Athonite Grammar I

• Although Modern Greek is the official language of the Monastic Republic, the citizens have their own dialect.
• It developed from their contact with their Turkish conquerors and shows some Turkish influence in grammar and vocabulary.
• It is written with the Greek alphabet, but for ease I'm rendering it here in the Latin alphabet.

Orthography and Pronunciation

• The name of the language is Athonite (Αþωνίτ).
• A spelling reform, proposed by a monk, has standardized the orthography so that it is more consistent with the pronunciation.
• Double letters have been eliminated.
• An acute accent is placed over the accented vowel. Monosyllabic words contain no accent, unless followed by an enclitic.

Greek	Latin	Pronunciation	IPA
α	a ä	father when accented but otherwise	/a/ /ʌ/
αι	e	bed	/ɛ/
αυ	af av	before voiceless consonants before voiced consonants	/af/ /av/
β	v	vine	/v/
γ	g j	Sp. vagar before a, ø, o, u, & consonants yes before e, i, y	/g/ /j/
γγ	ng	sing	ŋ
γκ	g	go	g
γξ	nks	sing + lynx	/ŋks/
γχ	nh	sing + Ger. ich	/ŋç/
δ	ð	that	/ð/
ε	e	bet	/ɛ/
ει	i	feet	/i/
ɛυ	ef ev	before voiceless consonants before voiced consonants	/ɛf/ ɛv/
ζ	z	zoo	/z/
η	i	feet	/i/
θ	þ	thin	/θ/
ι	i y	bee yes between vowels	/i/ /j/
κ	k	kin	/k/
λ	l	long	/l/
μ	m	mat	/m/
μπ	b	bat	/b/
ν	n	nap	/n/
ντ	d	dot	/d/
ξ	x	ax	/ks/
ο	ø	awe	/ɔ/
οι	i	feet	/i/
ου	u	boot	/u/
π	p	pit	/p/
ρ	r	Sp. pero	/r/
ς	s	zoo before voiced consonants sue before voiceless consonants	/z/ /s/
τ	t	tap	/t/
τζ	dz	reads	/ʣ/
υ	ü	Fr. dur	/y/
φ	f	fun	/f/
χ	h	Ger. ich	/ç/
ψ	ps	lips	/ps/
ω	o	boat	/o/

Grammar

The Articles

The Definite Article

• The declined forms of the Modern Greek definite article have been reduced to the singular forms.
• The plural form of the definite article has been reduced to one form for all the cases.
• There is alway an -n in the feminine accusative singular.
• The definite articles agree in gender, case and number with the nouns they modify

	Nominative	Genitive	Accusative	Plural
Masculine	ο / ø	τυ / tu	τον / tøn	τι / ti
Feminine	ι / i	τις / tis	τιν / tin	τι / ti
Neuter	το / tø	τυ / tu	το / tø	τα / ta

• Uses of the definite article
  • Before proper names
    • Ø Yiørg íne kal ped. George is a good boy.
  • Before the names of places
    • I Äþín íne i protévus tis Eláð. Athens is the capital of Greece.
  • Before the names of streets
    • Méno stin øðǿ Staðí. I live on Stadium Street.
  • Before titles of names of professions followed by a person's name
    • Ø yat Evyeníðes kir íne pølǘ plus. Dr. Eugenides is very rich.
  • Before nouns used in an abstract or general sense
    • I ilikríni íne i pio megál ärét. Sincerity is the greatest virtue.
  • Before nouns desingating parts of the body or personal articles of clothing
    • Ta mäliá tis Märíä íne xänþ. Mary's hair is blond.
  • Before nouns modified by a possessive adjective which follows the noun
    • Ø äðélf mu ø Yian éhi kal ðulí. My brother John has a good job.
  • Before nouns modified by a demonstrative which always follows the noun
    • I køpél aft íne pølǘ oré. This girl is very beautiful.
  • Before a noun indicating a class of objects or persons
    • T' astünǿmi íne afstír. Policemen are strict.

The Indefinite Article

• The indefinite article is not used as often in Athonite as it is in English. Most of the time it expresses the idea of "one" and is, thus, the only numeral that is declined.
• The indefinite articles agree in gender, case and number with the nouns they modify.
• The plural of the indefinite article is not used in Athonite to mean "some." Instead the adjective merik- is used.

	Nominative	Genitive	Accusative	Plural
Masculine	ένο / énø	ένυ / énu	ένον / énøn	μερικί / merikí
Feminine	ένιη / éni	ένις / énis	ένιν / énin	μερικί / merikí
Neuter	ένο / énø	ένυ / énu	ένο / énø	μερικά / meriká

• The final vowel is elided when it is the same as the initial vowel of the word following, e.g., én' istørí; én' ämáxi.

Nouns

• Nouns are divided into three classes known as masculine, feminine, and neuter.
  • Masculine nouns are those preceded in the nominative case by the definite article ø, e.g., ø ánþrop, the man; ø pätér, the father.
  • Feminine nouns are those preceded in the nominative case by the definite article i, e.g., i pørt, the door; i jinék, the woman.
  • Neuter nouns are those preceded in the nominative case by the definite article tø, e.g., tø gräfí, the office; tø peð, the child.
• There are three cases for the nouns in Athonite.
  • The nominative case is used for the subject of the sentence.
  • The genitive case is used to express possession or appurtenance
    • Ta päráþüri tu spit mu íne äkáþärt. My house's windows are filthy.
  • The accusative case is used for the object of verbs.
    • Vlépo énøn ánþrop. I see a man.
  • The accusative case is also used for the objects of prepositions.
    • Pérno ton äðélf mu stin ðulí kaþ proí. I take my brother to work every morning.
  • After some nouns it expresses their content.
    • Þélo énä potír nerǿ. I want a glass of water.

Declensions

• True declensions are not found in Athonite. Since there are no case endings to the nouns, the only differentiation is in the article used with the noun.
• The nouns are formed by dropping the nominative singular ending. The accent remains on the same stem if it is in the root, e.g., πατέρας > πατέρ/pätér.
• If the accent is on the ending, it reverts to the final syllable, e.g., αδελφὴ > αδέλφ/äðélf.
• Some neuter nouns end in -ίον. These nouns drop the -ον to end in -ί, e.g., χαρτίον > χαρτί.
• Nouns of the third declension, characterized by an increase in the genitive, use the genitive stem for the nominative, e.g., ελπίς, ελπίδος > ελπίδ.
• Nouns that end in -Cr, -Cn, -Cl, e.g., δένδρος, drop the -ρος which gives the Athonite δενδ. These nouns then restore the -r in the plural, δένδρι.

Plural

• Nouns form their plurals by adding an ending to the word.
  • Masculine nouns of whatever class in Greek, add -i.
    • ø äðélf, the brother, ti äðélfi, the brothers
    • ø ánþrop, the man, ti ánþropi, the men
    • ø ergát, the worker, ti ergáti, the workers
  • Feminine nouns of whatever class in Greek, add -i.
    • i äðélf, the sister, ti äðélfi, the sisters
    • i mer, the day, ti méri, the days
    • i vark, the boat, ti várki, the boats
  • Neuter nouns of whatever class in Greek, add -a.
    • tø tsigár, the cigarette, tø tsigára, the cigarettes
    • tø ämáxi, the cart, ta ämáxia, the carts
  • There are a few irregular plurals:
    • tø hróma, the color; ta hrómata, the colors
    • tø fos, the light; ta fóta, the colors
• Note that there is no plural of the definite article.

The Genitive Case

• The genitive case is indicated by a change in the form of the article.
• The singular definite:
  • ø þi, the uncle > tu þi, of the uncle
  • i þi, the aunt > tis þi, of the aunt
  • tø pøð, the foot > tu pøð, of the foot
• The singular indefinite:
  • enø þi, an uncle > énu þi, of an uncle
  • éni þi, an aunt > énis þi, of an aunt
  • énä pøð, a foot > énu pøð, of the foot
• The plural definite:
  • ø þíi, the uncles > tu þíi, of the uncles
  • i þíi, the aunts > tis þíi, of the aunts
  • tø pǿða, the feet > tu pǿða, of the feet
• The plural indefinite:
  • en þi, some uncles > merikí þíi, of some uncles
  • éni þi, some aunts > merikí þíi, of some aunts
  • énä pøð, some feet > meriká pǿða, of some feet

The Accusative Case

• The accusative case is indicated by a change in the form of the article.
• The singular definite article:
  • ø þi, the uncle > tøn þi, the uncle
  • i þi, the aunt > tin þi, the aunt
  • tø pøð, the foot > tø pøð, the foot
• The singular indefinite article:
  • en þi, an uncle > énøn þi, an uncle
  • éni þi, an aunt > énin þi, an aunt
  • énä pøð, a foot > énø pøð, the foot
• The plural definite article:
  • ø þis, the uncles > ti þíi, the uncles
  • i þis, the aunts > ti þíi, the aunts
  • tø pøðs, the feet > ta pǿða, the feet
• The plural indefinite article:
  • en þi, some uncles > merikí þíi, some uncles
  • éni þi, some aunts > merikí þíi, some aunts
  • énä pøð, some feet > meriká pǿða, some feet
• The accusative case is used:
  • After the prepositions se, me, páno se, kontá se, mésä se, äpǿ, páno äpǿ, káto äpǿ, giá, etc.
  • As the direct object of verbs, e.g., vlépo énøn ánþrop, I see a man.

Adjectives

• Adjectives precede the noun they modify.
  • ø käl ánþrop, the good man
  • i käl jinék, the good woman
  • tø käl peð, the good child
  • ø megál kip, the large garden
  • i megál pørt, the large door
  • tø megál ðomát, the large room
• The adjectives äft, 'this' and ekín, 'that' precede the definite article.
  • äft ø ánþrop, this man
  • äft ø kip, this garden
  • äft i jinék, this woman
  • äf' tø ped, this child
  • äf' tø ämáx, this cart
  • ekín ø ergát, that worker
  • ekín i nyht, that night
  • ekín tø ðomát, that room
• Negation is expressed by putting the negative particle ðen in front of the verb.
  • tø proín íne étim, breakfast is ready.
  • tø proín ðen íne étim, breakfast is not ready.
  • tø bar ðen íne jemát, the bar is not full.
  • äft i pørt ðen íne megál, this door is not big.

The Possessive Adjectives

	singular	plural
1.	mu, my	mäs, our
2.	su, your	säs, your
3.	tu, his tis, her tu, its	tus, their

• These adjectives are put after the nouns they modify. The nouns are preceded by the definite article.
  • tø spit, the house; tø spít mu, my house
  • ø fil, the friend; ø fíl mu, my friend
  • tø hér mu, my hand
  • ø pätér su, your father
  • i mitér tis, her mother
  • ø kíp mäs, our garden
  • ø kíps mäs, our gardens
  • tø lépt säs, your money
• The possessive adjectives are enclitics. They have no accent of their own but add a syllable to the word, so that the accent of the preceding word is drawn to them.
  • t' ǿnøm, the name; t' ønǿm mu, my name
  • i ikøjéni, the family; i ikøjení mu, my family
• When the nouns are preceded by an adjective the possessive adjective is put after the noun.
  • tø ämáx, the cart; tø kenúr ämáx, the new cart; tø kenúr ämáx mu, my new cart
  • ø käl fíl mäs, our good friend

Comparison of Adjectives

• Adjectives form the comparative degree by placing the word piø in front them. They are then followed by äpǿ and the accusative.
• Piø is an enclitic and causes an accent on the following adjective if it doesn't already have one.
  • Ø Mihál íne plúsi, Michael is rich.
  • Ø äðélf mu íne piø dynát äpǿ tø äðélf su, my brother is stronger than your brother.
  • Ø Gián piø ftóh íne äpǿ tǿn Kóstäs, John is poorer than Costas.
  • Af' tø spit íne piø kál ap' ekín, This house is better than that one.
  • Af' tø äftøkínet íne pølý piø hír äpǿ tøn áløn in, This automobile is much worse than the other.
• Adjectives form the superlative degree by using the definite article before the comparative form and the preposition se after it.
  • Ø André íne ø piø kál mäþít stin tax tu, Andrew is the best pupil in his class.
  • Ø pätér tis íne ø piø plúsi stin Äþín, Her father is the richest man in Athens.
  • I Elén íte i piø oré jinék stin Elláð, Helen was the most beautiful woman in Greece.

Pronouns

The Personal Pronouns

• First person

	singular	plural
Nominative	go, I	emís, we
Genitive	mu, my	mas, our
Accusative	me(nä), me	(e)mas, us

• Second person

	singular	plural
Nominative	esy, I	esís, we
Genitive	su, my	sas, our
Accusative	se(nä), me	(e)sas, us

• Third person

	singular	plural
Nominative	äftǿs, he äftí, she äftǿ, it	äftí, they äftés, they äftá, they
Genitive	tu, his tis, her tou, its	tus, their
Accusative	ton, him tin, her to, it	tus, them tis, them ta, them

The Possessive Pronouns

• The personal possessive pronouns are formed by prefixing the adjective ðik to the possessive adjectives.

	singular	plural
1.	ðíkmu, my	ðíkmäs, our
2.	ðíksu, your	ðíksis, your
3.	ðíktu, his ðíktis, her ðíktu, its	ðíktus, their

The Genitive Pronouns

• The genitive is used when the verb may take two objects. In such cases the object which can be replaced by a prepositionsl construction is in the genitive case, and the other object is in the accusative. This happens whether the objects are nouns or pronouns.
  • Éðøsa tu Jiórgu énä vivlí, I gave George a book.
• The genitive could be replaced as follow:
  • Éðøsa énä vivlí sto Jiórgu, I gave George a book.
• When the objects are pronouns the genitive is put in front of the accusative and also in front of the verb, e.g.,
  • tu tø édøsa, I gave it to him.
• When the verb is in the imperative the pronouns are put after it, e.g.,
  • Ðóse tis lig neró, Give her some water. Mu ípe, He told me. Se íða, I saw you. Þa su stílo tø prámata, I shall send you the things.
• The genitive of the pronoun may also be used after certain prepositions, adverbs or adjectives, e.g., mäzí mu, with me; mǿnøs tu, alone (by himself); kondá tu, near him.
• The genitive is also used after words denoting greeting, e.g., kälimér sas, good morning to you; käliníkt sas, good night; Jía su, Good-bye (to one person).

ÁÄÐÉÍÓǾØÚÞáäðéíóøǿþúüǘ