jaʊ:]}} - '''yao''' | |||
*{{IPA|[je~je:]}} - '''ye''' | |||
*{{IPA|[jo~jo:]}} - '''yo''' | |||
===Consonants=== | |||
{| class="IPA wikitable" | |||
! rowspan="2"| | |||
! rowspan="2"|Labial | |||
! colspan="2"|Dental | |||
! rowspan="2"|Palatal | |||
! colspan="2"|Velar | |||
! rowspan="2"|Glottal | |||
|-align=center | |||
!<small>central</small> | |||
!<small>lateral</small> | |||
!<small>plain</small> | |||
!<small>labial</small> | |||
|-align=center | |||
! Nasal | |||
| {{IPA|m}} '''(m)''' [[File:Naua ma.png]] | |||
| {{IPA|n}} '''(n)''' [[File:Naua na.png]] | |||
| | |||
| {{IPA|ɲ}} '''(ny)''' [[File:Naua nya.png]] | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|-align=center | |||
!Plosive | |||
| {{IPA|p~b}} '''(p)''' [[File:Naua pa.png]] | |||
| {{IPA|t~d}} '''(t)''' [[File:Naua ta.png]] | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| {{IPA|k~g}} '''(k)''' [[File:Naua ka.png]] | |||
| {{IPA|kʷ~gʷ}} '''(ku)''' [[File:Naua kua.png]] | |||
| {{IPA|ʔ}} '''(')''' | |||
|-align=center | |||
!Fricative | |||
| | |||
| {{IPA|s}} '''(s)''' [[File:Naua sa2.png]] | |||
| | |||
| {{IPA|ʃ}} '''(s)''' [[File:Naua sa2.png]] | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| {{IPA|h~ɦ}} '''(h)''' [[File:Naua ha.png]] | |||
|-align=center | |||
!Affricate | |||
| | |||
| {{IPA|ts}} '''(ts)''' [[File:Naua tsa.png]] | |||
| {{IPA|tɬ}} '''(tl)''' [[File:Naua tla.png]] | |||
| {{IPA|tʃ}} '''(ts)''' [[File:Naua tsa.png]] | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|-align=center | |||
! Approximant | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| {{IPA|l~r}} '''(l)''' [[File:Naua la.png]] | |||
| {{IPA|j}} '''(y)''' [[File:Naua ya.png]] | |||
| | |||
| {{IPA|w}} '''(u)''' [[File:Naua ua.png]] | |||
| | |||
|} | |||
==== Phonotactics ==== | |||
* Kala phonotactics does not allow the onsets of adjacent syllables to be identical, nor both to be labialised or palatalised. | |||
* Syllables beginning with /l/ do not occur as the first syllable of a morpheme. | |||
==== Syllable Structure ==== | |||
* (N)(C)V | |||
* N = prenasal /n/ or /m/ | |||
* The three codas are /k/, /m/, and /n/. | |||
*/k/ only occurs as a final coda to negate verbs and nouns. | |||
====Prenasalized consonants==== | |||
* In Kala, almost every consonant can be [[Wikipedia:Prenasalized_consonant|prenasalized]], but primarily the plosives /p/, /t/ and /k/ can be analyzed as prenasalized, | |||
:while most other instances could be easily analyzed as cases of [[Wikipedia:Syllabic_consonant|syllabic]] /n/ or /m/. | |||
* '''mb''' /mp~mb/ | |||
:Example: '''mpaka''' /ˈmpa.ka/ - ''n'' - boundary / border / line | |||
* '''nt''' /nt~nd/ | |||
:Example: '''ntama''' /ˈnta.ma/ - ''n'' - calf (a young cow or bull) | |||
* '''nk''' /ŋk~ŋɡ/ | |||
:Example: '''nkapa''' /ˈŋka.pa/ - ''n'' - alcohol / grog | |||
==Writing System== | |||
''See'': [[Kala writing|Moya]] | |||
==Grammatical Principles== | |||
* The grammar of [[Kala]] should be regarded as a guide indicating how grammatical distinctions of gender, number, tense/aspect, noun, verb and particles are made. I have adopted the Arab grammarian's division into three categories (1) Noun ['''no / ata'''] [[File:Naua no.png]] / [[File:Naua ata.png]], (2) Particle ['''peya'''] [[File:Naua peya.png]], (3) Verb ['''uati'''] [[File:Naua uati.png]]. [[Kala]] does not always follow European models. It discards all redundancies. In English we say “two boys came yesterday”; in [[Kala]] “two boy come yesterday” ['''ta’o tahi yomaye tala'''] it is clear that more than one boy is already indicated by ‘two,’ while ‘yesterday’ shows the time, or tense of the verb. | |||
== Sentences == | |||
''See'': [[Kala Sentences]] | |||
==Nouns== | |||
''See'': [[Kala Nouns]] | |||
==Verbs== | |||
''See'': [[Kala Verbs]] | |||
==Particles== | |||
===Prepositions=== | |||
===Conjunctions=== | |||
==Questions== | |||
''See'': [[Kala Questions]] | |||
===Clauses=== | |||
==Numbers== | |||
===Cardinal Numbers=== | |||
*'''e'o''' - zero / nothing | |||
*'''na'o''' - one | |||
*'''ta'o''' - two | |||
*'''ha'o''' - three | |||
*'''ma'o''' - four | |||
*'''ya'o''' - five | |||
*'''tsa'o''' - six | |||
*'''ka'o''' - seven | |||
*'''pa'o''' - eight | |||
*'''sa'o''' - nine | |||
*'''ue'o''' - ten | |||
*'''nye'o''' - (one) hundred | |||
*'''tle'o''' - (one) thousand | |||
*'''mue'o''' - ten thousand | |||
*'''kye'o''' - (one) hundred thousand | |||
*'''nte'o''' - (one) million | |||
=== Higher Numbers === | |||
* '''uena'o''' - eleven / 11 | |||
* '''taue'o''' - twenty / 20 | |||
* '''nyeka'o''' - one hundred seven / 107 | |||
* '''hanyetauetsa'o''' (''long form'') | '''hatatsa'o''' (''short form'') - three hundred twenty six / 326 | |||
* '''tsatletauema'o''' - six thousand and twenty four / 6024 | |||
===Ordinal Numbers=== | |||
* '''ki'''- - ordinal prefix | |||
:Example : '''kisa'o''' - ninth (in a sequence) | |||
:Example : '''kiyanyepa'o''' - 508<sup>th</sup> | |||
===Fractions=== | |||
* '''i'''- - fractional prefix | |||
:Example : '''isa'o''' - a ninth, 1/9 | |||
:Example : '''iha'o te pa'o''' - three eighths, 3/8 [lit: a third of eight] | |||
==Word formation== | |||
==Punctuation== | |||
''See'': [[Kala_writing#punctuation|Moya]] | |||
== Index == | |||
{{Kala index}} | |||
[[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:Kala]] |
Revision as of 15:50, 28 June 2011
- Kala is meant to be a simple and euphonic personal conlang.
- Many lexical entries are inspired/influenced/borrowed by/from any number of natlangs
Pronunciation
- Where ~ appears, it indicates free variation between phonemes.
Vowels
Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
Close | i~i: (i) | u~u: (u) | |
Mid | e~e: (e) | o~o: (o) | |
Open | a~a: (a) |
Diphthongs
falling
- [aɪ~aɪ:] - ai
- [aʊ~aʊ:] - ao
rising
- [wa~wa:] - ua
- [waɪ~waɪ:] - uai
- [ja~ja:] - ya
- [jaʊ~jaʊ:] - yao
- [je~je:] - ye
- [jo~jo:] - yo
Consonants
Phonotactics
- Kala phonotactics does not allow the onsets of adjacent syllables to be identical, nor both to be labialised or palatalised.
- Syllables beginning with /l/ do not occur as the first syllable of a morpheme.
Syllable Structure
- (N)(C)V
- N = prenasal /n/ or /m/
- The three codas are /k/, /m/, and /n/.
- /k/ only occurs as a final coda to negate verbs and nouns.
Prenasalized consonants
- In Kala, almost every consonant can be prenasalized, but primarily the plosives /p/, /t/ and /k/ can be analyzed as prenasalized,
- while most other instances could be easily analyzed as cases of syllabic /n/ or /m/.
- mb /mp~mb/
- Example: mpaka /ˈmpa.ka/ - n - boundary / border / line
- nt /nt~nd/
- Example: ntama /ˈnta.ma/ - n - calf (a young cow or bull)
- nk /ŋk~ŋɡ/
- Example: nkapa /ˈŋka.pa/ - n - alcohol / grog
Writing System
See: Moya
Grammatical Principles
- The grammar of Kala should be regarded as a guide indicating how grammatical distinctions of gender, number, tense/aspect, noun, verb and particles are made. I have adopted the Arab grammarian's division into three categories (1) Noun [no / ata] / , (2) Particle [peya] , (3) Verb [uati] . Kala does not always follow European models. It discards all redundancies. In English we say “two boys came yesterday”; in Kala “two boy come yesterday” [ta’o tahi yomaye tala] it is clear that more than one boy is already indicated by ‘two,’ while ‘yesterday’ shows the time, or tense of the verb.
Sentences
See: Kala Sentences
Nouns
See: Kala Nouns
Verbs
See: Kala Verbs
Particles
Prepositions
Conjunctions
Questions
See: Kala Questions
Clauses
Numbers
Cardinal Numbers
- e'o - zero / nothing
- na'o - one
- ta'o - two
- ha'o - three
- ma'o - four
- ya'o - five
- tsa'o - six
- ka'o - seven
- pa'o - eight
- sa'o - nine
- ue'o - ten
- nye'o - (one) hundred
- tle'o - (one) thousand
- mue'o - ten thousand
- kye'o - (one) hundred thousand
- nte'o - (one) million
Higher Numbers
- uena'o - eleven / 11
- taue'o - twenty / 20
- nyeka'o - one hundred seven / 107
- hanyetauetsa'o (long form) | hatatsa'o (short form) - three hundred twenty six / 326
- tsatletauema'o - six thousand and twenty four / 6024
Ordinal Numbers
- ki- - ordinal prefix
- Example : kisa'o - ninth (in a sequence)
- Example : kiyanyepa'o - 508th
Fractions
- i- - fractional prefix
- Example : isa'o - a ninth, 1/9
- Example : iha'o te pa'o - three eighths, 3/8 [lit: a third of eight]
Word formation
Punctuation
See: Moya