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| | en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Wikitext |
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| === Reflexives and Reciprocals === | | = Heading 1 = |
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| Kala handles reflexives and reciprocals using suffixes that can be added to either the pronoun or the verb. The reflexive suffix added to pronouns is –'''i''', when added to verbs it is –'''ki''', from '''ki''' meaning “''self; essence''”. The reciprocal suffix added to pronouns and verbs is –'''nku''', , from '''anku''' meaning “''reciprocate; [in] return''”.
| | * In syllable codas, {{IPA|[ʃ]}} replaces {{IPA|[s]}}. |
| {{col-begin}} | | * In syllable codas, {{IPA|[ʒ]}} replaces {{IPA|[z]}}. |
| {{col-break}} | | * {{IPA|[β]}} and {{IPA|[ʙ]}} are in free variation. |
| * '''na'i sepaye'''
| | * {{IPA|[ʁ]}} and {{IPA|[ʀ]}} are in free variation. |
| : <small>1s.REFL injure-PST</small>
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| : ''I hurt myself.''
| | Because of its small phoneme inventory, '''Miyu''' allows for extensive allophonic variation. For example, /p t k/ may be pronounced [b d ɡ] as well as [p t k], /s/ as [z] or [ʃ] as well as [s], /l/ as [ɾ] as well as [l], and vowels may be either long or short. |
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| * '''ha'i tlela'''
| | == Heading 2 == |
| : <small>3s.REFL bathe</small>
| | === Heading 3 === |
| : ''She bathes herself.''
| | ==== Heading 4 ==== |
| {{col-break}}
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| * '''kanku ontan nayo itsa'''
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| : <small>3pl.RECP parent-ACC 1s.GEN love</small>
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| : ''My parents love each other.''
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| * '''na'anku amyapak'''
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| : <small>1pl.EXCL.RECP like-ABIL-NEG</small>
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| : ''We (but not you) are not able to like each other.''
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| {{col-end}}
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| In order to differentiate non-singular reflexives from reciprocals, -'''li''' (“''each; every''”) can be added – to the subject for reflexives, and to the object for reciprocals. Note however that this construction usually implies that all members of the subject group were actually affected by the action.
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| {{col-begin}} | | {{col-begin}} |
| {{col-break}} | | {{col-break}} |
| * '''tanakoli matakiye'''
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| : <small>fight-AG-each kill-REFL-PST</small>
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| : ''Each one of the warriors killed himself.''
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| {{col-break}}
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| * '''kanku tanakolin matakiye'''
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| : <small>3pl.RECP fight-AG-each-ACC kill-REFL-PST</small>
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| : ''The warriors killed each other ['''and nobody survived'''].''
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| {{col-end}}
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| === Determiners & Demostratives ===
| | words |
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| The demonstratives can be prefixed to any noun to show [[Wikipedia:Deixis|deixis]]. Kala makes a three-way distinction. Typically there is a distinction between [[Wikipedia:Demonstrative#Distal_and_proximal_demonstratives|proximal]] or first person (objects near to the speaker), [[Wikipedia:Demonstrative#Distal_and_proximal_demonstratives|medial]] or second person (objects near to the addressee), and [[Wikipedia:Demonstrative#Distal_and_proximal_demonstratives|distal]] or third person (objects far from both).
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| {{col-begin}}
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| {{col-break}} | | {{col-break}} |
| * '''itla''' ('''i-''') - this (near me)
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| * '''uatla''' ('''ua-''') - that (near you)
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| * '''yetla''' ('''ye-''') - that (over there)
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| Examples:
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| * '''imitami''' - <small>PROX-dog-few</small> - ''These few dogs''
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| * '''yemitampa''' - <small>DIST-dog-many</small> - ''Those many dogs (over there)''
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| * '''uamitali''' - <small>MED-dog-each</small> - ''Each dog (each of those dogs) (near you)''
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| {{col-break}} | | {{col-break}} |
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| Quantifiers follow the noun that modify.
| | abbs |
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| * '''kua''' ('''-kua''') - all; every; whole
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| * '''oli''' ('''-li''') - each; every
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| * '''ula''' ('''-la''') - whatever; any; some
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| * '''mi''' ('''-mi''') - few; little
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| * '''nke''' ('''-k''') - none
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| * '''mpa''' ('''-mpa''') - many; much; a lot
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| * '''maha''' - more; plus
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| * '''ohi''' - less; fewer
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| {{col-end}} | | {{col-end}} |
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| === Correlatives === | | </nowiki> |
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| | ===== Heading 5 ===== |
| | ====== Heading 6 ====== |
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| | : = indentation |
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| | * Item1 |
| | * Item4 |
| | ** Sub-item 4 a) |
| | *** Sub-item 4 a) 1. |
| | **** Sub-item 4 a) 1. i) |
| | ** Sub-item 4 b) |
| | * Item5 |
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| {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 800px;"
| | # Item1 |
| |+ correlatives
| | # Item4 |
| |-
| | ## Sub-item 1 |
| !
| | ### Sub-sub-item |
| ! Proximal<br>'''i-'''
| | #### Sub-sub-sub-item |
| ! Medial<br>'''ua-'''
| | ## Sub-item 2 |
| ! Distal<br>'''ye-'''
| | # Item5 |
| ! Inclusive<br>'''-kua'''
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| ! Negative<br>'''-k'''
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| ! Indefinite<br>'''-la'''
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| |-
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| ! mo<br>''(place)''
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| | '''hina'''<br>here || '''uana'''<br>there || '''yemua'''<br>over there || '''mokua'''<br>everywhere || '''mok'''<br>nowhere || '''mola'''<br>somewhere; anywhere
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| ! ko<br>''(person)''
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| | '''iko'''<br>this person || '''uako'''<br>that person || '''yeko'''<br>that person<br>(over there) || '''tlokua'''<br>everyone || '''tlok'''<br>no one || '''kola'''<br>someone; anyone
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| ! uku<br>''(amount)''
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| | '''iku'''<br>this much || '''uaku'''<br>that much || '''-''' || '''kua'''<br>all; every|| '''ok'''<br>none || '''ula'''<br>some; any
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| ! ama<br>''(time)''
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| | '''ima'''<br>now, at present || '''uama'''<br>then; at that time || '''-''' || '''kuama'''<br>always || '''amak'''<br>never || '''tlama'''<br>sometime; anytime
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| ! so<br>''(kind, type)''
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| | '''iso'''<br>this kind || '''so'o'''<br>that kind || '''yeso'''<br>that kind<br>(over there) || '''sokua'''<br>all kinds || '''sok'''<br>no kind (at all) || '''sola'''<br>some/any kind
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| ! no<br>''(thing)''
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| | '''itla'''<br>this || '''uatla'''<br>that || '''yetla'''<br>that<br>(over there) || '''nokua'''<br>everything || '''nok'''<br>nothing; none || '''nola'''<br>something; anything
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| ! to<br>''(manner, way)''
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| | '''yoto'''<br>thus; like this; this way|| '''uato'''<br>that way || '''ato'''<br>that way<br>(over there) || '''tokua'''<br>every way || '''tok'''<br>no way || '''tola'''<br>somehow; anyway
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| |}
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| = Syntax =
| | ; Term : Definition1 |
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| * akana.conlang.org/wiki/Delta_Naidda
| | ; Term |
| | : Definition1 |
| | : Definition2 |
| | : Definition3 |
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| == Basic Word Order ==
| | To ''italicize text'', put two consecutive apostrophes on each side of it. |
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| The default word order in '''Kala''' is SOV, although case marking allows some flexibility.
| | Three apostrophes each side will '''bold the text'''. |
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| * '''mita tlakan yatsiye'''
| | Five consecutive apostrophes on each side (two for italics plus three for bold) produces '''''bold italics'''''. |
| : dog man-ACC bite-PST
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| : ''The dog bit the man.''
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| = Derivation =
| | '''''Italic and bold formatting''''' works correctly only within a single line. |
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| == Gemination ==
| | For text as {{smallcaps|small caps}}, use the template {{tl|smallcaps}}. |
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| Gemination is only found as a product of word compounding and not as a phonological process, however it affects the pronunciation as the phonemic variation is lost and all geminated consonants are voiceless. '''naka''' (''woman'') can be /ˈnaːka/ or /ˈnaːga/, whereas '''nakkan''' (''chieftess'') can only be /ˈnaːkkan/. All consonants except for semivowels can undergo gemination.
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| = Sample =
| | * [[WP:Lingua Franca Nova|LFN]] |
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| = Lexicon =
| | * [[Wiktionary:亡|tokomo]] |
