User:Masako/pataka: Difference between revisions

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==Geometry==
== Particles / Articles ==


===Figures===
*'''ke''' - definite article / topic marker / accusative particle (non-obligatory, used for specificity)
*'''kya''' - jussive particle (placed before the phrase)
*'''ya''' - vocative particle (placed before the noun being addressed)


===Concepts===
== Pronouns ==


==Quantity and Space==
{| class="wikitable" border=1
 
===Weights and Measures===
 
===Weighing and Measuring===
 
===Concepts of Quantity===
 
===Concepts of Location===
 
[[File:Nasoka.png|frame|right|'''nasokam''' (The cardinal and intermediate directions.)]]
 
* '''ua'e''' - above / over / on
* '''tsa'e''' - across / beyond / through
* '''ma'e''' - ahead / before / in front of
* '''pahe''' - among / between / amid / amidst /
* '''uaye''' - away (from) / hence
* '''pue''' - after / behind
* '''yane''' - along / beside / by / next to / up to
* '''tahe''' - bottom / beneath / below / under
* '''pusula''' - compass
* '''nasoka''' - direction
* '''kyoli''' - distance / interspace / spacing / interval
* '''timu''' - east
* '''asai''' - edge / brink / lip / margin / rim / boundary
* '''uanaha''' - far / distant
* '''te''' - from / of
* '''hina''' - here / close / near
* '''upuka''' - horizon(tal)
* '''nahe''' - in / inside (of) / into
* '''pye''' - in the middle
* '''yoso''' - (to the) left
* '''taso''' - level
* '''kita''' - north
* '''mok''' - nowhere / no place
* '''enye''' - out / outside (of)
* '''mo''' - place / location / locale
* '''tsue''' - position / stance / posture
* '''yomo''' - (to the) right
* '''ihamo''' - somewhere
* '''mina''' - south
** '''minan''' - southern
** '''ka'e mina''' - to the south
* '''uana''' - there / that place
* '''ka'e''' - to / at / toward
* '''tle''' - up / away from earth’s center / abstract adverb of motion
* '''ukaha''' - vertical
* '''nisi''' - west
 
===Movement===
 
==Time==
 
===General Expression of Time===
 
===Telling Time===
 
===Units of Time===
 
===Timepieces===
 
===Concepts of Time===
 
==Days, Months and Seasons==
 
===Days of the Week===
 
* '''yoma'a te sema''' - Days of the week.
 
*The [[Kala]] week begins on Thursday.
 
:*'''nayoma''' - Thursday
:*'''tayoma''' - Friday
:*'''yomha''' - Saturday
:*'''mayoma''' - Sunday
:*'''yomya''' - Monday
:*'''tsayoma''' - Tuesday
:*'''kayoma''' - Wednesday
* '''yomita''' - holiday
: '''iyoma ke yomita a''' - Today is a holiday.
* '''otisema''' / '''semoti''' - weekend
* '''iyoma ka''' - What day (is it)?
* '''yomanimu''' - worday
 
===Months of the Year===
 
{| class="wikitable"
! No. || English || [[Kala]]
|-
|-
| 1 || January || '''na'oku'''
! !! ''Nominative'' !! ''Accusative'' !! ''Possessive'' !! ''Reflexive'' !! ''Reciprocal''
|-
|- align=center
| 2 || February || '''ta'oku'''
! ''1s''
|| na || ena || nayo || na'i || ''' '''
|- align=center
! ''2s''
|| ta || eta ||tayo || ta'i || ''' '''
|- align=center
! ''3s''
|| ha || eha || hayo || ha'i || ''' '''
|- align=center
! ''4s''
|| tla || etla || tlayo || tla'i || ''' '''
|- align=center
! ''1p''
|| nam || enam || namyo || nami || nanku
|- align=center
! ''1p'' (EXCL)
|| na'am || ena'am || na'amyo || na'ami || na'anku
|- align=center
! ''2p''
|| tam || etam || tamyo || tami || tanku
|- align=center
! ''3p''  
|| kam || ekam || kamyo || kami || kanku
|- align=center
! ''4p''  
|| tlam || etlam || tlamyo || tlami || tlanku
|-
|-
| 3 || March || '''ha'oku'''
|-
| 4 || April || '''ma'oku'''
|-
| 5 || May || '''ya'oku'''
|-
| 6 || June || '''tsa'oku'''
|-
| 7 || July || '''ka'oku'''
|-
| 8 || August || '''pa'oku'''
|-
| 9 || September || '''sa'oku'''
|-
| 10 || October || '''ue'oku'''
|-
| 11 || November || '''uenaku'''
|-
| 12 || December || '''uetaku'''
|}
|}


''See also'': [http://wiki.frath.net/images/0/07/Sayoma.PNG A chart of the [[Kala]] '''sayoma''' modeled after the] [[Wikipedia:Bahá'í_calendar|''Baha'i Calendar'']].
=== Other pronouns ===
 
===Seasons===
 
* '''mosima''' - season
: '''kueta''' - spring
: '''natsu''' - summer
: '''aki''' - fall / autumn
: '''neku''' - winter
* '''isime''' - equinox
* '''kamala''' - moon
* '''samapyola''' - solstice
* '''sama''' - sun / star
 
===Expressing the Date===
 
===Important Dates===


==Talking about the Weather==
*'''itla''' - this (here)
*'''uatla''' - that (there)


===General Weather Vocabulary===
=== Correlatives ===
 
===Reacting to the Weather===
 
===Weather-Measuring Instruments and Activities===
 
==Colors==
 
===Basic Colors===
 
* '''etla ke sahi ka''' = What color (is) it?
 
* '''oya''' - black
* <font color="#0000FF">'''tsuku'''</font> - blue
* <font color="#8b4513">'''malo'''</font> - brown
* '''yehi''' - clear
* <font color="#DAA520">'''ohola'''</font> - gold
* <font color="#808080">'''kono'''</font> - gray
* <font color="#006400">'''kuya'''</font> - green
* <font color="#ffa500">'''tsunkua'''</font> - orange
* <font color="#ffc0cb">'''nyeli'''</font> / <font color="#ff69b4">'''elila'''</font> - pink
* <font color="#BB33BB">'''tlila'''</font> - purple / mauve / violet  / lilac
* <font color="#FF0000">'''akai'''</font> / <font color="#DD0000">'''ketla'''</font> - red
* <font color="#c0c0c0">'''tsokono'''</font> - silver
* '''nyahi''' - white
* <font color="#ffff00">'''yana'''</font> - yellow
 
===Describing Colors===
 
===Additional Vocabulary: Colors===
 
==Basic Grammar==
 
===Grammatical Terms===
 
===Articles and Particles===
 
===Demonstrative Adjectives===
 
* '''itla''' - this
* '''itlam''' - these
* '''uatla''' - that
* '''uatlam''' - those
 
===Possessive Pronouns===
 
* '''nayo''' - my / mine
* '''tayo''' - your(s)
* '''hayo''' - his / her(s)
* '''tlayo''' - its
* '''namyo''' - our(s)
* '''tamyo''' - your(s) [pl]
* '''kamyo''' - their(s)
* '''tlamyo''' - its [pl]
 
===Reciprocal Pronouns===
 
* '''kanku itsa''' - They love each other.
-
* '''nanku''' - we...each other
* '''tanku''' - you...each other
* '''kanku''' - they...each other
* '''tlanku''' - they (things/ideas)...each other
 
===Prepositions===
 
===Nominative Pronouns===
 
* '''na''' - I
* '''ta''' - you
* '''ha''' - he / she
* '''tla''' - it
* '''nam''' - we
* '''tam''' - you [pl]
* '''kam''' - they
* '''tlam''' - it [pl]
 
===Accusative Pronouns===
 
* '''ena''' - me
* '''eta''' - you
* '''eha''' - him / her
* '''etla''' - it
* '''enam''' - us
* '''etam''' - you [pl]
* '''ekam''' - them
* '''etlam''' - it [pl]
 
===Reflexive Pronouns===
 
* '''na'i''' - myself
* '''ta'i''' - yourself
* '''ha'i''' - himself / herself
* '''tla'i''' - itself
* '''nami''' - ourselves
* '''tami''' - yourselves
* '''kami''' - themselves
* '''tlami''' - itselves
 
===Correlatives===


{| class="wikitable" border=1
{| class="wikitable" border=1
Line 273: Line 80:
|}
|}


===Conjunctions===
== Conjunctions ==
 
*'''ma''' - and, also, as well
*'''hema...ma''' - both...and...
*'''ua''' - or, other, either
*'''uak''' - nor, neither
*'''ehe''' - but, however
*'''iya''' - if, whether
*'''ke / uama''' - then
*'''nye''' - because, in order that, so that
*'''nke''' - and though; although; even though
 
== Affirmation and Negation ==
 
*'''uala''' - actually, indeed / verily, truly
*'''tokua''' - by all means
*'''tok''' - by no means
*'''a''' - yes / certainly, evidently, of course
*'''ak''' - no, not
*'''eya''' - perhaps, maybe, possibly
*'''apa''' - probably
 
== Verbs ==
 
=== basic ===


==Requesting Information==
*'''a''' - to be, exist
*'''munta''' - become, change, alter
*'''muya''' - cause to, make, do
*'''myonta''' - let, allow, permit to
*'''heta''' - must, should, need to
*'''ueha''' - want to, intend to
*'''pala''' - can, could, am able to


* '''yaua''' - to answer, respond
=== simple movement ===
* '''kanyo''' - to ask, request
-
* '''ta'ena ke...kalapa ka''' - Can you tell me...?
* '''to ka''' - How?
* '''nahe Kala ... yani ka''' - How do you say ... in Kala?
* '''ku ka''' - How much?
* '''na unyak''' - I don't understand.
* '''ke ka''' / '''a ka''' - What?
* '''ke ... yani ka''' - What does...mean?
* '''ama ka''' / '''tsima ka''' - When?
* '''mo ka''' - Where?
* '''ote ka''' - Which (one)?
* '''ko ka''' - Who?
* '''nye ka''' - Why?


==Family & Friends==
*'''sapua''' - arrive
*'''tala''' - come (back), return
*'''yala''' - depart, leave, go, walk
*'''eka''' - enter, come/go in
*'''yese''' - exit, come/go out
*'''itola''' - fall, drop
*'''olo''' - fly, move through air
*'''tapya''' - follow, continue, go on
*'''topu''' - jump
*'''hoya''' - raise, rise, lift
*'''tlani''' - roll, revole
*'''hatsu''' - run
*'''sima''' - sit, recline, rest
*'''tsamu''' - stand, be upright, rise to one's feet
*'''uku''' - stop, wait
*'''saka''' - swim, move through water


===Family Members===
=== change ===


* '''uena''' - aunt
* '''otaua''' - brother
: '''po'otaua''' - brother-in-law
* '''nataue''' - cousin
: '''taue''' - male cousin
: '''naue''' - female cousin
* '''nahi''' - daughter / girl
: '''ponahi''' - daughter-in-law
* '''tlika''' - family
* '''ota''' - father
: '''po'ota''' - father-in-law
* '''inataha''' - grandchild
* '''otaha''' - grandfather
* '''onaha''' - grandmother
* '''uenaha''' - great-aunt
* '''inatahaka''' - great-grandchild
* '''otahaka''' - great-grandfather
* '''onahaka''' - great-grandmother
* '''uetaha''' - great-uncle
* '''tla'ota''' - husband
* '''ona''' - mother
: '''po'ona''' - mother-in-law
* '''uetahi''' - nephew
* '''uenahi''' - niece
* '''onata''' - parent
* '''nata''' - relative
* '''onaua''' - sister
: '''po'onaua''' - sister-in-law
* '''tahi''' - son / boy
: '''potahi''' - son-in-law
* '''ueta''' - uncle
* '''tla'ona''' - wife


===Friends===
=== weather ===


==Describing People==
*'''tonya''' - freeze, solidify
*'''pana''' - rain, moisten, humidify
*'''nyahi''' - snow [white]
*'''sama''' - shine [sun, solar]


===Gender and Appearance===
=== biological actions ===


===Concepts of Age===
*'''nasa''' - be born
*'''sinu''' - die
*'''inu''' - drink
*'''ina''' - eat
*'''anu''' - hear, listen
*'''asa''' - live
*'''heta''' - need
*'''anya''' - see, look
*'''moku''' - sleep
*'''taki''' - taste, like, enjoy
*'''yanta''' - waken, awaken


===Marriage and the Human Life Cycle===
== Food ==


===Religion and Race===
=== Fruits ===


===Characteristics and Social Traits===
*'''omena''' - apple
*'''melonka''' - apricot
*'''kilatsi''' - cherry
*'''hasukanu''' - date, fig
*'''punka''' - fruit
*'''enapa''' - grapes
*'''ntimu''' - lemon
*'''sokuya''' - lime
*'''kapunu''' - melon
*'''setona''' - olive
*'''tsunkua''' - orange
*'''takolo''' - peach
*'''nasi''' - pear
*'''matsatli''' - pineapple
*'''etlika''' - plum
*'''malina''' - raspberry
*'''yakota''' - (straw)berry


===Basic Personal Information===
=== Vegetables ===


==The Body==
*'''kusupu''' - artichoke
*'''asino''' - asparagus
*'''tlopya''' - bean
*'''tohi''' - cabbage / broccoli / cauliflower
*'''ha'utsu''' - carrot
*'''apyoma''' - celery
*'''suani''' - chives
*'''o'i''' - cucumber
*'''nopilo''' - garlic
*'''hyantso''' - herbs
*'''etesa''' - lentil
*'''tletsuka''' - lettuce
*'''hakuni''' - mint
*'''kopa''' - mushroom
*'''kasuma''' - onion
*'''metanoso''' - parsley
*'''uansu''' - pea
*'''ahiya''' - potato
*'''kapotsa''' - pumpkin
*'''tlapanu''' - radish
*'''nyokutsu''' - sage
*'''teleta''' - spinach
*'''sitomatla''' - tomato
*'''salatsa''' - turnip
*'''napaka''' - grain
*'''sayeli''' - barley
*'''kanka''' - maize, corn
*'''yolapu''' - oats
*'''nyoma''' - rice
*'''sikali''' - rye
*'''mpoka''' - vegetable
*'''kenime''' - wheat


===Parts of the Body===
=== Meals ===


* '''kahila''' - ankle
*'''inama''' - meal, dinner
* '''ute''' - arm
*'''sopane''' - breakfast
* '''muta''' - back
*'''tetsuna''' - lunch
* '''tlihya''' - beard
*'''esa''' - supper
* '''tima''' - blood
*'''ina''' - food
* '''keha''' - body
*'''kinuahu''' - dessert
* '''ueso''' - bone
*'''sunalo''' - salad
* '''anahya''' - brain
*'''ketosa''' - soup
* '''mune''' - breast
*'''matla''' - stew
* '''piku''' - buttock
* '''kemelo''' - calf
* '''x''' - cheek
* '''x''' - chest
* '''x''' - chin
* '''x''' - ear
* '''x''' - elbow
* '''x''' - eye / (brow/lash/lid)
* '''x''' - face
* '''x''' - finger (nail)
* '''x''' - foot
* '''x''' - forehead
* '''x''' - hair


===Physical States and Activities===
=== Meats ===


===Sensory Perception===
*'''x''' - meat
*'''x''' - bacon
*'''x''' - beef
*'''x''' - chicken
*'''x''' - cut
*'''x''' - fat
*'''x''' - mutton
*'''x''' - pork
*'''x''' - rib
*'''x''' - roast
*'''x''' - sausage
*'''x''' - steak


===Personal Care===
=== Other Foods ===


==The Physical World==
*'''x''' - biscuit
*'''x''' - bread
*'''x''' - cake
*'''x''' - flour
*'''x''' - roll
*'''x''' - butter
*'''x''' - cheese
*'''x''' - cream
*'''x''' - egg
*'''x''' - omelet
*'''x''' - honey
*'''x''' - jam
*'''x''' - mustard
*'''x''' - oil
*'''x''' - pepper
*'''x''' - salt
*'''x''' - sauce
*'''x''' - sugar
*'''x''' - vinegar


===The Universe===
=== Beverages ===


===The Environment===
*'''x''' - beverage
*'''x''' - alcohol
*'''x''' - beer
*'''x''' - brandy
*'''x''' - coffee
*'''x''' - milk
*'''x''' - soda water
*'''x''' - tea
*'''x''' - wine


===Matter and the Environment===
=== The Table ===


===Characteristics of Matter===
*'''x''' - cup
*'''x''' - glass
*'''x''' - plate, dish
*'''x''' - saucer
*'''x''' - platter
*'''x''' - fork
*'''x''' - knife
*'''x''' - spoon
*'''x''' - napkin
*'''x''' - tablecloth


===Geography===
=== The Kitchen ===
*'''x''' - basin, bowl
*'''x''' - bottle
*'''x''' - coffee pot
*'''x''' - frying pan
*'''x''' - jug
*'''x''' - kettle
*'''x''' - lid
*'''x''' - pot
*'''x''' - saucepan, pan
*'''x''' - scale, measure
*'''x''' - teapot


==Plants==
=== Drink ===  


===General Vocabulary===
*'''inu''' - drink
*'''inupan''' - drinkable
*'''kaua''' - coffee
*'''tsai''' - tea
*'''hali''' - milk
*'''maya''' - water
*'''ka'asu''' - juice


===Flowers===
== Kinship terms ==


===Trees===
=== Direct ===


===Fruits===
*'''otahaka''' - great-grandfather
*'''onahaka''' - great-grandmother
*'''otaha''' - grandfather / great-uncle
*'''onaha''' - grandmother / great-aunt
*'''ota''' - father / uncle
*'''ona''' - mother / aunt
*'''otaua''' - brother / cousin
*'''onaua''' - sister / cousin
*'''ota’i''' - son / nephew
*'''ona’i''' - daughter / niece
*'''ota’iha''' - grandson
*'''ona’iha''' - granddaughter


===Vegetables and Herbs===
=== Indirect ===


==The Animal World==
*'''tla’ota''' husband
*'''tla’ona''' wife
*'''po’ota''' father-in-law
*'''po’ona''' mother-in-law
*'''po’ona’i''' daughter-in-law
*'''po’otaua''' brother-in-law
*'''po’onaua''' sister-in-law
*'''tla'ota’i''' - stepson
*'''tla'ona’i''' - stepdaughter


===Animals===
== Numbers ==


* '''haya''' - animal / beast
=== Cardinal ===
* '''peka''' - bat
* '''kuma''' - bear
* '''ayani''' - buffalo
* '''nyesa''' - bull / bovine / cow / ox
* '''nta''' - camel
* '''mihu''' - cat
:* '''myao''' - meow
* '''masa''' - deer
* '''nika''' - dog
:* '''haoku''' - bark / howl
* '''atsua''' - donkey
* '''tlo'u''' - elephant


===Birds and Fowl===
*'''e'o''' - zero / nothing
*'''na'o''' - one
*'''ta'o''' - two
*'''ha'o''' - three
*'''ma'o''' - four
*'''ya'o''' - five
*'''tsa'o''' - six
*'''ka'o''' - seven
*'''pa'o''' - eight
*'''sa'o''' - nine
*'''ue'o''' - ten
*'''nye'o''' - 10^2
*'''tle'o''' - 10^3
*'''mue'o''' - 10^4
*'''kye'o''' - 10^5
*'''nte'o''' - 10^6


===Fish, Reptiles, Amphibians and Marine Mammals===
=== Higher Numbers ===


===Insects and Other Invertebrates===
* '''uena'o''' - eleven / 11


==Basic Social Greetings==
* '''taue'o''' - twenty / 20


===Greetings and Farewells===
* '''nyeka'o''' - one hundred seven / 107


===Forms of Address and Introductions===
* '''hanyetauetsa'o''' (''long form'') | '''hatatsa'o''' (''short form'') - three hundred twenty six / 326


===Courtesy===
* '''tsatletauema'o''' - six thousand and twenty four / 6024


==Speaking and Talking==
=== Ordinals, Negatives, Fractions etc. ===


===Speech Activities and Types===
* '''ki'''- - ordinal prefix
:Example : '''kisa'o''' - ninth (in a sequence)
:Example : '''kiyanyepa'o''' - 508<sup>th</sup>


===Useful Expressions===
* '''ti'''- - multiple prefix
:Example : '''tisa'o''' - nine times
:Example : '''tiyanyepa'o''' - 508 times


==Telephone==
* '''i'''- - fractional prefix
:Example : '''isa'o''' - a ninth, 1/9
:Example : '''iha'o te pa'o''' - three eighths, 3/8 [lit: a third of eight]


===Telephones and Accessories===
* -'''k''' - negative/subtractive suffix
:Example : '''sa'ok''' - negative nine (-9)
:Example : '''ue'o ma sa'ok na'o a''' - 10 and -9 is 1


===Using the Telephone===
== Time ==


==Letter Writing==
=== Days of the Week ===


===Salutations and Closings===
*The [[Kala]] week begins on Thursday.


===Parts of a Letter===
:*'''nayoma''' - Thursday
:*'''tayoma''' - Friday
:*'''yomha''' - Saturday
:*'''mayoma''' - Sunday
:*'''yomya''' - Monday
:*'''tsayoma''' - Tuesday
:*'''kayoma''' - Wednesday


===Writing Materials & Accessories===
=== Calendar ===


==The Media==
The [[Kala]] calendar is modeled after the [[Wikipedia:Bahá'í_calendar|Baha'i Calendar]].


===Print Media===
*[http://wiki.frath.net/images/0/07/Sayoma.PNG A chart of the [[Kala]] '''sayoma'''.]


===Electronic Media===
*Based on this calendar, [[wikipedia:Cinco de Mayo|Cinco de Mayo]] would be '''yoma pa'o te sayo ha'o''', or Day 8 of Month 3.


==Feelings==
*The correlating vocabulary to the [[wikipedia:Gregorian calendar|Gregorian calendar]] differs.


===Moods / Attitudes / Emotions===


===Likes & Dislikes===
{| class="wikitable"
! No. || English || [[Kala]]
|-
| 1 || January || '''na'oku'''
|-
| 2 || February || '''ta'oku'''
|-
| 3 || March || '''ha'oku'''
|-
| 4 || April || '''ma'oku'''
|-
| 5 || May || '''ya'oku'''
|-
| 6 || June || '''tsa'oku'''
|-
| 7 || July || '''ka'oku'''
|-
| 8 || August || '''pa'oku'''
|-
| 9 || September || '''sa'oku'''
|-
| 10 || October || '''ue'oku'''
|-
| 11 || November || '''uenaku'''
|-
| 12 || December || '''uetaku'''
|}


===Expressing Emotions===
== Colors ==


==Thinking==
* '''akai''' - red
* '''otliyo''' - orange
* '''yana''' - yellow
* '''kuya''' - green
* '''tsuku''' - blue
* '''tlaku''' - indigo, violet, purple
* '''nyahi''' - white, pale
* '''oya''' - black, dark
* '''yehi''' - clear


===Describing Thought===
== Toponyms ==


===Basic thought Process===
*'''apika''' - Africa
:*'''yatsa'ila''' - Algeria - '''tsayela''' - Algers
:*'''ankola''' - Angola - '''tlo'anta''' - Luanda
:*'''penina''' - Benin - '''hokupono''' - Porto Novo
*'''antakutika''' - Antarctica
:
*'''atsa''' - Asia
:
*'''osutaliya''' - Australia
:
*'''yolopa''' - Europe
:
*'''amelika kita''' - North Amerika
:*'''kanata''' - Canada - '''otaua''' - Ottawa
:*'''kupa''' - Cuba - '''hauana''' - Havana
:*'''hanya te tolom''' (Nation of States) - USA - '''uasiton''' - Washington DC
:
*'''amelika mina''' - South Amerika
:

Revision as of 15:41, 25 December 2010

Particles / Articles

  • ke - definite article / topic marker / accusative particle (non-obligatory, used for specificity)
  • kya - jussive particle (placed before the phrase)
  • ya - vocative particle (placed before the noun being addressed)

Pronouns

Nominative Accusative Possessive Reflexive Reciprocal
1s na ena nayo na'i
2s ta eta tayo ta'i
3s ha eha hayo ha'i
4s tla etla tlayo tla'i
1p nam enam namyo nami nanku
1p (EXCL) na'am ena'am na'amyo na'ami na'anku
2p tam etam tamyo tami tanku
3p kam ekam kamyo kami kanku
4p tlam etlam tlamyo tlami tlanku

Other pronouns

  • itla - this (here)
  • uatla - that (there)

Correlatives

query this that some none any every whichever
adjective ka itla uatla iha ak ula kua ote
person ko...ka iko uako ihako hok kola kohua oteko
thing no...ka itla uatla ihano nok nola nokua oteno
time ama/tsima...ka ima uama ihama amak amala kuama otema
place mo...ka hina uana ihamo mok mola mokua otemo
way to...ka yoto uato ihato tok tola tokua oheto
amount ku/o...ka iku uaku ihaku huk/ok kula hukua/okua oteku
reason nye...ka inye uanye ihanye nyek ulanye nyekua otenye
kind su...ka isu uasu ihasu suk sula sukua otesu

Conjunctions

  • ma - and, also, as well
  • hema...ma - both...and...
  • ua - or, other, either
  • uak - nor, neither
  • ehe - but, however
  • iya - if, whether
  • ke / uama - then
  • nye - because, in order that, so that
  • nke - and though; although; even though

Affirmation and Negation

  • uala - actually, indeed / verily, truly
  • tokua - by all means
  • tok - by no means
  • a - yes / certainly, evidently, of course
  • ak - no, not
  • eya - perhaps, maybe, possibly
  • apa - probably

Verbs

basic

  • a - to be, exist
  • munta - become, change, alter
  • muya - cause to, make, do
  • myonta - let, allow, permit to
  • heta - must, should, need to
  • ueha - want to, intend to
  • pala - can, could, am able to

simple movement

  • sapua - arrive
  • tala - come (back), return
  • yala - depart, leave, go, walk
  • eka - enter, come/go in
  • yese - exit, come/go out
  • itola - fall, drop
  • olo - fly, move through air
  • tapya - follow, continue, go on
  • topu - jump
  • hoya - raise, rise, lift
  • tlani - roll, revole
  • hatsu - run
  • sima - sit, recline, rest
  • tsamu - stand, be upright, rise to one's feet
  • uku - stop, wait
  • saka - swim, move through water

change

weather

  • tonya - freeze, solidify
  • pana - rain, moisten, humidify
  • nyahi - snow [white]
  • sama - shine [sun, solar]

biological actions

  • nasa - be born
  • sinu - die
  • inu - drink
  • ina - eat
  • anu - hear, listen
  • asa - live
  • heta - need
  • anya - see, look
  • moku - sleep
  • taki - taste, like, enjoy
  • yanta - waken, awaken

Food

Fruits

  • omena - apple
  • melonka - apricot
  • kilatsi - cherry
  • hasukanu - date, fig
  • punka - fruit
  • enapa - grapes
  • ntimu - lemon
  • sokuya - lime
  • kapunu - melon
  • setona - olive
  • tsunkua - orange
  • takolo - peach
  • nasi - pear
  • matsatli - pineapple
  • etlika - plum
  • malina - raspberry
  • yakota - (straw)berry

Vegetables

  • kusupu - artichoke
  • asino - asparagus
  • tlopya - bean
  • tohi - cabbage / broccoli / cauliflower
  • ha'utsu - carrot
  • apyoma - celery
  • suani - chives
  • o'i - cucumber
  • nopilo - garlic
  • hyantso - herbs
  • etesa - lentil
  • tletsuka - lettuce
  • hakuni - mint
  • kopa - mushroom
  • kasuma - onion
  • metanoso - parsley
  • uansu - pea
  • ahiya - potato
  • kapotsa - pumpkin
  • tlapanu - radish
  • nyokutsu - sage
  • teleta - spinach
  • sitomatla - tomato
  • salatsa - turnip
  • napaka - grain
  • sayeli - barley
  • kanka - maize, corn
  • yolapu - oats
  • nyoma - rice
  • sikali - rye
  • mpoka - vegetable
  • kenime - wheat

Meals

  • inama - meal, dinner
  • sopane - breakfast
  • tetsuna - lunch
  • esa - supper
  • ina - food
  • kinuahu - dessert
  • sunalo - salad
  • ketosa - soup
  • matla - stew

Meats

  • x - meat
  • x - bacon
  • x - beef
  • x - chicken
  • x - cut
  • x - fat
  • x - mutton
  • x - pork
  • x - rib
  • x - roast
  • x - sausage
  • x - steak

Other Foods

  • x - biscuit
  • x - bread
  • x - cake
  • x - flour
  • x - roll
  • x - butter
  • x - cheese
  • x - cream
  • x - egg
  • x - omelet
  • x - honey
  • x - jam
  • x - mustard
  • x - oil
  • x - pepper
  • x - salt
  • x - sauce
  • x - sugar
  • x - vinegar

Beverages

  • x - beverage
  • x - alcohol
  • x - beer
  • x - brandy
  • x - coffee
  • x - milk
  • x - soda water
  • x - tea
  • x - wine

The Table

  • x - cup
  • x - glass
  • x - plate, dish
  • x - saucer
  • x - platter
  • x - fork
  • x - knife
  • x - spoon
  • x - napkin
  • x - tablecloth

The Kitchen

  • x - basin, bowl
  • x - bottle
  • x - coffee pot
  • x - frying pan
  • x - jug
  • x - kettle
  • x - lid
  • x - pot
  • x - saucepan, pan
  • x - scale, measure
  • x - teapot

Drink

  • inu - drink
  • inupan - drinkable
  • kaua - coffee
  • tsai - tea
  • hali - milk
  • maya - water
  • ka'asu - juice

Kinship terms

Direct

  • otahaka - great-grandfather
  • onahaka - great-grandmother
  • otaha - grandfather / great-uncle
  • onaha - grandmother / great-aunt
  • ota - father / uncle
  • ona - mother / aunt
  • otaua - brother / cousin
  • onaua - sister / cousin
  • ota’i - son / nephew
  • ona’i - daughter / niece
  • ota’iha - grandson
  • ona’iha - granddaughter

Indirect

  • tla’ota husband
  • tla’ona wife
  • po’ota father-in-law
  • po’ona mother-in-law
  • po’ona’i daughter-in-law
  • po’otaua brother-in-law
  • po’onaua sister-in-law
  • tla'ota’i - stepson
  • tla'ona’i - stepdaughter

Numbers

Cardinal

  • e'o - zero / nothing
  • na'o - one
  • ta'o - two
  • ha'o - three
  • ma'o - four
  • ya'o - five
  • tsa'o - six
  • ka'o - seven
  • pa'o - eight
  • sa'o - nine
  • ue'o - ten
  • nye'o - 10^2
  • tle'o - 10^3
  • mue'o - 10^4
  • kye'o - 10^5
  • nte'o - 10^6

Higher Numbers

  • uena'o - eleven / 11
  • taue'o - twenty / 20
  • nyeka'o - one hundred seven / 107
  • hanyetauetsa'o (long form) | hatatsa'o (short form) - three hundred twenty six / 326
  • tsatletauema'o - six thousand and twenty four / 6024

Ordinals, Negatives, Fractions etc.

  • ki- - ordinal prefix
Example : kisa'o - ninth (in a sequence)
Example : kiyanyepa'o - 508th
  • ti- - multiple prefix
Example : tisa'o - nine times
Example : tiyanyepa'o - 508 times
  • i- - fractional prefix
Example : isa'o - a ninth, 1/9
Example : iha'o te pa'o - three eighths, 3/8 [lit: a third of eight]
  • -k - negative/subtractive suffix
Example : sa'ok - negative nine (-9)
Example : ue'o ma sa'ok na'o a - 10 and -9 is 1

Time

Days of the Week

  • The Kala week begins on Thursday.
  • nayoma - Thursday
  • tayoma - Friday
  • yomha - Saturday
  • mayoma - Sunday
  • yomya - Monday
  • tsayoma - Tuesday
  • kayoma - Wednesday

Calendar

The Kala calendar is modeled after the Baha'i Calendar.

  • Based on this calendar, Cinco de Mayo would be yoma pa'o te sayo ha'o, or Day 8 of Month 3.


No. English Kala
1 January na'oku
2 February ta'oku
3 March ha'oku
4 April ma'oku
5 May ya'oku
6 June tsa'oku
7 July ka'oku
8 August pa'oku
9 September sa'oku
10 October ue'oku
11 November uenaku
12 December uetaku

Colors

  • akai - red
  • otliyo - orange
  • yana - yellow
  • kuya - green
  • tsuku - blue
  • tlaku - indigo, violet, purple
  • nyahi - white, pale
  • oya - black, dark
  • yehi - clear

Toponyms

  • apika - Africa
  • yatsa'ila - Algeria - tsayela - Algers
  • ankola - Angola - tlo'anta - Luanda
  • penina - Benin - hokupono - Porto Novo
  • antakutika - Antarctica
  • atsa - Asia
  • osutaliya - Australia
  • yolopa - Europe
  • amelika kita - North Amerika
  • kanata - Canada - otaua - Ottawa
  • kupa - Cuba - hauana - Havana
  • hanya te tolom (Nation of States) - USA - uasiton - Washington DC
  • amelika mina - South Amerika
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