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| = intro =
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| '''Kalo''' is intended to be a minimalist [[wp:Artistic_language|artlang]], not an [[wp:International_auxiliary_language|auxlang]]. It draws primarily on vocabulary from the five most spoken languages in the world; [[wp:List_of_languages_by_number_of_native_speakers|Mandarin, Spanish, English, and Arabic]] ('''Hindi''' is used sparingly although it is spoken by more speakers than Arabic). The grammar is mostly isolating with very few elements of inflection, mostly to show plurality or possession.
| | en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Wikitext |
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| '''Kalo''' is NOT meant to mimic, replace, or be inspired by Toki Pona or any [[wp:International_auxiliary_language|IAL]]. Any similarities are based on design aesthetic coincidences and the minimalist nature of the language.
| | = Heading 1 = |
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| = phonology =
| | * In syllable codas, {{IPA|[ʃ]}} replaces {{IPA|[s]}}. |
| '''kalo''' has nine consonants (/p, t, k, s, m, n, l, j, w/) and five vowels (/a, e, i, o, u/). Stress is word final.
| | * In syllable codas, {{IPA|[ʒ]}} replaces {{IPA|[z]}}. |
| | * {{IPA|[β]}} and {{IPA|[ʙ]}} are in free variation. |
| | * {{IPA|[ʁ]}} and {{IPA|[ʀ]}} are in free variation. |
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| == consonants ==
| | Because of its small phoneme inventory, '''Miyu''' allows for extensive allophonic variation. For example, /p t k/ may be pronounced [b d ɡ] as well as [p t k], /s/ as [z] or [ʃ] as well as [s], /l/ as [ɾ] as well as [l], and vowels may be either long or short. |
| {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;"
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| !
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| ! Labial
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| ! Coronal
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| ! Dorsal
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| |-align=center
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| ! Nasal
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| | m
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| | n
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| |-align=center
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| ! Plosive
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| | p
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| | t
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| | k
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| |-align=center
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| ! Fricative
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| | s
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| |-align=center
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| ! Approximant
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| | w
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| | l
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| | j ('''y''')
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| |}
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| == vowels == | | == Heading 2 == |
| {| class="wikitable"
| | === Heading 3 === |
| |-
| | ==== Heading 4 ==== |
| !''Vowels''!!Front!!Back
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| |- align="center"
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| !Close
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| |i||u
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| |- align="center"
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| !Mid
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| |e||o
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| |- align="center"
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| !Open
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| | colspan="2" |a
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| |}
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| === diphthongs ===
| | <nowiki> |
| There are two diphthongs [ai̯] '''ai''', and [au̯] '''au'''. These are rare and typically only occur word-finally.
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| == syllable structure ==
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| All syllables are of the form (C)V(N), that is, optional consonant + vowel + optional final nasal, or V, CV, VN, CVN.
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| == phonotactics ==
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| A few syllables sequences are disallowed; /ji, wu, wo/. Also, a syllable-final nasal may not occur before /m/ or /n/ in the same root.
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| == syllables ==
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| {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;"
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| |-−
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| ! a || ka || sa || ta || na || pa || ma || ya || la || wa
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| |-
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| ! i || ki || si || ti || ni || pi || mi || || li || wi
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| |-
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| ! u || ku || su || tu || nu || pu || mu || yu || lu ||
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| |-
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| ! e || ke || se || te || ne || pe || me || ye || le || we
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| |-
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| ! o || ko || so || to || no || po || mo || yo || lo ||
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| |}
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| === writing ===
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| [[File:Kaloji.png|thumb|alt=All of the Kalo syllables in Hangul|right|upright=0.75|Kalo Hangul]]
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| If desired, an adaptation of Hangul may be used to write '''Kalo'''.
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| * <font face="gungsuh"><big><big><b>ㄱ ㄴ ㄷ ㄹ ㅁ ㅂ ㅅ ㅇ</b></big></big></font>
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| : '''k n t l m p s -'''
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| * <font face="gungsuh"><big><big><b>ㅏ ㅑ ㅓ ㅕ ㅗ ㅘ ㅛ ㅜ ㅝ ㅟ ㅠ ㅡ ㅣ</b></big></big></font>
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| : '''a ya e ye o wa yo u we wi yu - i'''
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| ==== Examples ====
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| * <font face="gungsuh"><big><big><b>와로 너 고머 사 </b></big></big></font>
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| : '''walo ne kome sa'''
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| : <small>1pl NEG eat FUT </small>
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| : ''We will not eat.''
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| [[File:Kaloji2.png|thumb|alt=A katakana method for writing Kalo|right|upright=0.75|Kalo Katakana]]
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| == allophony ==
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| The nasal at the end of a syllable can be pronounced as any nasal stop, though it is normally assimilated to the following consonant. That is, it typically occurs as an [n] before /t/ or /s/, as an [m] before /p/, as an [ŋ] before /k/, and as an [ɲ] before /j/. Because of its small phoneme inventory, '''kalo''' allows for quite a lot of allophonic variation. For example, /p t k/ may be pronounced [b d ɡ] as well as [p t k], /s/ as [z] or [ʃ] as well as [s], /l/ as [ɾ] as well as [l], and vowels may be either long or short. Both its sound inventory and phonotactics (patterns of possible sound combinations) are found in the majority of human languages and are therefore readily accessible.
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| = Syntax =
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| [[wp:Classical_Arabic|Classical Arabic]] is primarily [[wp:Verb–subject–object|VSO]], but [[wp:Modern_Standard_Arabic|MSA]] (Modern Standard Arabic) tends to be [[wp:Subject–verb–object|SVO]], favoring full agreement over partial. [[wp:Chinese_grammar|Chinese]] is classified as an SVO language. Transitive verbs precede their objects in typical simple clauses, while the subject precedes the verb. [[wp:Spanish_grammar|Spanish]] unmarked word order for affirmative declarative sentences is SVO; however, as in other Romance languages, in practice, word order is mostly variable. [[wp:English_grammar|English]] word order is almost exclusively SVO. [[wp:Hindustani_grammar|Hindi]] is primarily an SOV language.
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| Based on the above information about the main source languages for '''Kalo''', it is primarily an SVO (subject-verb-object) language. Modifiers generally follow what they modify, as do prepositional phrases and subordinate clauses.
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| * '''wa kome''' - <small>1S eat</small> - ''I eat.'' (SV)
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| :
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| * '''wa amo ko''' - <small>1S love 3S</small> - ''I love her.'' (SVO)
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| :
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| * '''o mala amo''' - <small>DO woman love</small> - ''The woman is loved.'' (OV)
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| == questions ==
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| The interrogative particle '''ma''' (taken from Chinese ([[wiktionary:嗎#Chinese|嗎]]) is used in conjunction with various nouns, adverbs, and adjectives to form specific questions.
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| === non-polar questions ===
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| {{col-begin}} | | {{col-begin}} |
| {{col-break}} | | {{col-break}} |
| * '''ma''' - what; which
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| * '''ma ko''' - who, whom
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| * '''ma koyo''' - whose, of whom
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| * '''ma tenpo''' - when
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| {{col-break}}
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| * '''ma loka''' - where
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| * '''ma moto''' - how
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| * '''ma laka''' - how much, how many
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| * '''ma sapa''' - why
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| {{col-end}}
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| === polar questions ===
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| Any statement can become a polar question by adding the interrogative particle '''ma''' at the end of the sentence.
| | words |
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| {{col-begin}}
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| {{col-break}} | | {{col-break}} |
| * '''wa wite le kasa'''
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| : <small>1S see PST house</small>
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| : ''I saw the house.''
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| {{col-break}}
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| * '''ni wite le kasa ma'''
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| : <small>2S see PST house Q</small>
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| : ''Did you see the house?''
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| {{col-end}}
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| = Nouns =
| | ety |
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| Nouns only decline for number and possession. They are altered with '''-lo''' to show plurality, and possessiveness with '''-yo'''.
| | {{col-break}} |
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| == pronouns ==
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| '''kalo''' has three basic pronouns; '''wa''' [1sg], '''ni''' [2sg], and '''ko''' [3sg]. These do not indicate gender. These can be made plural using the suffix "'''-lo'''", and possessive with "'''-yo'''".
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| {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 500px;" | |
| !
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| ! singular
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| ! plural
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| ! possessive
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| |-align=center
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| ! 1st person
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| | '''wa'''<br>I; me
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| | '''walo'''<br>we; us
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| | '''wayo'''<br>my; mine; our(s)
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| |-align=center
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| ! 2nd person
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| | '''ni'''<br>you
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| | '''nilo'''<br>you (all)
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| | '''niyo'''<br>your(s)
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| |-align=center
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| ! 3rd person
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| | '''ko'''<br>he; she; him; her; it
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| | '''kolo'''<br>they; them; those
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| | '''koyo'''<br>their(s)
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| |}
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| * '''walo wite ni''' - <small>1pl see 2s</small> - ''We see you.''
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| * '''kolo ne kono wa''' - <small>3pl NEG know 1s</small> - ''They don't know me.''
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| = Verbs =
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| Verbs do not change and are only ever modified by particles. There are three basic tenses in Kalo, past, present, and future. The simple present is not marked, the past is marked by '''le''' from the Chinese particle ([[wiktionary:了|了]]), and the future is marked by '''sa''' from the Arabic construction ([[wiktionary:س#Etymology_2|سَـ]]).
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| {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;" | |
| |-−
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| !tense/mood !! particle !! example !! translation
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| |-
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| |present || - || '''wa ila''' || ''I go''
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| |-
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| |past || '''le''' || '''wa ila le''' || ''I went''
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| |-
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| |future || '''sa''' || '''wa ila sa''' || ''I will go''
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| |-
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| |conditional || '''kisa''' || '''wa ila kisa''' || ''I would go''
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| |}
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| * '''wa kome le''' - <small>1s eat PST</small> - ''I ate.''
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| * '''aki koyo kome''' - <small>brother 3sg.GEN eat</small> - ''His brother eats/is eating.''
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| * '''nilo ne wite sa ko''' - <small>2pl NEG see FUT 3sg</small> - ''You all will not see her.''
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| Uncertainty is marked by '''ki, kisa''', or '''kile'''. These are taken from Spanish ([[wiktionary:quizá|quizá]]) and used across the three basic tenses. It can also act as a subordinating conjunction, and conditional constructions, “''if, whether''”. It is also used to express possibility or probability.
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| * '''tela wa ki ni wite ko''' - <small>tell 1s if 2s see 3s</small> - Tell me if you can see her.
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| * '''ki ni amo yawe te pu yuma ne inpo''' - <small>if 2sg like weather of today NEG important</small> - Whether you like today’s weather does not matter.
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| * '''kisa pu yuma yuwa''' - <small>maybe this day rain</small> - It may rain (later) today.
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| == positional verbs ==
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| '''Kalo''' does not use prepositions, but instead uses positional verbs as auxiliaries. These are also used as temporal adverbs in certain situations.
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| * '''yu''' - in; at; within; inside; during; between | from ([[wiktionary:于|于]])
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| * '''ila''' - be toward; at; in the direction of; go; walk; travel | from ([[wiktionary:إلى|إلى]])
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| = Particles =
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| == determiners ==
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| Determiners in '''kalo''' precede the noun they modify.
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| === deixis ===
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| * '''pu''' - this; these
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| * '''su''' - that; those
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| === amount ===
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| * '''aku''' - many; much (one hundred)
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| * '''kula''' - all; every; each
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| * '''ne''' - no; none; zero
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| * '''poka''' - some; several; a few
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| ::
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| * '''meno''' - less; fewer / few; a little
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| * '''maso''' - more
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| === other-ness ===
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| * '''asi''' - such
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| * '''ayo''' - whichever; whatever
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| * '''oto''' - other
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| * '''tonye''' - same
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| = Number =
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| {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 500px;"
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| |+
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| |-
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| ! Kalo
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| ! number
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| ! English
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| ! Kalo
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| ! number
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| ! English
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| |-
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| | '''sunya''' || 0 || zero || '''na''' || 7 || seven
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| |-
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| | '''wa''' || 1 || one || '''pa''' || 8 || eight
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| |-
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| | '''li''' || 2 || two || '''nun''' || 9 || nine
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| |-
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| | '''san''' || 3 || three || '''ye''' || 10 || ten
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| |-
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| | '''si''' || 4 || four || '''aku''' / '''-ku''' || 100 || (one) hundred
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| |-
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| | '''pen''' || 5 || five || '''mila''' || 1000 || (one) thousand
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| |-
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| | '''we''' || 6 || six || '' '' || '' '' || '' ''
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| |}
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| When numbers one through ten occur independently, the indicator "'''ke'''" precedes the number.
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| * '''ko yo le o kasa ke li'''
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| : <small>3s have PST O house NUM two</small>
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| : ''She had two houses.''
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| * '''wa wite o nano ke si'''
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| : <small>1s see O man NUM four </small>
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| : ''I see four men.''
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| == Higher Numbers ==
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| * '''yewa''' - 11; eleven
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| * '''yeli''' - 12; twelve
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| * '''liye''' - 20; twenty
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| * '''liyesi''' - 24; twenty-four
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| * '''kuyeli''' - 112; one-hundred-twelve
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| * '''sankuweyepen''' - 365; three-hundred-sixty-five
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| = lexicon =
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| The working lexicon for [[Kalo]].
| | abbs |
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| {{col-begin}}
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| {{col-break}}
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| * '''ARA''' - Arabic
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| * ELL - Greek
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| * '''ENG''' - English
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| * FRE - French
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| * GER - German
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| * '''HIN''' - Hindi
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| {{col-break}}
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| * JPN - Japanese
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| * KOR - Korean
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| * PIE - Proto-Indo-European
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| * '''SPA''' - Spanish
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| * TUR - Turkish
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| * '''ZHO''' - Mandarin
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| {{col-break}}
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| * ''adj'' - adjective
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| * ''n'' - noun
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| * ''num'' - number/numeral
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| * ''part'' - particle
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| * ''prep'' - preposition
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| * ''pro'' - pronoun
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| * ''v'' - verb
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| {{col-end}} | | {{col-end}} |
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| | </nowiki> |
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| == ka == | | ===== Heading 5 ===== |
| | | ====== Heading 6 ====== |
| * '''kasa''' /ˈka.sa/ from SPA [[wiktionary:casa#Spanish|casa]]
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| : ''n'' - house; building
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| : ''v'' - dwell; reside
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| * '''kan/a''' /ˈka.na/ from ARA [[wiktionary:كان|كان]]
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| : ''n'' - existence; occurrence
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| : ''v'' - be; exist; occur
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| * '''kai''' /kaɪ̯/ from ZHO [[wiktionary:該#Definitions|該]]
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| : ''v'' - should; ought to; need to; have to
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| * '''kisa''' /ˈki.sa/ from SPA [[wiktionary:quizá#Spanish|quizá]]
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| : ''part'' - perhaps; maybe; if; conditional particle [COND]
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| * '''kula''' /ˈku.la/ from ARA [[wiktionary:كل|كل]]
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| : ''n'' - all; whole; entire; every; complete; each
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| * '''kute''' /ˈku.te/ from FRE [[wiktionary:écouter|écouter]]
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| : ''v'' - listen; hear
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| * '''kun''' /kun/ from SPA/ZHO [[wiktionary:con#Spanish|con]]/[[wiktionary:跟#Definitions|跟]]
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| : ''prep'' - with; by means of
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| : ''v'' - use; employ
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| * '''ke''' /ke/ from ZHO [[wiktionary:個#Definitions|個]]
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| : ''part'' - number marker
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| * '''ko''' /ko/ from JAP [[wiktionary:個#Japanese|個]]
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| : ''n'' - person; individual
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| : ''pro'' - he; she [3sg]
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| * '''kono''' /ˈko.no/ from SPA [[wiktionary:conocer#Spanish|conocer]]
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| : ''n'' - knowledge; awareness; understanding; recognition
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| : ''v'' - know; understand; be aware (of); recognize
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| * '''kome''' /ˈko.me/ from SPA [[wiktionary:comer#Spanish|comer]]
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| : ''v'' - eat; consume; drink
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| * '''koyo''' /ˈko.jo/ from '''KALO'''
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| : ''part'' - whose; of who(m)
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| == sa ==
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| * '''sa''' /sa/ from ARA [[wiktionary:س#Etymology_2|سَـ]]
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| : ''part'' - future tense particle [FUT]
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| * '''saka/na''' /ˈsa.ka.na/ from ARA [[wiktionary:سخن|سخن]]
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| : ''v'' - be hot; be warm; burn
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| : ''n'' - heat; warmth / fire
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| * '''san''' /san/ from ZHO [[wiktionary:三#Definitions|三]]
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| : ''num'' - three; 3
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| * '''sana''' /ˈsa.na/ from ARA [[wiktionary:سنة|سنة]]
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| : ''n'' - year; 365 days
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| * '''sapa''' /ˈsa.pa/ from ARA [[wiktionary:سبب|سبب]]
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| : ''n'' - cause; reason; purpose; rationale; motive
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| * '''salama''' /sa.ˈla.ma/ from ARA [[wiktionary:سلم#Arabic|سلم]]
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| : ''n'' - peace; calm; tranquility; quiet
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| : ''v'' - be peaceful; be calm
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| : ''intj'' - Peace! Hey! Hi!
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| * '''sawa''' /ˈsa.wa/ from ARA [[wiktionary:زوج|زوج]]
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| : ''n'' - spouse; husband; wife; sweetheart; mate
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| : ''v'' - marry
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| * '''si''' /si/ from ZHO [[wiktionary:四#Definitions|四]]
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| : ''num'' - four; 4
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| * '''siya''' /ˈsi.ja/ from ZHO [[wiktionary:下#Definitions|下]]
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| : ''prep'' - below; under; beneath
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| : ''v'' - be under; be lower
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| * '''su''' /su/ from TUR [[wiktionary:şu#Turkish|şu]]
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| : ''part'' - that; those (over there)
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| * '''sunya''' /ˈsun.ja/ from HIN [[wiktionary:शून्य|शून्य]]
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| : ''num'' - zero; 0
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| : ''n'' - nothing
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| : ''v'' - be empty; be void
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| * '''se''' /se/ from SPA [[wiktionary:se#Spanish|se]]
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| : ''pro'' - reflexive / reciprocal pronoun
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| * '''sosa''' /ˈso.sa/ from SPA [[wiktionary:salsa#Spanish|salsa]]
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| : ''n'' - juice; sauce; gravy; dressing
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| == ta ==
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| * '''ta''' /ta/ from ZHO [[wiktionary:大|大]]
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| : ''v'' - be large; big; grand
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| * '''tanka''' /ˈtaŋ.ka/ from ENG/GER [[wiktionary:thank|thank]]/[[wiktionary:danke#German|danke]]
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| : ''v'' - to thank; show appreciation; express gratitude
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| : ''part/intj'' - thank you; thanks
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| * '''tapo''' /ˈta.po/ from ZHO [[wiktionary:打破|打破]]
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| : ''v'' - damage; wreck; break; destroy
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| : ''n'' - destruction; damage
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| | |
| * '''tipa''' /ˈti.pa/ (or '''tupa''' /ˈtu.pa/) from ARA [[wiktionary:طيب|طيب]] (or [[wiktionary:טוב|טוב]])
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| : ''v'' - be good; pleasant; agreeable; nice; sweet; OK
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| : ''intj'' - great! good! thanks! OK! cool! yay!
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| * '''tiya''' /ˈti.ja/ from SPA [[wiktionary:tía#Spanish|tía]]
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| : ''n'' - aunt/uncle; extended family
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| * '''te''' /te/ from SPA/ZHO [[wiktionary:de#Etymology_2_10|de]]/[[wiktionary:的#Definitions_2|的]]
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| : ''v'' - to move away from
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| : ''prep'' - of; from
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| * '''tenpo''' /ˈtem.po/ from SPA [[wiktionary:tiempo#Spanish|tiempo]]
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| : ''n'' - time; moment; period
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| * '''tela''' or '''talo''' /ˈte.la/ or /ˈta.lo/ from ENG [[wiktionary:tell|tell]]
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| : ''n'' - language; talk; speech
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| : ''v'' - talk; speak; discuss; say; tell
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| | |
| * '''tonpa''' /ˈtom.pa/ from ZHO [[wiktionary:同胞#Mandarin|同胞]]
| |
| : ''n'' - sibling; compatriot; friend
| |
| | |
| * '''tonye''' /ˈto.ɲe/ (or '''ton''' /ton/) from ZHO [[wiktionary:同一#Mandarin|同一]]
| |
| : ''v'' - be identical; same; equivalent; equal
| |
| | |
| == na ==
| |
| | |
| * '''na''' /na/ from JPN [[wiktionary:なな|なな]]
| |
| : ''num'' - seven; 7
| |
| | |
| * '''nai''' /naɪ/ from ZHO [[wiktionary:內#Japanese|內]]
| |
| : ''v'' - be inside; within
| |
| : ''prep'' - inside; within; during; while
| |
| | |
| * '''nano''' /ˈna.no/ from ZHO [[wiktionary:男#Definitions|男]]
| |
| : ''n'' - man; male
| |
| | |
| * '''nama''' /ˈna.ma/ from ARA [[wiktionary:نام#Verb|نام]]
| |
| : ''v'' - sleep; rest; relax
| |
| | |
| * '''naya''' /ˈna.ja/ from HIN [[wiktionary:नया|नया]]
| |
| : ''v'' - be new; fresh; young
| |
| | |
| * '''nalu''' /ˈna.lu/ from JPN [[wiktionary:なる|なる]]
| |
| : ''v'' - succeed; finish; complete; accomplish; become; turn into
| |
| | |
| * '''ni''' /ni/ from ZHO [[wiktionary:你#Definitions|你]]
| |
| : ''pro'' - you [2sg]
| |
| | |
| * '''nun''' /nun/ from PIE [[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₁néwn̥|h₁néwn̥]]
| |
| : ''num'' - nine; 9
| |
| | |
| * '''ne''' /ne/ from ENG [[wiktionary:nay#Interjection|nay]]
| |
| : ''part'' - no; not; negative [NEG]
| |
| | |
| * '''nesi''' /ˈne.si/ from SPA [[wiktionary:necesitar#Spanish|necesitar]]
| |
| : ''v'' - need; require; must
| |
| : ''n'' - obligation; need
| |
| | |
| * '''nen/ka''' /ˈnen.ka/ from ZHO [[wiktionary:能#Definitions|能]]
| |
| : ''v'' - be able to; be capable; be possible
| |
| : ''n'' - potential; possibility; capability
| |
| | |
| * '''note''' /ˈno.te/ from SPA [[wiktionary:noche#Spanish|noche]]
| |
| : ''n'' - night; darkness
| |
| | |
| == pa ==
| |
| | |
| * '''pa''' /pa/ from ZHO [[wiktionary:八|八]]
| |
| : ''num'' - eight; 8
| |
| | |
| * '''pan''' /pan/ from SPA/ZHO [[wiktionary:pan#Spanish|pan]]/[[wiktionary:飯|飯]]
| |
| : ''n'' - bread; food; sustenance
| |
| | |
| * '''pala''' /ˈpa.la/ from SPA [[wiktionary:palabra#Spanish|palabra]]
| |
| : ''n'' - word; morpheme; lexeme
| |
| | |
| * '''pina''' /ˈpi.na/ from ARA [[wiktionary:ابن|ابن]]
| |
| : ''n'' - child; offspring; kid
| |
| | |
| * '''pu''' /pu/ from TUR [[wiktionary:bu#Turkish|bu]]
| |
| : ''part'' - this; these (here)
| |
| | |
| * '''pula''' /ˈpu.la/ from HIN [[wiktionary:बुरा|बुरा]]
| |
| : ''n'' - evil
| |
| : ''v'' - be bad; spoiled; be broken; to break down; be wicked; be evil
| |
| | |
| * '''pen''' /pen/ from ELL [[wiktionary:πέντε#Greek|πέντε]]
| |
| : ''num'' - five; 5
| |
| | |
| * '''po''' /po/ from SPA [[wiktionary:por#Spanish|por]]
| |
| : ''prep'' - by; for; [be] about
| |
| : ''v'' - [go] through; [move] across
| |
| | |
| * '''poka''' /ˈpo.ka/ from SPA [[wiktionary:poco#Spanish|poca]]
| |
| : ''v'' - be small; little
| |
| : ''v'' - be few; less
| |
| | |
| * '''ponte''' /ˈpon.te/ from ENG [[wiktionary:ponder|ponder]]
| |
| : ''v'' - think; ponder; consider; weigh
| |
| : ''n'' - thought; idea; consideration
| |
| | |
| * '''pone''' /ˈpo.ne/ from SPA [[wiktionary:poner|poner]]
| |
| : ''v'' - to put, to place, to set
| |
| | |
| == ma ==
| |
| | |
| * '''ma''' /ma/ from ZHO [[wiktionary:嗎#Chinese|嗎]]
| |
| : ''part'' - interrogative particle [Q]
| |
| | |
| * '''maka''' /ˈma.ka/ from ENG [[wiktionary:make|make]]
| |
| : ''n'' - cause; action; happening
| |
| : ''v'' - do; make; cause; happen
| |
| | |
| * '''maso''' /ˈma.so/ from SPA [[wiktionary:más#Spanish|más]]
| |
| : ''part'' - more; again
| |
| : ''n'' - layer; repetition; addition
| |
| : ''v'' - add; repeat; layer
| |
| | |
| * '''mala''' /ˈma.la/ from ARA [[wiktionary:امرأة|امرأة]]
| |
| : ''n'' - woman; female; wife
| |
| | |
| * '''mila''' /ˈmi.la/ from SPA [[wiktionary:mil#Spanish|mil]]
| |
| : ''num'' - thousand; 1000
| |
| | |
| * '''muki''' /ˈmu.ki/ from ARA [[wiktionary:مهم|مهم]]
| |
| : ''n'' - importance; significance
| |
| : ''v'' - be important; matter
| |
| | |
| * '''muna''' /ˈmu.na/ from ENG [[wiktionary:moon#English|moon]]
| |
| : ''n'' - moon; month
| |
| | |
| * '''me''' /me/ from FRE [[wiktionary:mais#French|mais]]
| |
| : ''part'' - but; however; although
| |
| | |
| * '''moto''' /ˈmo.to/ from SPA [[wiktionary:modo#Spanish|modo]]
| |
| : ''n'' - mood; manner; way; method
| |
| | |
| == ya == | |
| | |
| * '''ya''' /ja/ from ARA [[wiktionary:يا#Arabic|يا]]
| |
| : ''part'' - vocative marker [VOC]; hey; let's ~
| |
| | |
| * '''yati''' /ˈja.ti/ from ARA [[wiktionary:يد|يد]]
| |
| : ''n'' - hand; arm
| |
| : ''v'' - give; transfer
| |
| | |
| * '''yapu''' /ˈja.pu/ from ARA [[wiktionary:عفا|عفا]]
| |
| : ''n'' - pardon; excuse; forgiveness
| |
| : ''v'' - pardon; excuse; forgive
| |
| | |
| * '''yame''' /ˈja.me/ from ARA [[wiktionary:جمع|جمع]]
| |
| : ''n'' - collection; gathering; group; set
| |
| : ''v'' - gather; collect; assemble; unite
| |
| | |
| * '''yu''' /ju/ from ZHO [[wiktionary:於#Definitions|于]]
| |
| : ''v'' - be in; at; out of
| |
| : ''prep'' - in; at; to; by; than; out of
| |
| | |
| * '''yuma''' /ˈju.ma/ from ARA [[wiktionary:يوم#Arabic|يوم]]
| |
| : ''n'' - day; daylight; 24 hour period
| |
| | |
| * '''ye''' /je/ from KOR [[wiktionary:열#Korean|열]]
| |
| : ''num'' - ten; 10
| |
| | |
| * '''yeko''' /ˈje.ko/ from ZHO [[wiktionary:以後#Chinese|以后]]
| |
| : ''prep'' - back; behind; rear; afterwards; after; later
| |
| : ''adv'' - from now on; henceforth
| |
| | |
| * '''yo''' /jo/ from ZHO [[wiktionary:有#Definitions|有]]
| |
| : ''v'' - have; possess; carry; hold; keep
| |
| | |
| == la == | |
| | |
| * '''laka''' /ˈla.ka/ from ARA [[wiktionary:رقم|رقم]]
| |
| : ''n'' - number; digit; amount
| |
| : ''v'' - count; enumerate
| |
| | |
| * '''lata''' /ˈla.ta/ from SPA [[wiktionary:lata#Spanish|lata]]
| |
| : ''n'' - box; bucket; basket; container; vessel
| |
| : ''v'' - carry; tote; transport
| |
| | |
| * '''li''' /li/ from ZHO [[wiktionary:兩#Definitions|兩]]
| |
| : ''num'' - two; double; duo
| |
| : ''pro'' - some; a few
| |
| | |
| * '''le''' /le/ from ZHO [[wiktionary:了|了]]
| |
| : ''part'' - past tense marker [PST]
| |
| | |
| * '''loka''' /ˈlo.ka/ from SPA [[wiktionary:local#Spanish|local]]
| |
| : ''n'' - place; location; point; spot
| |
| | |
| == wa == | |
| | |
| * '''wa''' /wa/ from ARA/ZHO [[wiktionary:واحد|واحد]]/[[wiktionary:我|我]]
| |
| : ''pro'' - I; me [1sg]
| |
| : ''num'' - one; 1; single
| |
| : ''v'' - be alone; be singular
| |
| | |
| * '''wan''' /wan/ from ENG [[wiktionary:want#Verb|want]]
| |
| : ''v'' - want; desire; wish for
| |
| | |
| * '''waya''' /ˈwa.ja/ from HIN [[wiktionary:वयस्क|वयस्क]]
| |
| : ''v'' - grow; mature; develop
| |
| : ''n'' - adult; mature thing
| |
| | |
| * '''wite''' /ˈwi.te/ from PIE [[wiktionary:econstruction:Proto-Indo-European/weyd-|weyd]]
| |
| : ''v'' - look; see; observe; watch; read
| |
| | |
| * '''wino''' /ˈwi.no/ from SPA [[wiktionary:vino#Spanish|vino]]
| |
| : ''n'' - alcohol; beer; wine
| |
| : ''v'' - drink ~
| |
| | |
| * '''we''' /we/ from PIE [[wiktionary:econstruction:Proto-Indo-European/swéḱs|swéḱs]]
| |
| : ''num'' - six; 6
| |
| | |
| * '''weko''' /ˈwe.ko/ from SPA [[wiktionary:hueco|hueco]]
| |
| : ''n'' - door, hole, orifice, window; port
| |
| | |
| * '''wento''' /ˈwen.to/ from SPA [[wiktionary:viento|viento]]
| |
| : ''n'' - air; wind; void; essence; spirit
| |
| | |
| * '''wela''' /ˈwe.la/ from SPA [[wiktionary:fuera#Spanish|fuera]]
| |
| : ''prep'' - outside; exterior
| |
| : ''v'' - leave; exit
| |
| | |
| == a == | |
| | |
| * '''aku''' (-'''ku''') /ˈa.ku/ from JPN [[wiktionary:百#Japanese|ひゃく]]
| |
| : ''n'' - a very many, lots, a lot; much
| |
| : ''num'' - hundred; 100
| |
| | |
| * '''alima''' /a.ˈli.ma/ from ARA [[wiktionary:علم|علم]]
| |
| : ''v'' - to discern, to find out, to learn
| |
| : ''n'' - learning; education; knowledge
| |
| | |
| * '''amo''' /ˈa.mo/ from SPA [[wiktionary:amor#Spanish|amor]]
| |
| : ''n'' - love; affection; adoration
| |
| : ''v'' - love; adore; like
| |
| | |
| * '''ante''' /ˈan.te/ from SPA [[wiktionary:ante#Spanish|ante]]
| |
| : ''n'' - front side; chest; fore area
| |
| : ''prep'' - before; in front; forward; ahead
| |
| | |
| * '''asi''' /ˈa.si/ from SPA [[wiktionary:así#Spanish|así]]
| |
| : ''part'' - like this/that; as [such]; thus; so
| |
| | |
| * '''awa''' /ˈa.wa/ from ARA [[wiktionary:أو|أو]]
| |
| : ''part'' - either; or; other
| |
| | |
| * '''ayo''' /ˈa.jo/ from ARA [[wiktionary:أي|أي]]
| |
| :''part'' - whichever; whatever; something [INDEF]
| |
| | |
| * '''e''' /e/ from SPA/ZHO [[wiktionary:e#Etymology_2_17|e]]/[[wiktionary:和#Definitions_2|和]]
| |
| : ''part'' - and; also; too
| |
| | |
| * '''ila''' /ˈi.la/ from ARA [[wiktionary:إلى|إلى]]
| |
| : ''prep'' - toward; at; in direction of
| |
| : ''v'' - go (toward); walk; travel
| |
| | |
| * '''o''' /o/ from JPN [[wiktionary:を#Etymology_2|を]]
| |
| : ''part'' - direct object particle
| |
| | |
| * '''ola''' /ˈo.la/ from SPA [[wiktionary:hola#Spanish|hola]]
| |
| :''part'' - hello; goodbye; general greeting/farwell
| |
| | |
| = phrasebook =
| |
| | |
| * wikitravel.org/en/Spanish_phrasebook
| |
| * en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Phrasebooks_by_language
| |
| | |
| == Essentials == | |
| | |
|
| |
|
| * '''ola''' - Used for "hello; goodbye; farewell; welcome" (analogous to [[wiktionary:aloha#Hawaiian|aloha]])
| |
|
| |
|
| * '''kan/a''' - "yes; it is"
| | : = indentation |
| * '''ne''' - "no; it is not"
| |
|
| |
|
| * '''yapu wa''' - "Excuse me." | | * Item1 |
| * '''nenka ma''' - "Please." [''lit'': is (it) possible?] | | * Item4 |
| :: by extension "Do you mind?"
| | ** Sub-item 4 a) |
| * '''tanka (ta)''' - "Thank you (very much)." | | *** Sub-item 4 a) 1. |
| * '''tipa''' - "(That's) OK." | | **** Sub-item 4 a) 1. i) |
| | ** Sub-item 4 b) |
| | * Item5 |
|
| |
|
| == Greetings & Goodbyes ==
| | # Item1 |
| | # Item4 |
| | ## Sub-item 1 |
| | ### Sub-sub-item |
| | #### Sub-sub-sub-item |
| | ## Sub-item 2 |
| | # Item5 |
|
| |
|
| * '''ola yuma''' - "Good morning/day/afternoon"
| | ; Term : Definition1 |
| * '''ola note''' - "Good evening/night"
| |
| * '''salama''' - "Hey/Hi/Hello/Bye"
| |
|
| |
|
| === Civilities ===
| | ; Term |
| | : Definition1 |
| | : Definition2 |
| | : Definition3 |
|
| |
|
| * '''moto (niyo) ma''' - <small>manner 2s.POSS Q</small> - ''How are you?''
| | To ''italicize text'', put two consecutive apostrophes on each side of it. |
| ** '''tipa''' - "Good/OK/Fine."
| |
| ** '''...''' - "Not bad."
| |
|
| |
|
| | Three apostrophes each side will '''bold the text'''. |
|
| |
|
| | Five consecutive apostrophes on each side (two for italics plus three for bold) produces '''''bold italics'''''. |
|
| |
|
| | '''''Italic and bold formatting''''' works correctly only within a single line. |
|
| |
|
| | For text as {{smallcaps|small caps}}, use the template {{tl|smallcaps}}. |
|
| |
|
|
| |
|
| * '''tenpo ta ne wite''' - <small>time big no see</small> - ''Long time no see'' | | * [[WP:Lingua Franca Nova|LFN]] |
|
| |
|
| == problems ==
| | * [[Wiktionary:亡|tokomo]] |
