Proto-Uralic: Difference between revisions
(→Reconstructed phoneme inventory: requested) |
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* [[Proto-Uralic/derived|Potential derivativs]] | * [[Proto-Uralic/derived|Potential derivativs]] | ||
* [[Proto-Uralic/CC|Cluster issues]] | * [[Proto-Uralic/CC|Cluster issues]] | ||
==Reconstructed phoneme inventory== | |||
'''Vowels:''' */i ü u e ë o ä a/ in the initial syllable. Only a two-way height-based contrast */I A/ is reconstructed in later syllables, which may have been realized as [i æ] after front vowels and [ɯ ɑ] after back vowels (ie. with vowel harmony); or either as unalternating [i a]. | |||
Two "reduced" or "semi-rounded" vowels */ê ô/ have been proposed recently. | |||
'''Consonants:''' nasals */m n ń ŋ/, voiceless stops/affricates */p t ć č k/, voiceless sibilants */s ś š/, a "laryngeal" *x (likely a voiceless velar fricativ & a recent pre-Uralic split from *k), two "spirants" */ð ðʲ/, two liquids */l r/ and two semivowels */w j/. | |||
<nowiki>*ć</nowiki> (as distinct from *ś?) and *š (as original Proto-Uralic?) are reconstructed less securely than the other consonants. A palatal liquid *ĺ is also found in old reconstructions, but the etyma involved do not really behave. The "palatal spirant" may be the actual palatal liquid; obstruent reflexes are limited to western branches, and external comparisions generally involve laterals. The dental spirant, while also merging with *l in most branches, is however certainly distinct. | |||
A notable distributional feature was that *ŋ, *x and probably *r could not occur word-initially. | |||
==Medial consonant clusters== | ==Medial consonant clusters== | ||
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| colspan="7" rowspan="10" align="center" valign="center" style="background:#f0f0f0"| N/A | | colspan="7" rowspan="10" align="center" valign="center" style="background:#f0f0f0"| N/A | ||
| 5 | | 5 | ||
| || mostly i-stems | | || mostly i-stems except *mś | ||
| || single root | | || single root | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| ŋs <!--jUNsi--> || || | | ŋs <!--jUNsi--> || || | ||
| 8 | | 8 | ||
| || | | || back-harmonic or *ä | ||
| || style="background:#ffc8c0"| 5-6 roots | | || style="background:#ffc8c0"| 5-6 roots | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| || || | | || || | ||
| 3 | | 3 | ||
| || | | || all front-harmonic i-stems | ||
| || style="background:#c0f0ff"| Most suspiciously none | | || style="background:#c0f0ff"| Most suspiciously none | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| || || | | || || | ||
| 2 | | 2 | ||
| || both | | || both o_i | ||
|- | |- | ||
! ś | ! ś | ||
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| style="background:#ffc8c0"| lm <!--n'elma Ilma s'ilma pilmita kUlmi-->|| || lŋ <!--pIlNi--> | | style="background:#ffc8c0"| lm <!--n'elma Ilma s'ilma pilmita kUlmi-->|| || lŋ <!--pIlNi--> | ||
| 21 | | 21 | ||
| || | | || *lw *lj only a-stems; *lt may be derived ← *-lk-t- | ||
|- | |- | ||
! lʲ | ! lʲ | ||
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| colspan="6" rowspan="2" align="center" valign="center" style="background:#f0f0f0"| N/A? | | colspan="6" rowspan="2" align="center" valign="center" style="background:#f0f0f0"| N/A? | ||
| style="background:#ffffe0"| wð <!--käwdi täwdi---> | | style="background:#ffffe0"| wð <!--käwdi täwdi---> | ||
| <!--s'awNa--> || wj <!-- | | <!--s'awNa--> || wj <!--jewji-->|| wl <!--lewli-->|| | ||
| || || wŋ | | || || wŋ | ||
| 5 | | 5 | ||
Revision as of 15:09, 18 November 2009
Subpages & such
- Sound changes to Finnish
- Sound changes to Proto-Samic
- Sound changes to Proto-Samoyedic
- Data for reduced vowels
- Data for remaining cases of *e
- Data for back unrounded vowels *a *ë
- Data for *ä
- Data for *ü
- Potential derivativs
- Cluster issues
Reconstructed phoneme inventory
Vowels: */i ü u e ë o ä a/ in the initial syllable. Only a two-way height-based contrast */I A/ is reconstructed in later syllables, which may have been realized as [i æ] after front vowels and [ɯ ɑ] after back vowels (ie. with vowel harmony); or either as unalternating [i a].
Two "reduced" or "semi-rounded" vowels */ê ô/ have been proposed recently.
Consonants: nasals */m n ń ŋ/, voiceless stops/affricates */p t ć č k/, voiceless sibilants */s ś š/, a "laryngeal" *x (likely a voiceless velar fricativ & a recent pre-Uralic split from *k), two "spirants" */ð ðʲ/, two liquids */l r/ and two semivowels */w j/.
*ć (as distinct from *ś?) and *š (as original Proto-Uralic?) are reconstructed less securely than the other consonants. A palatal liquid *ĺ is also found in old reconstructions, but the etyma involved do not really behave. The "palatal spirant" may be the actual palatal liquid; obstruent reflexes are limited to western branches, and external comparisions generally involve laterals. The dental spirant, while also merging with *l in most branches, is however certainly distinct.
A notable distributional feature was that *ŋ, *x and probably *r could not occur word-initially.
Medial consonant clusters
Words included chiefly from appendix from this: http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi-fe20071746 (see comments in table code)
CF: http://books.google.fi/books?id=TM2NQ78dP2wC&pg=PA492&dq=phonotactics+of+PFU
| 2nd → 1st ↓ |
p | t | č | k | s | ś | ð | w | j | l | r | m | n | ŋ | ∑ | Notes | Frequency color code | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | m | mp | mt | ms | mś | N/A | 5 | mostly i-stems except *mś | single root | |||||||||||
| n | nt | nč | nś | 13 | two roots | |||||||||||||||
| ń | ńś | 1 | might not be distinct from *nś | 3-4 roots | ||||||||||||||||
| ŋ | ŋt | ŋk | ŋs | 8 | back-harmonic or *ä | 5-6 roots | ||||||||||||||
| P | p | pp | pt | ps | pś | pð | 7 | ~10 roots | ||||||||||||
| t | tk | 3 | all front-harmonic i-stems | Most suspiciously none | ||||||||||||||||
| č | čk | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||
| k | kt | kk | ks | kś | 11 | |||||||||||||||
| S | s | sk | 2 | both o_i | ||||||||||||||||
| ś | śk | 4 | mostly i-stems + *wäśka | |||||||||||||||||
| (?) | x | xt | xč | xs | xś | (xð) | xj | xl | (xr) | xm | xn | 23 | i-stems only, some may be loans with long vowels | |||||||
| L | l | lt | lk | lw | lj | lm | lŋ | 21 | *lw *lj only a-stems; *lt may be derived ← *-lk-t- | |||||||||||
| lʲ | lʲk | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||
| r | rp | rt | rk | rw | rm | 10 | mostly back-harmonic | |||||||||||||
| (?) | ðʲ | ðʲk | ðʲw | 2 | ||||||||||||||||
| sV | w | N/A? | wð | wj | wl | wŋ | 5 | after e ä a only | ||||||||||||
| j | jw | jm | jŋ | 6 | after ä a o only | |||||||||||||||
| ∑ | 4 | 17 | 7 | 31 | 8 | 10 | 4 | 8 | 5 | 11 | (1) | 10 | 1 | 4 | ||||||
