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==Description==
{{infobox|name=Trentish (Nyalohn-sha)|pronounce=[ɲɑlonʃɑ]|tu=[[Nother]]|species=[[../Trents/]]|in=Pacific Northwest<br>[[../Timeline|19th century—]]|no=[No data]|script=[[Trentish Phonology#Orthography|Latin alphabet]]|tree=''[[../Coalescence languages/]]''<br>&nbsp;'''Trentish'''|morph=Polysynthetic|ms=Accusative|wo=OV|creator=[[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] &#x7c; [[User Talk:Muke|✎]]|date=2001}}
''A priori'' conlang for a race of [[ent]]like creatures in [[Nother]].  Polysynthetic.


*Author: [[User:Muke|Muke Tever]] | [[User Talk:Muke|✎]]
''A priori'' conlang for a race of [[ent]]like creatures (''trents'', Trentish: ''qlumeu'') in [[Nother]]. 


==History==
Not recorded before 1800s. 


===Subpages===
===Geographic distribution===
*[[Trentish/Lexicon]]
North America; largest populations in Pacific Northwest.


==[[Phonology]] and [[Orthography]]==
==Sounds==
===Phonemic Inventory===
''Main article: [[Trentish Phonology]]''
====Consonants====
 
{| cellpadding=5
==Writing system==
! !! labial !! alveolar !! palatal !! velar !! glottal
Trentish is written in a variant of the [[Latin alphabet]].
|-
! plosive
| p pʼ pʰ || tʼ tʰ tʷ || c cʰ cʷ || k kʼ kʰ kʷ || ʔ
|-
! nasal
| m || n || ɲ || ŋ
|-
! lateral
| || l tɬ
|-
! fricative
| || s ʃ || || x
|}


====Vowels====
{|
{| cellpadding=5
| A || B || D || Dʼ || E || G || I || K || L || Λ̅ || M || N || NG || NY || O || Ö || P || Q || R || S || T || Tʼ || U || Ü || W || X || Y
| i y || ʊ u
|-
| e ø || o
|-
|   || ʌ ɔ 
|-
|-
| || ɑ
| a || b || d || dʼ || e || g || i || k || l || ƛ || m || n || ng || ny || o || ö || p || q || r || s || t || tʼ || u || ü || w || x || y
|}
|}


====Orthography====
The digraphs ''ng'' and ''ny'' are sometimes written with single characters, and are considered individual "letters" for the purposes of sorting. Other digraphs such as ''tʼh'' and ''sh'' are not counted as letters.
(''tentative'')
 
*b p ph t th tw dʼ tʼh tʼw g k kh kw q
*m n ny ng
*l ƛ
*s sh x
 
*i ü uh u
*e ö oh
*r o
*a
 
No uppercase.
 
===Internal [[Sandhi]]===
====Word-level====
* Trentish words can only end in a vowel or a nasal. Stops and /l/ occurring at the end of a word are nasalized, thus /thɑk/ "wear" becomes [thɑŋ].  /ʔ/ and the other consonants are dropped.
 
====Syllable-level====
=====Syllable-final=====
* Plain voiceless consonants disappear, lengthening the previous vowel:
*:/xlɔʔ/ "washed, clean" &rarr; [xlɔɔkʷʌ] "be washed".
* Ejectives and /l/ turn to nasals as at the word level:
*:/tʰɔl/ "upon" &rarr; [tʰɔŋkʷʌ] "be on top of".  
* Labialized consonants reduce to [w]:
*:/kitʷ/ <small>COLL</small> &rarr; [kiwcʷecʷe] "set of journeys".
* Aspirated consonants fricativize:
*:/pʼɑlɑkʰ/ "hate" &rarr; [pʼɑlɑxpʼɑlɑŋ] "grudge".
 
=====Syllable-initial after a nasal=====
* Aspirated stops are ejectivized by a preceding original nasal:
*:/tʰɑŋ/ "wear" &rarr; [xɑntʼɑŋ] "wear that"
* Labialized stops inherit preceding nasality:
*:/cʷe/ "go" &rarr; [xɑnɲʷe] "go up yonder".  
* Plain stops are aspirated by a preceding nasal:
*:/pɑ/ <small>TOP</small> &rarr; [xɑnpʰɑ] "yonder"
* Ejective stops geminate a preceding nasal:
*:/pʼɑlɑŋ/ "hate" &rarr; [xɑmmɑlɑŋ] "hate that"
 
==Morphology==
===Reduplication===
Reduplication produces resultative nouns from verbal roots.
 
*/mɑli/ "speak" &rarr; /mɑli-mɑli/ "speech, message"
*/pʼɑlɑŋ/ "hate" &rarr; /pʼɑlɑŋ-pʼɑlɑŋ/ "hatred, grudge" (i.e., [pʼɑlɑxpʼɑlɑŋ])
 
In reduplication, no more than the first two syllables are reduplicated:
 
*/ikʼɑtɬi/ "barter" &rarr; /ikʼɑ-ikʼɑtɬi/ "transaction"


===Voice===
The capital of letter ''ƛ'' is supposed to be <small>CAPITAL LETTER LAMBDA WITH OVERLINE</small>.
Trentish verbs are marked for [[voice]].


There are five voices, '''active''', '''unergative''', '''unaccusative''', '''passive''', and '''middle'''.  Their use depends on the presence of and importance given to the agent and patient.
==Grammar==
''Main article: [[Trentish Morphology]]''


{| cellpadding=5
===Pronouns===
! agent !! patient !! voice !! marker
Trentish third-person pronouns inflect for spatial relationships.  Not only is nearness to the speaker or hearer marked, but also the referent's height or elevation relative to the speaker.  A higher or lower elevation is also used metaphorically to represent degrees of respect; one speaks to an elder or superior as one would to one "above", or to a child or inferior as one would to one "below".
|-
| high || low || ''active'' / ''middle'' || ∅ / /ʊk-/
|-
| high || none || ''unergative'' || /tɬi-/
|-
| low || high || ''passive'' / ''middle'' || ∅ / /ʊk-/
|-
| none || high || ''unaccusative'' || /ʔuu-/
|}


The middle voice is used if the agent and patient refer to the same entity (''me'' and ''myself'') or an entity and a part of itself (''me'' and ''my nose'').
{|
 
!bgcolor=lightgrey| First person
The ''high'' agent or patient is marked with the topic marker /-pɑ/.
|colspan=6 align="center"| ''nyü'' /ɲy/
The ''low'' agent or patient is marked with /-(ɔ)m/.
 
===Aspect===
There are at least six [[aspect]]s, which are focuses on the status of the event.
 
{| cellpadding=5
! aspect !! description !! marker
|-
| imperfective ||  seen as in progress || ∅
|-
|-
| perfective ||  seen as completed || /po-/
!bgcolor=lightgrey| Second person
|colspan=6 align="center"| ''lusyi'' /lusji/
|- bgcolor=lightgrey
! Third person  
!colspan=2| Above 
!colspan=2| Equal
!colspan=2| Below
|-
|-
| iterative || seen as happening many times together || /tʰø-/
!bgcolor=lightgrey| Near speaker
| ''qohnohgoh'' || /ʔonoko/ || ''öt'' || /øtʼ/  || ''gr'' || /kʌ/
|-
|-
| cumulative || iterative with cumulative effect  || /mel-/
!bgcolor=lightgrey| Near hearer
| ''kohtwülr'' || /kʼotʷylʌ/ || ''pnyr'' || /pʼɲʌ/ || ''lr'' || /lʌ/
|-
|-
| reluctative || seen as happening with reluctance || /ɑk-/
!bgcolor=lightgrey| Distant
| ''xan'' || /xɑn/    || ''xini'' || /xini/ || ''xr'' || /xʌ/
|-
|-
| effrenative<sup>?</sup> || seen as happening without reluctance <br> (either in a good or bad way) || /pʰli-/
!bgcolor=lightgrey| Reflexive
|colspan=6 align="center"| ''xa'' /xɑ/
|}
|}


===Mood===
'''Problems'''
* ''Where does the ''/pʼɲ/'' in ''pnyr'' come from?  Is that a normal Trentish initial consonant cluster?  Does it get pronounced that way?  (I think it would turn to ''nnyr [ɲɲʌ]'' in a connected word.)''


{| cellpadding=5
==Vocabulary==
! [[mood]] !! description !! marker
''Main article: [[Trentish Lexicon]]''
|-
| indicative || seen as real || ∅
|-
| probable || seen as expected or inevitable; <br> future || /tʷo-/
|-
| fictive || seen as hypothetical; <br>subjunctive, infinitive, (negative) || /i-/
|}
 
===Number===
Trentish nouns are unmarked for [[number]].  There is, however, optional number marking, along two axes:
 
{|
! !! paucal !! plural
|-
! separate
| /me-/ || /ʔlu-me-/
|-
! aggregate
| /el-/ || /ʔl-el-/
|}


A singular can be emphasized with /s(ʌ)-/.   
===Sample texts===
*[http://frath.net/pdf/trent-relay7.pdf Trentish leg of the 7th CONLANG Translation Relay] (PDF, 49K)
*:The text is that which is was in the official relay, but the interlinear and the English translation are new, the originals being lost (at least until the full 7th Relay gets put online).  The Trentish text has been respelled to match current orthography, but not otherwise corrected.


''Aggregate'' and ''separate'' refer to whether the plural things are physically grouped together (''aggregate''), or not (''separate'').
==External links==
* [http://frath.net/language/trentish.shtml Old website]


===Adjectives===
[[Category:A priori conlangs]]
There are two types of adjective in Trentish, ''scalar'' and ''binary''.  Scalar adjectives are always marked for degree (the simplest form is the positive /ʔo-/).  Adjectives can be used nominally.
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Latest revision as of 15:48, 10 January 2010


Trentish (Nyalohn-sha)
Pronounced: [ɲɑlonʃɑ]
Timeline and Universe: Nother
Species: Trents
Spoken: Pacific Northwest
19th century—
Total speakers: [No data]
Writing system: Latin alphabet
Genealogy: Coalescence languages
 Trentish
Typology
Morphological type: Polysynthetic
Morphosyntactic alignment: Accusative
Basic word order: OV
Credits
Creator: Muke Tever | ✎
Created: 2001

A priori conlang for a race of entlike creatures (trents, Trentish: qlumeu) in Nother.

History

Not recorded before 1800s.

Geographic distribution

North America; largest populations in Pacific Northwest.

Sounds

Main article: Trentish Phonology

Writing system

Trentish is written in a variant of the Latin alphabet.

A B D Dʼ E G I K L Λ̅ M N NG NY O Ö P Q R S T Tʼ U Ü W X Y
a b d dʼ e g i k l ƛ m n ng ny o ö p q r s t tʼ u ü w x y

The digraphs ng and ny are sometimes written with single characters, and are considered individual "letters" for the purposes of sorting. Other digraphs such as tʼh and sh are not counted as letters.

The capital of letter ƛ is supposed to be CAPITAL LETTER LAMBDA WITH OVERLINE.

Grammar

Main article: Trentish Morphology

Pronouns

Trentish third-person pronouns inflect for spatial relationships. Not only is nearness to the speaker or hearer marked, but also the referent's height or elevation relative to the speaker. A higher or lower elevation is also used metaphorically to represent degrees of respect; one speaks to an elder or superior as one would to one "above", or to a child or inferior as one would to one "below".

First person nyü /ɲy/
Second person lusyi /lusji/
Third person Above Equal Below
Near speaker qohnohgoh /ʔonoko/ öt /øtʼ/ gr /kʌ/
Near hearer kohtwülr /kʼotʷylʌ/ pnyr /pʼɲʌ/ lr /lʌ/
Distant xan /xɑn/ xini /xini/ xr /xʌ/
Reflexive xa /xɑ/

Problems

  • Where does the /pʼɲ/ in pnyr come from? Is that a normal Trentish initial consonant cluster? Does it get pronounced that way? (I think it would turn to nnyr [ɲɲʌ] in a connected word.)

Vocabulary

Main article: Trentish Lexicon

Sample texts

  • Trentish leg of the 7th CONLANG Translation Relay (PDF, 49K)
    The text is that which is was in the official relay, but the interlinear and the English translation are new, the originals being lost (at least until the full 7th Relay gets put online). The Trentish text has been respelled to match current orthography, but not otherwise corrected.

External links

Retrieved from "http://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Nother/Trentish&oldid=51433"