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Wedish is a conservative Judeo-Christian language spoken only between a husband and a wife.  It is meant to appeal to Indo-European and Semitic language speakers.  It sounds like Anglish (Germanic English without Latin influence), has Hebrew/Aramaic verbs but a variety of other influences.
== Goals ==
# Endgoal - A noun-less language I can pronounce
# Vague phrases
## Process Philosophy - change is all that exists
## Predicate Centrism
## Radical Incorporation
## Gestalt experience
### Dynamic Interrelation
### Emergent Perception
### Holistic Understanding
### Meaning Making
### Psychological and Therapeutic
## Experiential Framing
## Murmuring to yourself
# Naturalism: 8/10. 
#* Just a little push to get rid of all verb
#* Language isolate where none exists
#* I don't wanna do all the diachronic/irregularities, or at least, not at first
#* idioms are cool, ambiguity is cool
# Complexity - insane.  Allowed to be worse than Navajo
# Derivation - the template is always a must
# Feature
## Phonology
### ejectives
### syllabic fricatives
### ã and õ
### þ and ł
### CV, CF, V (hiatus)
## Grammar
### Open: transitives, statives, intransitive, incorporated nouns, adverb
### Closed: relators, valency,
### evidentiality
### emotive/reflective language (mirativity, etc)
### politeness vocabulary, kinship marking, avoidance/passives
## Culture
### slightly in the future: has adapted to technology/internet


Try again on slots
# Circumstantials vs Person
# VAC
# EAF
# Mode
# Aspect
# Tense
# Subject
# Object
# Adverb
# Noun
# Root
== Phonology ==
== Phonology ==
Generally speaking, Wedish has British English consonants, Spanish vowels, and Yiddish phonotactics.  The Roman alphabet (plus four other letters) is used as an abjad, though the Hebrew alphabet can be used.  The writing of vowels is typically skipped, except in dictionaries and some poetry.  '''A''', '''H''', '''O''', and '''E''' (and '''W''' and '''Y''') are used a ''mater lectionis'', i.e. hints as to the unwritten vowels.  '''A''' usually means an /a/ at the beginning of a word, '''H''' at the end.  '''O''' indicates /o/ or /u/ at the start of a word, but only means /o/ medially or finally.  '''E''' indicates initial /e/ or /i/
I, and U are not used.
=== Consonants ===
{| style="text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; float:left;"
!colspan=17 style="text-align:center; background: #efefef;"| Consonants in IPA
|- style="vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em"
| ||colspan=2| Labial ||colspan=2| Dental ||colspan=2| Alveolar ||colspan=2| Post-alv. ||colspan=2| Palatal ||colspan=2| Velar ||colspan=2| Glottal
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Nasal || || {{IPA|m}}  || || || || {{IPA|n}} || || || || || || {{IPA|ŋ}}
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Plosive || {{IPA|p}} || {{IPA|b}}  || || || {{IPA|t}} || {{IPA|d}} || || || || || {{IPA|k}} || {{IPA|g}} || {{IPA|ʔ}}
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Fricative  || {{IPA|f}} || {{IPA|v}} || {{IPA|θ}} || {{IPA|ð}} || {{IPA|s}} || {{IPA|z}} || {{IPA|ʃ}} || {{IPA|ʒ}} || || || {{IPA|x}} || || {{IPA|h}}
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Affricate || || || || || || || {{IPA|tʃ}} || {{IPA|dʒ}}
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Approximants || || {{IPA|w}}  || || || || {{IPA|l}} || || || || {{IPA|j}}
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Trill || ||  || || || || {{IPA|r}}
|}
{| style="text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;float:left;"
!colspan=17 style="text-align:center; background: #efefef;"| Consonants as Written
|- style="vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em"
| ||colspan=2| Labial ||colspan=2| Dental ||colspan=2| Alveolar ||colspan=2| Post-alv. ||colspan=2| Palatal ||colspan=2| Velar ||colspan=2| Glottal
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Nasal || || M  || || || || N || || || || || || NG
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Plosive || P || B  || || || T || D || || || || || K || G ||
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Fricative  || F || V || Θ || Ð || S || Z || C || J || || || X || || H
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Affricate || || || || || || || Ŧ || Ɗ
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Approximants || || W  || || || || L || || || || Y
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Trill || ||  || || || || R
|}
{| style="text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;"
!colspan=17 style="text-align:center; background: #efefef;"| Consonants in Hebrew Alphabet
|- style="vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em"
| ||colspan=2| Labial ||colspan=2| Dental ||colspan=2| Alveolar ||colspan=2| Post-alv. ||colspan=2| Palatal ||colspan=2| Velar ||colspan=2| Glottal
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Nasal || || מ/ם  || || || <!--xxx//--> || נ/ן || || || || || <!--xx//--> || נג
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Plosive || פּ/ףּ || <!--xxx//--> בּ  || || || <!--xxx//--> תּ || <!--xxx//--> דּ || || || <!--xxx//--> || || כּ/ךּ || <!--xxx//--> ג ||
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Fricative  || פ/ף || <!--xxx//--> ב || <!--xxx//--> ת || <!--xxx//--> ד || <!--xxx//--> שׂ || <!--xxx//--> ז || <!--xxx//--> שׁ || <!--xxx//--> ס || || || <!--xxx//--> כ/ך || || <!--xxx//-->ה
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Affricate || || || || || || || <!--xxx//--> צ/ץ || <!--xxx//--> ט
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Approximants || || ו  || || || || <!--xxx//--> ל || || || || <!--xxx//--> י
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Trill || ||  || || || || ר
|}
<!-- Hebrew leftovers א ע ח ק//-->
'''Q''' is used for the sound /q/ (as in Quran/Koran), but it almost universally pronounced /k/.  Speakers from non-rhotic countries pronounce '''R''' as trilled, while Americans tend to make it retroflex (which can make them hard to understand!).
<br clear="both" />


=== Vowels ===
{| class="bluetable" style="text-align:center;"
{| style="text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0; float:left;"
|+ Consonants
!colspan=11 style="text-align:center; background: #efefef;"| Vowels
! !! Labial !! Dental !! Central !! Sibilant !! Lateral !! Palatal !! Velar !! Glotal
|- style="vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em"
| ||colspan=2| Front ||colspan=2| Near-front ||colspan=2| Central ||colspan=2| Back
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| High || {{IPA|i}}~{{IPA|ɪ}} || || || || || || ||  {{IPA|u}}
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| High-mid || || || {{IPA|e}}~{{IPA|ɛ}} || || || || || {{IPA|o}}
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Mid || || || || || {{IPA|ə}}
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Near-low || || || {{IPA|æ}}
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Low || || || || || {{IPA|a}}
|}
The Hebrew vowel points are used around Latin letters, with only slight modification.  The glottal stop '''A''' is used here as a place holder.
{| class="wikitable"
! Written || Sound || Name
|-
! Ạ
| /i/ as in feet or fit
| Hireq/ḤR̤Q
|-
! A̤
| /e/ as in bet or bait
| Sereh/S̤R̤H
|-
|-
! A̞
! Plain
| /æ/ as in Sally
| /p/ || /t͡θ/ '''tþ''' || /t/ || /t͡s/ '''ts''' || /t͡ɬ/ '''tł''' || /t͡ʃ/ '''tc''' || /k/ ||
| Qæmets/Q̞M̤T̩S
|-
|-
! ֻA
! Ejective
| /u/ as in boot
| /p'/ || /t͡θ'/ '''tþ'''' || /t'/ || /t͡s'/ '''ts' ''' || /t͡ɬ'/ '''tł' ''' || /t͡ʃ/ '''tc' '''|| /k'/ || /ʔ/ ''' ' '''
| Qibuts/Q̣B̖T̩S
| 3 dots is formal.  A slanted line is also used, i.e. A̖
|-
|-
! Ȧ
! Voiced
| /o/ as in boat*
| ||  || || ||  || /d͡ʒ/ '''j''' || /g/ ||
| Holem/ḢL̤M
|-
|-
! A̱
! Fricative
| /a/ as in father
| /ɸ/ '''f''' || /θ/ '''þ''' || || /s/ || /ɬ/ '''ł''' || /ʃ/ '''c''' || /x/ || /h/
| Pathach/P̱Θ̱X
|-
|-
! ְA
! Sonorant
| /ə/ as in careen
| /m/ || || /n/ ||  || /l/ || /j/ '''y''' || /ŋ/ /w/ ||  
| Schwa/ְCW̱
| In typed contexts, the schwa is often written as a line: i.e. A̩
|}
|}
The Schwa may or may not be indicative of a separate syllable (see Phonotactics below).


A tilde above a letter makes it syllabic, that is, the nucleus of a syllable. Only M̃, Ñ, and L̃ may take the tilde.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
 
|+ "Vowels"
There are many diphthongs in quick speech, but they are pronounced separately (i.e. two syllables) in careful speech.
! !! Oral !! Nasal !! Sonorant !! Sibilant !! Fricative
; AY : /ai/ (English long-I)
; EY : /ei/ (English long-A)
; OY : /oi/
; OW : /ou/ (English long-O)
 
=== Phonotactics ===
Neither vowel length nor stress is phonemic.  Long vowels indicate stress.  Initial consonant clusters can only be two letters long, unless they start with '''S''' or '''C'''.  Final consonant clusters can only be two letters long, which even limits even combinations which would produce a third, epenthetic consonant.
 
 
==== Onset ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| All single consonant phonemes
|
| except {{IPA|/ŋ/}}
|-
|-
| Stop or affricate plus approximant
! Near-High
| PL, PR, BL, BR, KW, KL, KR, KY, GW, GL, GR, GY, TW, DW, ŦW, ŦL, ŦR, ŦJ, ƊR
| /ɪ/ '''i''' || /õ/ '''o''' || /ŋ̊/ '''ŋr''' || /ʃ/ '''cr''' || /ɸ/ '''fr'''
| but not PW, PY, BW, BY, TL, TR, TY, DL, DR, DY, ƊL, ƊY, ƊW
|-
|-
| Fricative plus approximant
! Mid
| FW, FL, FR, FY, VW, VL, VR, VY, ΘW, ΘL, ΘR, SW, SL, ZW, CW, CL, CR, JW, JL, JR, XW, XL, XR
| /ǝ/ '''e''' || /ǝ̃/ '''u''' || /n̊/ '''nr''' || /ɬ/ '''łr''' || /θ/ '''þr'''
| but not ΘY, ÐW, ÐW, ÐR, ÐY, SR, SY, ZL, ZR, ZY, CY, JY, XY
|-
|-
| S or C plus voiceless stop, M, or N
! Low
| SP, ST, SK, SM, SN, CP, CT, CK, CM, CN
| /ä/ '''a''' || /ã/ '''æ''' || /m̊/ '''mr''' || /s/ '''sr''' || /x/ '''xr'''
|-
| S or C plus voiceless stop or affricate plus approximant:
| SPL, SPR, SKW, SKL, SKR, SKY, STW, SŦW, SŦR, CPL, CPR, CKW, CKL, SKR, CKY, CTW, CŦW, CŦR
| but not SPW, SPY, STL, STR, STY, SŦL, SŦJ, CPW, CPY, CTL, CTR, CTY, CŦL, CŦJ
|}
|}


==== Coda ====
== Verb Slots ==
{| class="wikitable"
Verbs are built according to a template.  The optional first slot is to make it a comment, not a main clause
|-
# VAC - Valency Altering Complex
| The single consonant phonemes
# EAF - Epistemic-Affective Framing
|
# Mood
| except H, W, Y, R
# Tense
|-
# Aspect
| Lateral approximant plus stop or affricate:
# subject/object class
| LP, LB, LT, LD, LC, LJ, LŦ, LƊ, LK, LG
# incorporated noun
|
# person
|-
# adverbial
| Lateral approximant + fricative:
# root
| LF, LV, LΘ, LÐ, LS, LZ, LC, LJ, LX
|
|-
| Lateral approximant + nasal:
| LM, LN
| but not LNG
|-
| Nasal + homorganic stop or affricate
| MP, MB, NT, ND, NŦ, NƊ, NGK, NGG
| NGK and NGG are just spelled NK and NG
|-
| Voiceless fricative plus voiceless stop:
| FP, FT, FK, ΘP, ΘT, ΘK, SP, ST, SK, CP, CT, CK, XP, XT, XK
|
|-
|Two voiceless fricatives:
| FΘ, FS, FC, ΘS, ΘC, SΘ, CΘ, CS, XΘ, XS, XC
| But not FX, ΘF, ΘX, SF, SC, SX, CF, CX, XF
|-
| Two voiceless stops:
| PK, PT, KT,
| But not KP, TK, TP
|-
| Stop plus voice-matching fricative:
| PΘ, PS, PC, BÐ, BZ, BJ, TΘ, TS, TX, DÐ, DZ, KF, KΘ, KS, KC, KX, GÐ, GZ, GJ
| But not PF, PX, BV, TF, DV, GV
 
TC=Ŧ, DÐ=Ɗ
|}
More complicated consonant clusters than these may be possible across syllable boundaries, but require epenthetic vowels.


== Grammar ==
Because this language is only ever spoken between two, specific people, a great deal of narrowing in scope is possible.


=== Person ===
=== Slot 0 ===
Wedish has the typical 3-person distinction.  However, given the limited circumstances where this language is spoken, there is only a first-person singular and dual, second-person singular, and the third-persons.  Number is not distinguished in the third person except by plural markers on the noun/pronoun.
This prefix turns a finite verb into a circumstantial clause, effectively making it non-finite.


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! # || Designation || Use || Example
! Name !! Sound !! Translations !! Notes
|-
|-
! 1S
! Simultaneous
| '''1st Person Singular'''
| fu- || while, during, as || can also mean "at the same place"
| Referring to the Ego.
| AN /''I'' am here.
|-
|-
! 1D
! Purpose
| '''1st Person Dual'''
| łæ- || in order to, for the sake of, to, for || can be irrealis, as in intended consequence
| Referring to the couple.
| We are here
|-
|-
! 2S
! Comparative
| '''2nd Person Singular'''
| kxrc- || like, as, -ly || for an alike-manner or a metaphor/simile
| Referring to the Interlocutor.
| You are here
|-
|-
! 3M
! Causal
| '''3rd Person Masculine'''
| t'mr- || since, from, because of || specifies the origin or source
| Refers to that which is masculine.
| He is gone.
|-
|-
! 3F
! Concessive
| '''3rd Person Feminine'''
| tþ'a- || even though, despite, although || contrary, adversative
| Refers to that which is feminine.
| She is gone.
|-
|-
! 3N
! Neutral
| '''3rd Person Neither'''
| xwe- || -ing || does not specify the relationship beyond circumstances-to-comment
| Refers to that which is neither masculine nor feminine.
| Other people's kids are making noise.
|}
|}


=== Case ===
=== VAC ===
There are no cases, per se.  The ergative, or subject of a transitive clause must come before the verb,unless it is emphatic or a question (similar to English).  The absolute (when denoting the object of the verb) must come after the verb, unless the clause is emphatic or a question.  Genitive relationships are expressed through via the independent participle '''OV''' or its allomorph, the suffix ''''-V'''  (cp. English "of").  Dative relationships come by T/T-.  Ablative is handled by BO/B-.  Only pronouns have separate morphology for these cases.
The Valency-Alteration Complex (VAC).  One is required each time
 
There are no ditransitive verbs in Wedish.  All truly modal auxiliary verbs take infinitive verb objects.
 
=== Number ===
Broadly speaking,  Wedish recognizes three numbers: singular, dual, and plural.  However, there are two different plurals: collective and distributive.  As with most languages, the unmarked form of the word is the singular.


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Word || Meaning
! Name !! Effect !! Sound !! Notes
|-
! Ð̩Ŧ̱YLD
| the child  (1)
|-
! Ð̩Ŧ̱YLD̤M
| the children (2)
|-
! Ð̩Ŧ̱YLD̤Z
| the children (many, as a group)
|-
! Ð̩Ŧ̱YLD̤N
| the children (many, as individuals)
|}
 
=== Gender ===
There is not gender in Wedish, per se.  Some nouns and pronouns refer to masculine things and some refer to feminine things, but there is no agreement necessary between parts of speech.
 
=== Definiteness ===
Exactly as in English, there are three kinds of definiteness in Wedish.  The definite and indefinite articles are particles that attach the ''front'' of a word and may be applied to nouns of any number (unlike English).  Without any article, nouns are by nature abstract.  For example, ÐŦYLD (the child) refers to one specific child of the couples, NŦYLD refers to one non-specific child of the couples, but ŦYLD refers to "the state of being one a child of ours".
 
== Verbs ==
Wedish verbs agree with the subject/actor in person only.  Tense is the main idea encoded in the verb, with aspectual qualities typically requiring adverbs or postpositional phrases.  Noun incorporation is common.  Incorporated verb phrases may still take either an ergative or an absolutive subject, to indicate intentionality.  There is poly-personal agreement.
 
The future tense is intentional for the 1st person and suppositional for the 2nd and 3rd.
 
The only (but exceedingly common) auxiliary verb is the "to be" verb, which precedes the verb it modifies and is conjugated the same way.
 
Kinds of Verbs
; Hollow Verbs : The middle consonant is a semi-vowel ('''Y''' or '''W''').  The resulting forms all have a long vowel or diphthong in the stem-based syllable.
; Initial Consonant Cluster : 2 or 3 consonants begin the verb and 1 ends it.  The initial group stays together and the theme vowel is /a/ or /e/.
; Final Consonant Cluster: The first consonant is alone, followed by the vowel /a/ or /e/, but then ended by a consonant cluster.  This final group is often broken up in conjugation.
 
{| class="wikitable" style="float:left;"
|+ Hollow Verb Paradigm
! Tense || Number || Form
|-
! rowspan="3" | Past
! 1
| ḶYPN̖W
|-
! 2
| ḶYP̖W
|-
! 3
| ḶYP̱H
|-
! rowspan="3" | Present
! 1
| LỴP̤N
|-
! 2
| LỴP
|-
! 3
| LỴP̤T
|-
|-
! rowspan="3" | Future
! Transitive
! 1
| || he- || Normal conjugation for two-argument verbs
| N̖WḶYP
|-
|-
! 2
! Intransitive
| ṚḶYP
| || cli- || Normal conjugation for one-argument verbs
|-
|-
! 3
! Causative
| W̞ḶYP
| +1 agent || ŋi- || Promotes external causer to subject, causee to object, old patient to oblique
|}
 
<br clear="both" />
 
The "to-be" verb is separated into two related verbs, like Korean 있다 and 이다, Japanese います and です, or Chinese 有 and 是. 
 
{| class="wikitable" style="float:left;"
|+ Copulative
|-
|-
! colspan="6" | Past
! Reflex/Recip
! 1M
| -1 patient || tł'æ- || agent=patient
| TYYTY
|-
|-
! 1F
! Antipassive
| TYYNW
| -1 patient || cłr- || patient is backgrounded
|-
|-
! 2M
! Passive
| HYYT
| -1 agent || mŋr- || agent suppressed
|-
|-
! 2F
! Benefactive
| HYYT
| +1 patient || ło- || promotes goal/recipient
|-
|-
! 2D
! Locative
| HYYTW
| +1 patient || xþr- || promotes location
|-
|-
! 3
! Instr/Comit.
| HT
| +1 patient || ce- || Adds means or accompanier
|-
|-
! colspan="6" | Present
! Genitive
! 1M
| +1 patient|| k'e- || Adds alienable possessor
|}
 
|}
|}
 
=== EAF ===
<br clear="both" />
Epistemic-Affective Framing is about attitude or stance: how the speaker is positioned—emotionally, epistemically, experientially—toward the event.  One is required per verb.
 
== Nouns ==
Relative clauses immediately follow the noun they modify, as do adjectives, demonstratives and numerals.  Genitives are post-nominal, expressed by a postclitic.


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Pronoun table
! Name !! Sound !! Glosses !! Notes
! # ||  Ergative || Absolutive || Genitive || Dative || Ablative
|-
|-
! 1M
! Surprise
| ANY || NXN || NW || NY || BNW
| -tþu- || "I didn't expect that" || often unpleasant but not necessarily so
|-
|-
! 1F
! Dislike
| AK/AX || MK/MX || MYN || MY || MR
| -xo- || "I dislike that" || Always strongly negative
|-
|-
! 1D
! Love
| W || OS || ORS || WY || BRS
| le- || "I am glad that" || Always strongly positive
|-
|-
! 2M
! Direct
| AT || YK || YW || YY || KWN
| -ck'æ- || "I experienced that" || strict for personal, sensory phenomenon
|-
|-
! 2F
! Hearsay
| DW || DK/DX || DYN || DY || DR
| -tþi- || "It was told to me that" || read, heard, reported information
|-
! 3M
| HW || O ||
|-
! 3F
| HY
|}
 
== Derivational Morphology ==
Grammatical parts of speech are somewhere stricter than in English.  For example, adjectives cannot be used substantively without a suffix
 
{| class="wikitable"
! Form || Expects || Produces || Meaning
|-
! -NS
| Adjective || Noun || "The quality of being ..." (cp. -ness)
|-
! C-
| Noun || Noun || "The language of ..." (cp. -ish)
|-
! YY-
| Noun || Noun || "An inhabitant of ..."
|}
 
== Discourse Participles ==
; XTATY : (Lit. Heb. "I have sinned") This is very much like the English opening phrase "I confess that".  While (like everything) it is possible to abuse this phrase, it typically begins an utterance with an air of confession, humility and perhaps even admission of guilt.
 
== Lexicon ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! LYP
| to jump
| Hollow
|-
|-
! Inferential
| -pcr- || "I assume that" || assumptions, logically inferred
|}
|}
=== Mode ===
# Imperfective - ongoing, incomplete
# Perfective - done, complete
# Progressive - changing, evolving
# Subjunctive - likely but not real, command, conditional
# Optative - unlikely and not real, wishes, hypothetical
=== Tense ===
# Present - now
# Hodiernal - today
# Past - before today
# Future - after today
# Gnomic - timeless
=== Aspect ===
# Momentane - of an instant
# Continuative - no clear boundaries
# Conative - attempt
# Semelfactive - one time unit in a sequence, once
# Stative - enduring, condition, identity

Latest revision as of 10:54, 16 March 2025

Goals

  1. Endgoal - A noun-less language I can pronounce
  2. Vague phrases
    1. Process Philosophy - change is all that exists
    2. Predicate Centrism
    3. Radical Incorporation
    4. Gestalt experience
      1. Dynamic Interrelation
      2. Emergent Perception
      3. Holistic Understanding
      4. Meaning Making
      5. Psychological and Therapeutic
    5. Experiential Framing
    6. Murmuring to yourself
  3. Naturalism: 8/10.
    • Just a little push to get rid of all verb
    • Language isolate where none exists
    • I don't wanna do all the diachronic/irregularities, or at least, not at first
    • idioms are cool, ambiguity is cool
  4. Complexity - insane. Allowed to be worse than Navajo
  5. Derivation - the template is always a must
  6. Feature
    1. Phonology
      1. ejectives
      2. syllabic fricatives
      3. ã and õ
      4. þ and ł
      5. CV, CF, V (hiatus)
    2. Grammar
      1. Open: transitives, statives, intransitive, incorporated nouns, adverb
      2. Closed: relators, valency,
      3. evidentiality
      4. emotive/reflective language (mirativity, etc)
      5. politeness vocabulary, kinship marking, avoidance/passives
    3. Culture
      1. slightly in the future: has adapted to technology/internet


Try again on slots

  1. Circumstantials vs Person
  2. VAC
  3. EAF
  4. Mode
  5. Aspect
  6. Tense
  7. Subject
  8. Object
  9. Adverb
  10. Noun
  11. Root

Phonology

Consonants
Labial Dental Central Sibilant Lateral Palatal Velar Glotal
Plain /p/ /t͡θ/ tþ /t/ /t͡s/ ts /t͡ɬ/ tł /t͡ʃ/ tc /k/
Ejective /p'/ /t͡θ'/ tþ' /t'/ /t͡s'/ ts' /t͡ɬ'/ tł' /t͡ʃ/ tc' /k'/ /ʔ/ '
Voiced /d͡ʒ/ j /g/
Fricative /ɸ/ f /θ/ þ /s/ /ɬ/ ł /ʃ/ c /x/ /h/
Sonorant /m/ /n/ /l/ /j/ y /ŋ/ /w/
"Vowels"
Oral Nasal Sonorant Sibilant Fricative
Near-High /ɪ/ i /õ/ o /ŋ̊/ ŋr /ʃ/ cr /ɸ/ fr
Mid /ǝ/ e /ǝ̃/ u /n̊/ nr /ɬ/ łr /θ/ þr
Low /ä/ a /ã/ æ /m̊/ mr /s/ sr /x/ xr

Verb Slots

Verbs are built according to a template. The optional first slot is to make it a comment, not a main clause

  1. VAC - Valency Altering Complex
  2. EAF - Epistemic-Affective Framing
  3. Mood
  4. Tense
  5. Aspect
  6. subject/object class
  7. incorporated noun
  8. person
  9. adverbial
  10. root


Slot 0

This prefix turns a finite verb into a circumstantial clause, effectively making it non-finite.

Name Sound Translations Notes
Simultaneous fu- while, during, as can also mean "at the same place"
Purpose łæ- in order to, for the sake of, to, for can be irrealis, as in intended consequence
Comparative kxrc- like, as, -ly for an alike-manner or a metaphor/simile
Causal t'mr- since, from, because of specifies the origin or source
Concessive tþ'a- even though, despite, although contrary, adversative
Neutral xwe- -ing does not specify the relationship beyond circumstances-to-comment

VAC

The Valency-Alteration Complex (VAC). One is required each time

Name Effect Sound Notes
Transitive he- Normal conjugation for two-argument verbs
Intransitive cli- Normal conjugation for one-argument verbs
Causative +1 agent ŋi- Promotes external causer to subject, causee to object, old patient to oblique
Reflex/Recip -1 patient tł'æ- agent=patient
Antipassive -1 patient cłr- patient is backgrounded
Passive -1 agent mŋr- agent suppressed
Benefactive +1 patient ło- promotes goal/recipient
Locative +1 patient xþr- promotes location
Instr/Comit. +1 patient ce- Adds means or accompanier
Genitive +1 patient k'e- Adds alienable possessor

EAF

Epistemic-Affective Framing is about attitude or stance: how the speaker is positioned—emotionally, epistemically, experientially—toward the event. One is required per verb.

Name Sound Glosses Notes
Surprise -tþu- "I didn't expect that" often unpleasant but not necessarily so
Dislike -xo- "I dislike that" Always strongly negative
Love le- "I am glad that" Always strongly positive
Direct -ck'æ- "I experienced that" strict for personal, sensory phenomenon
Hearsay -tþi- "It was told to me that" read, heard, reported information
Inferential -pcr- "I assume that" assumptions, logically inferred

Mode

  1. Imperfective - ongoing, incomplete
  2. Perfective - done, complete
  3. Progressive - changing, evolving
  4. Subjunctive - likely but not real, command, conditional
  5. Optative - unlikely and not real, wishes, hypothetical

Tense

  1. Present - now
  2. Hodiernal - today
  3. Past - before today
  4. Future - after today
  5. Gnomic - timeless

Aspect

  1. Momentane - of an instant
  2. Continuative - no clear boundaries
  3. Conative - attempt
  4. Semelfactive - one time unit in a sequence, once
  5. Stative - enduring, condition, identity
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