Lenian languages: Difference between revisions

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==Scope==
==Scope==
All Dreamlandic languages are included.  All of the [[Subumpam]]ese languages are included, as is [[Paleo-Pabappa]] and its descendants.  
:''Use [[User:Soap/scratchpad]] for Dreamlandic and not this page.''


However, [[Babakiam|Play]] is not included, despite it having many of the areal characters of the Lenian languages. This is because Play is descended from [[Diʕì|Gold]] and acquired its distinctive characteristics over a long period of time. Thus, [[Poswa]] and [[Pabappa]] are not Lenian languages either.  Nor are the [[Macro-Pabap languages]], or [[Tropical_Rim#1085_to_P.C4.93les|Pēles]], even though the speakers of Pēles considered themselves to be Lenians.
See [[Play substratum languages]].
 
All Dreamlandic languages are included.  See also [[Minor Lenian languages]].


===Tribal identity===
===Tribal identity===
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For the most part, these languages do not spread to non-Lenian tribes. The only language that had a sizable non-Lenian population of speakers was Oyster.
For the most part, these languages do not spread to non-Lenian tribes. The only language that had a sizable non-Lenian population of speakers was Oyster.


=Tapilula (0) to Proto-Dreamlandic (1320)=
=Tapilula (800 BC) to Proto-Dreamlandic (520)=
   
The three-way split of Dreamlandic, "Andano-Tropical-Gold" (better name needed), and the HP-3/4 speakers is treated as simultaneous because ATG was a distinct dialect for hundreds of years before their migration, and because the speakers of the other languages remained in contact even though genetically they had diverged from each other earlier than ATG had split from HP-4.  See [[Hipatal]] for details.
 
Note that Dreamlandic could have branched off earlier than the rest, perhaps as much as 1,000 years earlier, but that it might also be better to assume the others branch off around 500 AD than to push Dreamlandic alone all the way back to 1000 BC. Baywatch must be moved back to around 2800 in even the minimal case, and could be pushed all the way back to 2300 AD, making it almost contemporary with Gold.


The original consonant inventory was
The original consonant inventory was
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===Shared changes===
===Shared changes===
Note that hiatus in this language is considered to be /g/.  The differentiation between /Ø/ and /g/ in the other branch is due to analogy.
Note that hiatus in this language is considered to be /g/.  The differentiation between /Ø/ and /g/ in the other branch is due to analogy.
''See [[Play substratum languages]] for further details.''


#Before a low tone, the fricatives ''h g'' shifted to '''kʷ kʷʕ'''. Before a high tone, they disappeared.  Thus, the language became entirely free of fricatives.
#Before a low tone, the fricatives ''h g'' shifted to '''kʷ kʷʕ'''. Before a high tone, they disappeared.  Thus, the language became entirely free of fricatives.
#:In a few situations, to avoid sequences like /awó/, they also became hard before a high tone, thus producing /apwó/.  This lenites later on, but lenites in a different way than if the phoneme had disappeared in the early shift.
#The dependent phonemes ''kʷ kʷʕ'' shifted to '''p pʕ''' if bordering any /u ə/ in either direction, and otherwise to '''k'''.  Note that /o/ did not trigger this shift.
#The dependent phonemes ''kʷ kʷʕ'' shifted to '''p pʕ''' if bordering any /u ə/ in either direction, and otherwise to '''k'''.  Note that /o/ did not trigger this shift.
#Before a low tone, the lateral approximant ''l'' shifted to '''r'''. This did not affect the dental form (if there was one).
#:Note, many words have this incorrectly shifting to /k ḳ/ rather than to just /k/. It may be best to leave it this way, as it fills out the consonant distribution.
#:Note also that the rare true primordial /hʷ/ behaves here as the sequence /hu/, meaning that it becomes '''pu'''. This sound is much rarer than the cluster /mfʷ/ which became /hʷ/ in Gold.
#Before a low tone, the lateral approximant ''l'' shifted to '''r'''.  
#Before a high tone, the voiceless stops ''pʷ p  t tʷ k'' became the fricatives '''hʷ f  s hʷ h'''.  This did not apply to the emphatics.
#Before a high tone, the voiceless stops ''pʷ p  t tʷ k'' became the fricatives '''hʷ f  s hʷ h'''.  This did not apply to the emphatics.
#Voiceless prenasalized sequences were reanalyzed as nasal + fricative.  Voiced prenasalized sequences were reanalyzed as nasal + stop. Thus they were no longer phonemic. Nevertheless, they continued to occur in the syllable onset rather than splitting between the onset and the preceding coda.
#Voiceless prenasalized sequences were reanalyzed as nasal + fricative.  Voiced prenasalized sequences were reanalyzed as nasal + stop. Thus they were no longer phonemic. Nevertheless, they continued to occur in the syllable onset rather than splitting between the onset and the preceding coda.
#''aə''>'''ā'''.
#The sequences ''aə əa aa'' all merged as  '''ā'''. 
#The emphatic stops ''  pʕ  ḳ'' shifted to '''  pp  kk''' except in absolute initial position. (Since most words began with classifier prefixes, this shift produced many root-initial clusters, but the classifiers that padded these roots did not acquire initial clusters.)
#The sequences ''  əu əi'' then shifted to '''  ū ī'''.  Thus /ū ī/ are distinct in proto-Dreamlandic from the sequences /uu ii/; the latter  are spelled as "wu yi" when not after a consonant. In this they resemble the later-emerging Play system.  There is no corresponding sequence /aa/, however.
#:Note that the conditioning environment necessary to generate this shift might constrain it to occurring only in words that had primordial low-high tone melody, meaning that they would always have a lost final consonant.  If the Dreamers always preserved these silent final consonants in spelling (since they reappeared in grammar), they would never need any symbols  for long vowels.  The only exceptions to this would be classifier prefixes that lost their status and came to be seen as part of the root. Here, it might be assumed that they had once ended in /g/, since there never was a final /g/ and the symbol would therefore be free.
#The emphatic stops ''  pʕ  ḳ'' shifted to '''  pp  kk''' except in absolute phrase-initial position. (Since most words began with classifier prefixes, this shift produced many root-initial clusters, but the classifiers that padded these roots did not acquire initial clusters.)
#:For all practical purposes, the condition can be ignored, and it may be that the speakers produced geminates even at the beginning of a sentence.
#The voiceless alveolar stop ''t'' affricated to '''c''' before the high vowels [i ə u].  
#The voiceless alveolar stop ''t'' affricated to '''c''' before the high vowels [i ə u].  
#The vowels ''a e i'' all shifted to palatalized forms '''ya ye yi'''.  If one of the non-labialized consonants ''p m f t n s k ŋ h l r'' preceded, it became palatalized to '''pʲ mʲ fʲ č ň š ć ń ś ł ŕ'''.    But palatalization of /l/ was not marked in spelling.  Meanwhile, the long vowels ''ā ē ī'' shifted to '''yā yē yī''' (not *yaya, etc).  
#The vowels ''a e i'' all shifted to palatalized forms '''ya ye yi'''.  If one of the non-labialized consonants ''p m f t n s k ŋ h l r'' preceded, it became palatalized to '''pʲ mʲ fʲ č ň š ć ń ś ł ŕ'''.    But palatalization of /l/ was not marked in spelling.   
#:Meanwhile, the long vowels ''ā ē ī'' shifted to '''yā yē yī''' (not *yaya, etc).
#:It is likely that ''au'', from earlier /ahu agu/ was excluded from this shift and did not become /yau/.
#The rounded alveolars  ''tʷ nʷ'' became '''kʷ ŋʷ'''.
#The rounded alveolars  ''tʷ nʷ'' became '''kʷ ŋʷ'''.
#The high central vowel ''ə'' shifted to '''i'''.   
#The high central vowel ''ə'' shifted to '''i'''.   
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#The mid vowels ''e o'' shifted to '''ə a'''.  This did not affect, and was not affected by, whether the previous consonant was labialized or not; the respective allophones shifted in tandem.   
#The mid vowels ''e o'' shifted to '''ə a'''.  This did not affect, and was not affected by, whether the previous consonant was labialized or not; the respective allophones shifted in tandem.   
#Tones were eliminated.
#Tones were eliminated.
#Syllabic consonants were resolved as sequences of /i/ + consonant, and assimilated to the place of articulation of a following consonant.   
#Syllabic consonants preceded by a consonant were resolved as sequences of /i/ + consonant, and assimilated to the place of articulation of a following consonant.  In absolute final position, they became '''in'''.  Meanwhile, a syllabic consonant preceded by a vowel became a simple '''n'''.  In all cases where another consonant followed, these nasals were front-loaded onto the next syllable, and thus the only closed syllables in proto-Dreamlandic were at the end of a word, and they were very rare.
#:It is possible that rather than having all three syllabic nasals shift to /in/, the shift is ''ṁ ṅ ŋ̇'' > '''un in ən''', with /ŋ/ probably shifting first.  A second possibility is /un in an/, where /ŋ/ starts out as /ə/ and then is pushed to /a/ when /m/ appears, which also started out as schwa but then became labial.
#The root-initial geminates '' pp ppʲ  ćć kk '' shifted to singletons '''    p pʲ  ć k '''  if there was another heavy syllable in the word.
#The root-initial geminates '' pp ppʲ  ćć kk '' shifted to singletons '''    p pʲ  ć k '''  if there was another heavy syllable in the word.
#All prenasalized consonants became voiceless with a stopped release.
#All prenasalized consonants became voiceless with a stopped release.
#The sequence ''ʷi'' shifted to '''i'''.
#The sequence ''ʷi'' shifted to '''i''', except in hiatus (/awi iwi uwi/).


Thus the vowel inventory at this time was /a i u ə/, and the consonants were:
Thus the vowel inventory at this time was /a i u ə/, and the consonants were:
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===Changes unique to Western Fojy===
===Changes unique to Western Fojy===
#The voiceless non-sibilant fricatives ''  f  fʲ  h hʷ'' shifted to '''  Ø Ø Ø w'''.   
#The voiceless non-sibilant fricatives ''  f  fʲ  h hʷ'' shifted to '''  Ø Ø Ø w'''.   
#The palatalized labials ''pʲ  mʲ'' shifted to '''p  m'''.  
#The palatalized labials ''pʲ  mʲ'' shifted to '''p  m'''. (These may have passed through a linguolabial stage.)
#The bare vowel ''u'' shifted to '''ʉ'''. Then ''wa'' shifted to '''wo'''. Neither of these shifts were phonemic.
#The bare vowel ''u'' shifted to '''ʉ'''. Then ''wa'' shifted to '''wo'''. Neither of these shifts were phonemic.


===Changes unique to Nuclear Dreamlandic (1495)===
===Changes unique to Nuclear Dreamlandic (695)===


#The mid vowel ''ə'', which occurred almost entirely after palatalized consonants, shifted to '''a'''.  Thus, the vowel inventory was reduced to /a i u/, with frequent sequences of /ya wa yi wu/ but no others.
#The mid vowel ''e'', which occurred almost entirely after palatalized consonants, shifted to '''a'''.  Thus, the vowel inventory was reduced to /a i u/, with frequent sequences of /ya wa yi wu/ but no others.
#:NOTE, this is almost certainly a mistake (or an early transcription) for ''ə''.
#The true palatals ''ć ń ś'' shifted to '''č  ň  š '''.
#The true palatals ''ć ń ś'' shifted to '''č  ň  š '''.


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  ppa  ppi  ppu  ppya ppwa ppyi ppwu
  ppa  ppi  ppu  ppya ppwa ppyi ppwu
  kka  kki  kku  kkya kkwa kkyi kkwu
  kka  kki  kku  kkya kkwa kkyi kkwu
The following languages are ordered by inverse time of separation, not east-west as is usually followed.  DPR is spoken to the west of Baywatch.


==Nuclear Dreamlandic (1495) to Dolphin Rider  (4108)==
==Nuclear Dreamlandic (695) to Dolphin Rider  (3308)==
Dolphin Rider is the language also known as Neamaki and Pōpō.  
Alternate names: ''' Ōpo''', '''Neamaki''', '''Pōpō''', '''Eurobabe'''.  The speakers originated in "Laġo" and in the unlabeled territory next to  Lago.  The native name of the unlabeled state may in fact be Ōpo, but properly that is the name of the originating tribe and likely extended to areas beyond. All four of the alternate names were once valid in-language but are now expired "exonyms" from outside the world. ''Euro babe'' was at one point the word for dream.
 
Note that the maturation date of this branch is much later than that of Baywatch, and that it may have early-branching varieties of its own, perhaps as many as seven.  (There are two maps of Dreamland with overlapping borders; the southern coastline is split into a group of three nations and a group of four.)


#The labiovelars ''kʷ ŋʷ hʷ'' shifted to '''pʷ mʷ fʷ''' unconditionally.
#The labiovelars ''kʷ ŋʷ hʷ'' shifted to '''pʷ mʷ fʷ''' unconditionally.
#The sequences ''ya wa'' shifted to '''ye o'''.
#The sequences ''ya wa'' shifted to '''ye o'''. 
#:It seems that ''yā'' did not shift to /*yē/, and that there may have been no /ē ō/ in the language at this time. Thus long vowels stay as they are.  This makes sense as well given the shift below. 
#The rare sequences ''aw iw'' shifted to '''ow uw''' (later /ō ū/); these may have been restricted to occuring before /i/; also, ''au''  became '''ou''' as well.
#The sequence ''uy'' shifted to '''iy'''.  There may have likewise been a shift of /ay/ > /ey/.  These were only from primordial /y/, not the /a/ > /ya/ shift.
#:If this language had previously shared Baywatch's gap of /*so/, this fills that gap.
#Any new ''i'' before a vowel came to be interpreted like '''ʲ'''.  The later /io/ is from /ifo/.
#In a closed syllable, the vowels ''i u'' lowered to '''e o'''. Long vowels did not shift.
#In a closed syllable, the vowels ''i u'' lowered to '''e o'''. Long vowels did not shift.
#The sequence ''āi'' shifted to '''ē'''.
#The sequence ''āi'' shifted to '''ē'''.
#Between vowels, the sequence ''ta'' shifted to '''ra'''.
#Between vowels, the sequence ''ta'' shifted to '''ra'''.
#The prenasals ''mp nt nč ŋk'' shifted to voiced stops '''b r r g'''.
#It is possible that ''r'' shifted to '''l''' in initial position here, but note that the main motivation for this had not yet come.
#Syllables ending in nasals shifted to having nasal vowels.  This detail is irrelevant to DPR but the nasal vowels spread to PEB where they affect preceding consonants and also the vowel color.
#The prenasals ''mp nt nč ŋk'' shifted to voiced stops '''b r r g'''. This causes a lot of ''l'' to shift to '''r''' by analogy. 
#The voiceless coronals ''t č š '' shifted to '''s '''. Meanwhile '' ň    '' shifted to ''' n'''.   
#The voiceless coronals ''t č š '' shifted to '''s '''. Meanwhile '' ň    '' shifted to ''' n'''.   
#The palatalized labials ''pʲ mʲ fʲ bʲ'' became '''f m f b'''. Thus palatalization was defeated.
#The palatalized labials ''pʲ mʲ fʲ bʲ'' became '''f m f b'''. Thus palatalization was defeated.
#:It appears that ''lʲ rʲ'' also shifted to  '''l r'''.
#:It is important to note that the sequence '''pi''', when not before a vowel, remained unchanged. This is why this shift is worded differently.
#The sequences ''hi hu '' shifted to '''si fu'''.  Then ''ŋi'' shifted to '''ni'''.
#The sequences ''hi hu '' shifted to '''si fu'''.  Then ''ŋi'' shifted to '''ni'''.
#:It is possible that languages like Lohi break off at around this stage.  See [[Dreamlandic languages]].
#The velars ''h g ŋ'' (including in clusters) disappeared to '''Ø'''.
#The velars ''h g ŋ'' (including in clusters) disappeared to '''Ø'''.
#The sequences ''of ow uf uw'' shifted to '''ō ō ū ū'''.  However, the geminate /ff/ did not participate in this shift.
#The sequences ''of ow uf uw'' shifted to '''ō ō ū ū'''.  However, the geminate /ff/ did not participate in this shift.
#Most likely, ''ei ēi'' shifted to '''ē''', and perhaps /ai āi/ (again) shifted as well. Consider that /ai/ and /ei/ often came from variants of the same root and that /ai/ was probbly slightly longer in duration.,
#Any remaining singleton ''f''  disappeared to '''Ø'''.
#Any remaining singleton ''f''  disappeared to '''Ø'''.
#Labialization was defeated.  Any remaining ''w'' shifted to '''b'''.
#Labialization was defeated.  Any remaining ''w'' shifted to '''b'''.
#:It is not clear what happens to  sequences like /efʷo/ > /ewo/ here.  But it is likely that /b/ does not appear.
#The geminates ''pp ff ss kk  '' shifted to '''p s s k  '''. Thus /f/ was eliminated.
#The geminates ''pp ff ss kk  '' shifted to '''p s s k  '''. Thus /f/ was eliminated.
#:At this point, the consonant inventory was /p m b n s l r k/ and the vowels were /a e i o u/.  Long vowels /ā ē ī ū/, but not /ō/, were fairly common.  This occurred around the year 3370.  After this, the language became conservative.
#Nasal vowels denasalize.
#All vowels in hiatus became short.
#If there were any allophonic prenasals left over from above (most likely just /mb/ if any at all), they also become single consonants now.
#The vowel sequences ''au ao eo oa oe''  shifted to '''ō'''. Thus the word for dolphin became /pōpō/. /ua uo/ remained, but they were rare, mostly coming from earlier /ufa ufo/.
#:At this point, the consonant inventory was /p m b n s l r k/ and the vowels were /a e i o u/.  Long vowels /ā ē ī ū/, but not /ō/, were fairly common.  This occurred around the year ????.  After this, the language became conservative.
#All vowels before a hiatus became short.
#Any remaining ''ae ea'' shifted to '''ā'''.  But it is possible this had been sifted out earlier.
#The vowel sequences ''au ao eo oa oe''  shifted to '''ō'''. Thus the word for dolphin became /pōpō/. /ua uo/ remained, but they were rare, mostly coming from earlier /ufa ufo/.  Thus, original sequences /ao eo io oo uo/ appeared as /ō ō io ō uo/, just as in Baywatch, but the shifts occurred roughly a thousand years apart and differed in other details.
#It is possible that all vowels before a long shifted to /i u/.  There should be no /a/ in this position, but if it exists, it probably survives, and may shorten the following vowel instead.
 
===Possible future sound changes===
====Branch I====
:17:17, 9 April 2024 (PDT)
 
*''ri ru'' > '''ǯi du'''.  possibly  same with /ir ur/.
*then ''l''  > '''r'''.
*''ip up'' > '''ib ub''' (or the reverse).
*Stressed vowels may lengthen (to escape from later shifts).  This may even apply to all vowels spaced two apart.
*''e i u'' > '''Ø ʲ ʷ'''.  ONLY IF LENGTHENING IS DONE BY NOW.  else to /i ʲi u/.
 
====BranchII====
*It is possible that vowels will elide following a long vowel (always separated by a consonant). That is, ōnu > on, etc. It is possible also that these will allow distinctions, e.g. /m/ when /u/ disappears, but it is difficult to align this with place-assimilation. In any case the resulting superheavy syllables would then contract to short vowels, and then probably vowel length disappears altogether.
 
*New consonants from /Ci/ and /Cu/.
:*In theory could be
::*''bʲ nʲ rʲ sʲ'' > '''d ň ř š'''
::*''pʲ mʲ lʲ kʲ'' > '''t m λ č'''.
:*Thus a /t~k/ contrast is created, and there is crowding near /r/ as all of /d r ř l λ/ are contrastive. It is most likely (though not certain) that /k/ was already [č] before front vowels even before this shift.  It is possible that /λ/ > /y/ early on since there would actually not be a phonemic IPA /j/ otherwise.
:*Note that /λ/ will be much rarer than /ř/ because of differences in patterning dating back to near-MRCA times.
:*And also
::*''bʷ nʷ rʷ sʷ'' > '''b ŋ~m w f'''
::*''pʷ mʷ lʷ kʷ'' > '''p m w k~p'''. 
:*Note that /kʷ/ cannot shift to /p/ unconditionally because then there would be a gap of no /ku/ unless /ču/ shifted to /ku/ afterwards, but this could be  problematic. 
:*The shifts of /bʲ pʲ/ > /d t/ may be conditional too, because although it would not create a gap of no /bi pi/, those sequences would become rare.
 
*A staircase shift for fricatives to fill out /f s š h/ instead of having /s/ dominate.
 
*The shift of /b/ > /d/ might need to be conditional, and it is possible that /bi/ remains, since otherwise there would be a near-gap owing to the scarcity of /ʷi/.  (Not as much a problem is  /ʲu/.)
 
*Possibly /ns mf/ > /z v/, etc.  Voiced stop geminates devoice.
 
*It is possible that /ā/ does not contract, as there is no obvious means by which to generate a new /ā/. However, it could be that like Japanese and Māori, some long vowels are more common than others.  New /ā/ could be from morpheme crossers.
 
 
====Other b ranches====
*In a separate branch from the above, ''b p'' > '''p f''', greatly changing the sound of the language.
 
*In a third branch, probably far west,  ''b p'' > '''p Ø''', and this may beg the branch above to shift its /f/ to /h/ or even to /Ø/. But they are not the same branch.  This branch passed through a middle stage of /ʔ/, not a fricative.


==Nuclear Dreamlandic (1495) to Baywatch (3370)==
==Nuclear Dreamlandic (695) to Proto-Eastern Dreamlandic (2570)==
These languages were spoken in colder climates, rubbing up against [[Thunder Empire|Thunder]] and  [[Moonshine]] settlements. The speakers were generally of blonde hair and blue eyes, perhaps even more so than the stereotypically blonde Thunderers.   
These languages were spoken in colder climates, rubbing up against [[Thunder Empire|Thunder]] and  [[Moonshine]] settlements. The speakers were generally of blonde hair and blue eyes, perhaps even more so than the stereotypically blonde Thunderers.   
This language can be called "Proto-Eastern Baywatch" to get the acronym to be PEB, but the name strictly speaking is incorrect since Baywatch is a subset of this group, not a larger group that encompasses it.  Even so, the Baywatch name could be detached from its political party and so repurposed. 
This group has many other descendants besides Baywatch proper, and probably has at least two descendants in [[Matrix|Tata]].


Initial phoneme inventory:
Initial phoneme inventory:
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#The sequences ''ya wa'' shifted to '''ye wo'''.
#The sequences ''ya wa'' shifted to '''ye wo'''.  Unlike Dolphin Rider, the resulting /wo/ does not shift to /o/ and then  collapse with a preceding syllable.  Thus, the sequence /iwa/ ultimately becomes /io/, not /ʲo/.
#In word-initial position, the sequence ''su'' shifted to ''' hu'''.  
#In word-initial position, the sequence ''su'' shifted to ''' hu'''.  
#The sequences ''ti tu'' shifted to '''si su'''. (This includes all /č/.)     
#The sequences ''ti tu'' shifted to '''si su'''. (This includes all /č/.)     
#The velars '' k ŋ '' shifted to '''t n'''. Then '' ň'' also became '''n'''.
#The velars '' k ŋ '' shifted to '''t n'''. Then '' ň'' also became '''n'''.
#The sequence ''āi'' shifted to '''ē'''.
#The sequence ''āi'' shifted to '''ē'''.
#The sequences  ''ha hu'' shifted to '''a u'''.  However, any new ''eu iu'' shifted to '''ē ī''' (not /ō ū/).
#The sequences  ''ha hu'' shifted to '''a u'''.   
#:However, any new ''eu iu'' shifted to '''ē ī''' (not /ō ū/).
#:It is possible that ''ea'' (always from /yā/) also shifted to '''ē''', unlike in Dolphin Rider where it became /ā/.
#The sequence ''hi'' shifted to '''si'''.  
#The sequence ''hi'' shifted to '''si'''.  
#Before a consonant, the sequences ''nu tu'' lost their vowel, creating prenasalized and geminate consonants, which always assimilated.  Triple consonant sequences reduced to doubles; the specific sequence ''tussi'' became '''tti''' due to the [č] allophone of /t/ in this position.
#Before a consonant, the sequences ''nu tu'' lost their vowel, creating prenasalized and geminate consonants, which always assimilated.  Triple consonant sequences reduced to doubles; the specific sequence ''tussi'' became '''tti''' due to the [č] allophone of /t/ in this position.
#The spread labials ''pʲ mʲ fʲ'' shifted to '''p m b''' unconditionally.
#The spread labials ''pʲ mʲ fʲ'' shifted to '''p m b''' unconditionally.
#The labial fricative '' f'' shifted to '''  b''' in all positions.
#The labial fricative '' f'' shifted to '''  b''' in all positions.
#:''This is a good place to break off new daughter languages  that were originally supposed to break off at the root.'' Some can also be split off two lines earlier, before /f fʲ/ > /b b/.
#The sequences ''ai ei oi'' merged as '''ē'''.
#The sequences ''ai ei oi'' merged as '''ē'''.
#The palatal glide ''  y'' shifted to  '''w''' if after /u/, and otherwise to '''  Ø'''.  
#The palatal glide ''  y'' shifted to  '''w''' if after /u/, and otherwise to '''  Ø'''.  
#The sequences ''au eu ou'' merged as '''ō'''.  
#The sequences ''au eu ou'' merged as '''ō'''.  Note that underlying /ao eo oo/ also become /ō/ by the combination of this rule and the next, since this sequence was always [awo ewo] for the first two.
#The sequences ''wo wu'' shifted to '''o u'''. Any other /w/ also disappeared.
#The sequences ''wo wu'' shifted to '''o u'''. Any other /w/ also disappeared.  Thus, by the combination of  these two shifts, the underlying sequences /ao eo io oo uo/ shift to /ō ō io ō uo/, as if setting up a future syllable inventory in which the vowel /o/ could be preceded by a palatal or labial onglide.  However, at the stage of classical Baywatch, these remained as two-vowel sequences.
#Long vowels followed by geminate consonants became short.  But not prenasals.
#Long vowels followed by geminate consonants became short.  But not prenasals.
#In root-initial position, the sequences ''bap bep bip bop bup'' (but not the long-vowel counterparts) shifted to '''pap pep pip pop pup'''.  This also applied to /bVt/, but not to /bVs/.
#In root-initial position, the sequences ''bap bep bip bop bup'' (but not the long-vowel counterparts) shifted to '''pap pep pip pop pup'''.  This also applied to /bVt/, but not to /bVs/.
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The coronal stop /t/ was allophonically [k] before any /o u/.  Unlike the neighboring Dolphin Rider language, however, it remained [t] before /a/, and therefore [t] is considered the primary allophone.  It was not palatalized before /e i/.
The coronal stop /t/ was allophonically [k] before any /o u/.  Unlike the neighboring Dolphin Rider language, however, it remained [t] before /a/, and therefore [t] is considered the primary allophone.  It was not palatalized before /e i/.


===Baywatch (3370) to Nunabetari===
===Proto-Eastern Dreamlandic (2570) to Nunabetari===
This is now an orphaned language since it was intended to appear 800 years later.


#The sibilant sequences ''sa se si so su'' shifted to '''pa te ti o u '''.  Any new hiatus lengthened the preceding vowel.
#The sibilant sequences ''sa se si so su'' shifted to '''pa te ti o u '''.  Any new hiatus lengthened the preceding vowel.
Line 166: Line 248:
  Alveolars:      t  n  l
  Alveolars:      t  n  l


===Baywatch (3370 AD) to Playwatch (4138 AD)===
Note, the Nunabetari are actually migrants from the west, whose original language was PDP.  Any other people identifying as Nunabetari were latecomers who joined the existing settlements.
This is the language spoken in the eastern corner of Dreamland, traditionally vulnerable to invasion.  The Dolphin Riders invaded and conquered it in 4108, but their reign was short-lived, as the [[Players]] invaded in 4138 and subdued the entire native population.  The Players also lasted only 40 years, so the native language persisted as they were conquered by the [[Matrix]], who survived for about 30 years. 
 
===Proto-Eastern Dreamlandic (2570) to Pre-Baywatch (3338 AD)===


#The long vowels ''ē ī ō ū'' (but not /ā/) shortened to '''e i o u'''.  
#The long vowels ''ē ī ō ū'' (but not /ā/) shortened to '''e i o u'''.  
Line 178: Line 261:
#The sequences ''uoa uoe uoi uoo uou'' shifted to '''uwa uwe uwi uō ūō'''.
#The sequences ''uoa uoe uoi uoo uou'' shifted to '''uwa uwe uwi uō ūō'''.
#The sequences ''ii uu'' shifted to '''ī ū'''. This included shifts from triplets like /auu/, etc.  
#The sequences ''ii uu'' shifted to '''ī ū'''. This included shifts from triplets like /auu/, etc.  
#:The Baywatchers who invaded and conquered the Thunder Empire spoke this stage of the language.
#:The Baywatchers who invaded and conquered the Thunder Empire spoke this stage of the language. The tiny province of '''Samia''' may have also spoken this stage of the language, as their entry occurred shortly after the Baywatchers were driven out. (Remember that they were traitors to their own nation, but would have spoken only one language like most of the Baywatchers.)
#After any vowel, the sequences ''oa oe oi'' (independent of nasalization) shifted to '''wa we wi'''.  Nasalized ''w'' shifted to '''w̃'''.   
#After any vowel, the sequences ''oa oe oi'' (independent of nasalization) shifted to '''wa we wi'''.  Nasalized ''w'' shifted to '''w̃'''.   
#After a vowel, the sequences ''ua ue ui uo''  (independent of nasalization) shifted to '''wa we wi wo'''.
#After a vowel, the sequences ''ua ue ui uo''  (independent of nasalization) shifted to '''wa we wi wo'''.
#All consonants became labialized before any /u/.
#All consonants became labialized before any /u/.
#Before a nasal vowel, the labial approximant ''w'' shifted to '''w̃'''.
#Before a nasal vowel, the labial approximant ''w'' shifted to '''w̃'''.
#Geminates became simple.
#:NOTE, this shift is only here because it appears in the dictionary; i never wrote it down.


The consonant inventory at this time could be analyzed as
The consonant inventory at this time could be analyzed as
Line 203: Line 288:
Longs are analyzed as sequences here and thus not shown.  Longs can either be aa or aã~ãã; there is no *ãa.
Longs are analyzed as sequences here and thus not shown.  Longs can either be aa or aã~ãã; there is no *ãa.


The Baywatchers who invaded and conquered the Thunder Empire in 3844 were overthrown and enslaved in 3884. They retained their language even while enslaved, as their slavery lasted only seventy years.  Their language then rejoined the main branch of Playwatch.  Thus, there is very little evidence that the split ever existed.
Daughter languages of Playwatch include Mysticeti and probably others spoken by very small populations. Shifts include ''ĩ ũ'' > '''e o''', ''ẽ ã õ'' > '''a''', and w~ y~ > m n.  Note, though, the languages that merge the nasal vowels retain the original allophones of preceding consonants.  Thus, for example, ''tõ'' becomes '''ka''', not *ta.  Thus, the distinction between /t/ and /k/ becomes phonemic.  /l/ might have been [n] before a nasal vowel even in Playwatch, and this could phonemicize too, but /y~/ also shifts to /n/.


Daughter languages of Playwatch include Mysticeti and probably others spoken by very small populations.  Shifts include ''ĩ ũ'' > '''e o''', ''ẽ ã õ'' > '''a''', and w~ y~ > m n.  Note, though, the languages that merge the nasal vowels retain the original allophones of preceding consonants.  Thus, for example, ''tõ'' becomes '''ka''', not *ta.  Thus, the distinction between /t/ and /k/ becomes phonemic.  /l/ might have been [n] before a nasal vowel even in Playwatch, and this could phonemicize too, but /y~/ also shifts to /n/.
Another possibility is that before vowel nasalization disappears, it first spreads out to the entire word, or to at least everything between the original nasal vowel and the stressed syllable.  This assumes that Playwatch still has stress at all.


There are other languages descended from proto-Baywatch; these are spoken in areas outside Dreamland, and may not survive beyond 4138, since the Players used this territory to invade Dreamland, and their language became the common language when further invasions pushed the Players into the same position as their earlier victims.
====Pre-Baywatch to  Baywatch (~4300 AD)====
Since the timeline is being shifted backwards by 1,000 years, this is the new '''Baywatch'''.


====Playwatch to Mysticeti (~5100 AD)====
#The sequences ''eu oi '' shifted to '''iu ui'''.  
#The sequences ''eu oi '' shifted to '''iu ui'''.  
#The vowel sequences ''ai ei  '' merged as '''ē'''. Then ''au  ou'' merged as '''ō'''.   
#The vowel sequences ''ai ei  '' merged as '''ē'''. Then ''au  ou'' merged as '''ō'''.   
#The sequence  ''tui  '' shifted to '''pi  '''.   
#The sequence  ''tui  '' shifted to '''pi  '''.   
#The nasalized approximant ''w̃'' shifted to '''m'''.
#The nasalized approximants ''w̃ ỹ'' shifted to '''m n'''.
#The the coronal stop ''t''  came to be spelled '''k''' before any of /a o u/.  (This was a long-standing allophonic variation.)
#The the coronal stop ''t''  came to be spelled '''k''' before any of /a o u/.  (This was a long-standing allophonic variation.)
#:It is possible that it should be /o u/.
#The nasal vowels ''ĩ ũ ẽ õ'' shifted to '''e o a a'''.
#The nasal vowels ''ĩ ũ ẽ õ'' shifted to '''e o a a'''.
#:This may need to be more finely detailed.  For example, /ũ/ might shift to /ʷo/ at least conditionally.
#:This may need to be more finely detailed.  For example, /ũ/ might shift to /ʷo/ at least conditionally.


==Other Dreamlandic languages==
====Playwatch to Maple Rag====
:''For Western and other minor branches, see [[Dreamlandic languages]].''
If not orphaned, this language is spoken along the north coast.  "Like Seattle".


=Non-Dreamlandic languages=
Note that the orthography here uses grave accents for low tone, unlike Moonshine and most related languages which use grave accents for checked syllables, which are typically short and allophonically high-toned.  Nasalized /l/ may have reverted to plain /l/ in this branch.
==Tapilula (0) to Proto-Subumpamese (1700)==


The consonant inventory of Tapilula was
#The glide ''y'' (the surface manifestation of some /i/) shifted to '''ỹ''' before any nasal vowels.
#The glides ''w̃ ỹ'' shifted to '''m n'''.
#The nasalized vowels ''ã ẽ ĩ õ ũ'' shifted to low tone '''à è ì ò ù'''.
#:It is possible that some quality shifts, as in Mysticeti, happened before this shift.
#The plain vowels ''a e i o u'' became high tone '''á é í ó ú''', except that a sequence of two high tones collapsed into high-low.


Rounded bilabials:                    hʷ  w
==Other Dreamlandic languages==
Spread bilabials:      p      m  b  f  (Ø)
:''For Western and other minor branches, see [[Dreamlandic languages]]. and [[Minor Lenian languages]]''
Alveolars:            t      n  d      l
Rounded alveolars:    tʷ      nʷ  dʷ       
Velars:               k  ḳ  ŋ      h  g


#The aspirated velar stop ''k'' became '''č''' before the vowel /i/.  If another vowel followed, the /i/ disappeared.  This happened even if the /i/ was accented.
=Non-Dreamlandic languages=
#When a "velaroid" consonant (''k ḳ ŋ h g l'') followed an accented high tone vowel, the vowel metathesized, leaving a superheavy syllable with both a two-vowel sequence and a coda consonant.  Thus, for example, /àli/ > /ail/.  These closed syllables were all high-toned, and are thus written without tone marks. Thus, for example, ''aa'' implies ''àa''. 
*[[Play substratum languages]]
#A schwa before another vowel in any syllable disappeared.  Thus ''əa əe əi əo əu əə'' shifted to '''a e i o u ə'''.  This happened in both open and closed syllables.
#The sequences ''iu'' and ''ui'' shifted to '''ə̄'''.
#The double-vowel sequences ''aa ee ii oo uu əə'' shifted to the single vowels '''a e i o u ə''' in closed syllables only. 
#The sequences ''ii uu əə'' (which now occurred only in open syllables) shifted to '''əi əu ə'''.
#The sequences ''ie uo'' shifted to '''i u''' in open syllables only.
#The remaining double-vowel sequences ''aa ee oo'', which occurred only in open syllables, shifted to the long vowels '''ā ē ō'''.
#The sequences ''ai ei oi'' merged as '''ei'''; the sequences ''au eu ou'' merged as '''ou'''. 
#The vowels /u i e/ caused adjacent consonants, in both directions, to become labialized, palatalized, and prepalatalized.  The last shift applied only to velars.  Labialization and palatalization could stack.
#The sequences ''ìa ìo ìə'' shifted to '''ī'''.
#The sequences ''ùa ùo ùə'' shifted to '''ū'''. <s>''ə̄'' also shifted to '''ū'''.</s>
#The sequences ''ei ou'', in both open and closed syllables, shifted to '''ē ō'''.
#Syllable-final ''h'' shifted to '''x'''.
#Any fw>hw,then f>h
#:Note on politics: Vuʒi split off here.
# The three syllabic nasals '' ṁ ṅ ŋ̇ '' all merged to '''ən'''. 
#The velar ejective ''ḳ'' became '''q'''.  Then ''kq qk'' shifted to '''qq'''.
#The cluster ''xhʷ'' became '''xʷ'''. 
#All tones on unstressed syllables are released by spreading the tone of the accented syllable across the word.
#:In a two-syllable root, the unstressed syllable acquires the opposite tone from the accented syllable.
#:Classifier prefixes and auxiliary verbs all become low tone.
#:In compounds, there is no sandhi.
#The fricative  '' śʷ s̀ʷ šʷ'' shifted to '''s'''.  Then ''ś s̀'' became '''š'''.
#The nasals ''ń ǹ'' shifted to '''ň'''. Then ''mʷ nʷ ňʷ ŋʷ'' all merged as '''m'''.
#The sequences ''km qm'' shifted to '''kʷ qʷ'''.
#Voiced palatal stops and fricatives all merged as '''y'''.
#The sequences ''iy ey'', on any tone, shifted to ''ī ē''.  <---QUESTIONABLE. most of this would have been from ĭg.
#The labialized palataloids ''čʷ ǯʷ  '' became the velars  '''kʷ ġʷ'''.
#The labialized approximants ''lʷ łʷ'' merged as '''w'''.
#The labialized alveolar stops ''tʷ dʷ'' shifted to '''pʷ bʷ'''.
#Unaccented final short schwas were deleted. (In nouns, they were retained because they were not always final. Therefore, this shift applies mostly to inflections.)
#The sequences ''ʷe ʷi ʷə ʷu'', on any tone, shifted to '''e i ə u'''.  Thus labialization remained distinctive only before /a/ and /o/.
#Mismatched diphthongs such as /eī/ shifted to /ēi/.  Generally these were from a lost final -''g''.
 
Thus the proto-Subumpamese language had the consonants
 
Rounded bilabials:    pʷ  bʷ          w
Bilabials:            p  b  m                 
Alveolars:            t  d  n  s  l           
Postalveolars:        č  ǯ  ň  š  ł         
Palatals:            ć              y
Prevelars:            c̀       
Velars:              k  ġ  ŋ  x  g
Labiovelars:          kʷ  ġʷ      xʷ  gʷ
Uvulars:              q          h             
Rounded uvulars:      qʷ          hʷ
 
All consonants were labialized before any /u/ and palatalized before any /i/. However, sequences like si~ši remained distinct.  Consonants were also labialized *after* any /u/, so there is no contrast between /upwa/ vs /upa/, even over morpheme boundaries.  This means that labialization was contrastive only in a very restricted environment, since the consonant, the following vowel, and the preceding vowel must all be on the list. 
 
The voiced velar stop /ġ/ was a conditional alternant of /ġʷ/, appearing only before vowels that /ġʷ/ could not appear before.
 
The high vowel sequences were / yi  ə yə wu/.  Thus, it is almost but not quite analyzable as a single vowel /ɨ/.
 
 
See [[Subumpamese languages]] for details of the languages that do not survive the Vegetable War.
 
===Proto-Subumpamese (1700) to Oyster (3141)===  
 
;Note on culture
It is possible that some Oysters actually spoke [[Andanic_languages#Proto-Olati_.281300.29_to_Olati-A_.282672.29|Olati-A]], since this was the language of Yuenan, in ''western'' Subumpam.  If so, it's possible that they spoke a very conservative dialect of it which changed little from 1700.
 
This idea is based on the idea that while the Oysters represented Subumpam and Subumpamese culture, they originated from a peripheral area of Subumpam rather than the capital state of Bipabum. 
 
The designation of Oyster as an ''eastern'' Subumpamese language may have arisenated from a confusion between Bipabum (the capital) and Yuenan (the most linguistically pure state), in turn caused by the fact that a third state exists somewhere that rejected the Oyster language ... and this state cannot have been Yuenan if Yuenan *is* the Oyster state (even if it had dialects).
 
<span id="Oyster">          </span>
#The high front vowel ''i'', on all tones, shifted to '''ʲi'''.  This had already happened in the proto-language, but was not phonemic.  Note that this is different from earlier shifts that moved the consonant.  For example, /ki/ became /kʲi/ here, but not /ći/.  Also, this shift applied to labials.
#All consonants bordering a /u/ in either direction became labialized.  That is, ''u'' > '''ʷuʷ'''.  This shift had also happened in the proto-language but was not represented in the orthography.  However, the simple spelling /u/ remained, so "u" implied "ʷuʷ".  There was, at this time, no /u/ that occurred outside this environment.
#The high central vowels ''ə ə̄'' changed to '''i ī''' unconditionally. 
#:Note that around this time, the classifier prefix /yi-/ was dropped from the grammar except in bare form. (That is, e.g. bo-yi- became just bo-.) This was not a sound change, but expanded the environments in which palatalized consonants could occur.
#When bordering a uvular in either direction, the vowel ''i'' (on any tone) shifted to '''ʉ~u''', which are the same phoneme, but the ʉ spelling indicates specifically that the surrounding consonants are not labialized.
#Syllable-final nasals ''ŋ ň'' changed to match the place of a following consonant, and changed to '''n''' if word-final.
#:Note on politics: this may be 2371. 
#The prevelar stop ''c̀'' changed to '''ć'''.
#The high tone vowels ''à è ì ò ù'' came to be spelled '''á é í ó ú'''.  (That is, they were no longer automatically followed by a glottal stop.)
#The mid vowel sequences ''o ʲo'' shifted to ''' ʉ ʲe'''.
#:Plain ''e'' apparently also shifted to '''ʲe'''. 
#''ea ae''>'''ʲa ā'''.
#:If the actual Oyster language is Andanic, this language and its entire family is probably wiped out at this point and never replenished by any closely related language
#On a low tone, the high vowels ''i u'' (including all ʉ) become ultra-short and are sometimes dropped.
#The long vowels ''ā ē ī ō ū'' shifted to '''á é í ó ú''', thus merging with the primordial high tones. (This is why the orthography was changed.)
#The palatalized alveolar nasal ''nʲ'' shifted to '''ň'''.
#The sequences ''čʲ ǯʲ ňʲ šʲ łʲ'' shifted to '''č ǯ ň š y'''. 
#The sequences ''ŋʲ xʲ gʲ hʲ'' shifted to '''ń ś y ś'''.  Then ''ġʲ'' shifted to '''ǵ'''.
#The palatalized rounded bilabials '''pʷʲ bʷʲ mʷʲ''' simplified to '''pʷ bʷ mʷ'''. These had appeared from sequences like /mumi/+vowel.
#The sequence ''hʷɨg'' shifted to '''xʷ'''.
 
 
Palatalization can be analyzed as consonant + /j/ or as a property inherent to the consonant.  Since some palatalized consonants occur in the coda, this analysis is most convenient:
 
                      PLAIN                      PALATALIZED
 
Rounded bilabials:    pʷ  bʷ          w
Bilabials:            p  b  m                  pʲ  bʲ  mʲ
Alveolars:            t  d  n  s  l          tʲ  dʲ      sʲ 
Postalveolars:        č  ǯ  ň  š  ł         
Palatals:            ć  ǵ  ń  ś  y        (ć  ǵ  ń  ś  y)
Velars:              k  ġ  ŋ  x  g          kʲ 
Labiovelars:          kʷ  ġʷ      xʷ  gʷ       
Uvulars:              q          h                       
Rounded uvulars:      qʷ          hʷ
 
All consonants are labialized before and after any /u/ (not /ʉ/); the labialized consonants listed in the table above are those that can appear in other contexts.  If the u~ʉ contrast is neutralized by analyzing labialization as phonemic, then all consonants would have labialized variants, even the palatalized ones. 
 
Unlike most other languages, inflections in FILTER did not change the stress pattern, since there was no stress pattern ... e.g. kʉ́pʉ "pine", genitive kʉ́pʉs, rather than e.g. Khulls-like kàpa~kapas.
 
Note the four-way contrasts between t~tʲ~č~ć, d~dʲ~ǯ~ǵ, and s~sʲ~š~ś.  These were distinguished by tongue shape as well as place of articulation.
 
There were five vowels, /a e i o u/.  In major syllables, all five vowels could occur.  In minor syllables, only /a i/ could occur.
 
==Proto-Thaoa (1085) to Patuupʷto (~1678 AD)==
Alternate names: Paleo-Pabappa, Big Hearts, Lazy Palms, Protection, Diver
 
Paleo-Pabappa was the language of the '''Patuupʷto''' tribe, which split into many separate branches due to migrations both voluntary and involuntary.  Most of these branches soon adopted the languages of the surrounding populations, however.  For example, the Lazy Palms likely assimilate into the Oysters, while the enslaved Divers take on the languages of their masters. 
 
The '''Soft Hands''' spoke Gold.
 
:''See [[Paleo-Pabappa#Šàno]] for a related language also spoken here.''
Initial phoneme inventory:
 
                        PLAIN                        LABIALIZED
Bilabials:            p  b  m  f  v                    mʷ      w 
Alveolars:            t  d  n      l            tʷ  dʷ  nʷ           
Postalveolars:        č  ǯ          y                     
Velars:                k      ŋ  h  g  ḳ                ŋʷ  hʷ  gʷ
Note that the inherited /h/ sound was a true /h/ in the onset, but variable in the coda. 
 
The vowel inventory was
 
Short vowels:          a  e  i  o  u  ə
Long vowels:          aa ee  ī oo  ū
Falling diphthongs:      ae ei ao ou
                            əi    əu
This list may have to be cut somewhere in the middle, with the full list applying to just one subbranch and ending around the year 2668.
 
#The voiced coronal obstruents ''d ǯ'' merged as '''r'''.
#The sequences ''ae ao'' shifted to  '''ai au'''.
#The labialized obstruents  ''tʷ dʷ gʷ'' shifted to '''pʷ w w'''.
#The velar ejective ''ḳ'' merged to '''k'''.
#The sequences ''č kč  '' merged as '''s'''; preceding vowels retained their tones.
#In word-initial position, the voiced velar fricative ''g'' shifted to '''y'''.
#The labialized nasals ''mʷ nʷ ŋʷ'' merged as '''mʷ'''. 
#:''NOTE ON POLITICS'': Highland Pabappa breaks off here.
#In syllable-final position, the sequences ''uk    un  uh '' shifted to '''ukʷ    umʷ  upʷ '''. (This is called the "uh-oh" shift because it shifts /uh/ and some primordial /oh/.)
#In syllable-final position, the sequences ''ik  in  ih '' shifted to '''iš    iň  iš '''.
#In all positions, the voiced velar fricative ''g'' disappeared and lengthened the preceding vowel.  This often occurred in the second element of a diphthong or intervocalically.
#The velars ''h hʷ'' came to spelled '''x xʷ'''. 
#'' f fʷ v'' shifted to '''h hʷ g'''. 
#The clusters '' kx kh'' (and their labialized counterparts) shifted to '''  k'''.
 
Thus the final consonant inventory of proto-paleo-Pabappa was
 
Rounded bilabials:    pʷ  mʷ      hʷ  w
Spread bilabials:    p  m  b
Alveolars:            t  n  r  s  l
Palataloids:              ň      š  y
Velars:              k  ŋ  g  x       
Labiovelars:          kʷ          xʷ   
Postvelars:                      h 
 
And the vowel inventory was
 
Short vowels:          a  e  i  o  u  ə
Long vowels:          aa ee ii oo uu
Falling diphthongs:        ai    au
                            ei    ou
                            əi    əu
 
 
===Patuupʷto (1678) to Puroupwa (2672 AD)===
 
This language derives its name from the Patuupʷto word ''oroupʷa'' "limestone", as it is spoken in a mountainous area filled with many steep limestone cliffs.
 
#The velars ''k ŋ  x'' shifted to '''č ň  š'''.
#The postalveolars ''  ň š'' depalatalized to '''  n s''' except before /i/. 
#The sequence ''ʷoo'' shifted to '''ʷuo'''.
# ''ʷa ʷe ʷi ʷo ʷu ʷə''  > '''o o i o u u''', including in diphthongs.
#In closed syllables, all diphthongs and double vowels were reduced to their first vowel. 
 
 
Thus the consonant inventory was
                 
Labials:        p  m  b      w 
Alveolars:      t  n  r  s  l
Palataloids:    č  ň      š  y 
Velars:          k          h  g     
 
The vowel inventory was
 
Short vowels:          a  e  i  o  u  ə
Long vowels:          aa ee ii oo uu
Falling diphthongs:      ae    ao 
                            ei
                      oa oe oi    ou
                            əi    əu
 
 
===Patuupʷto (1678) to Pombi (2672 AD)===
This language will need a new name.
 
#The velars ''k ŋ  x'' shifted to '''č ň  š'''.
#The postalveolars ''  ň š'' depalatalized to '''  n s''' except before /i/. 
#The sequence ''ʷoo'' shifted to '''ʷuo'''.
# ''ʷa ʷe ʷi ʷo ʷu ʷə''  > '''o o i o u u''', including in diphthongs.
#In closed syllables, all diphthongs and double vowels were reduced to their first vowel. 
 
 
===Patuupʷto (1678) to Pipaippis (3200 AD)===
The starting date is very vague because the four languages split apart slowly.
 
#The velars ''k ŋ  x'' shifted to '''č ň  š'''.
#The postalveolars ''  ň š'' depalatalized to '''  n s''' except before /i/. 
#The sequence ''ʷoo'' shifted to '''ʷuo'''.
# ''ʷa ʷe ʷi ʷo ʷu ʷə''  > '''o o i o u u''', including in diphthongs.
#In closed syllables, all diphthongs and double vowels were reduced to their first vowel. 
#Frics became stops after a high tone.
#The schwas ''ə ə̄'' changed to '''u ū''' unconditionally.
#All labialized consonants change to plain bilabials. 
#Voicing distinction disappears entirely.  This was actually triggered by a new voicing of stops after low tones, but because this change removed the last remaining environment that could host a minimal pair, there was no longer any phonemic contast.
#:NOTE ON POLITICS: This is 1900 AD.
#Prevocalic sequences ''pi mi fi'' shifted to '''t n s''' (with no following glide). Thus the prevocalic glide /j/ was completely eliminated except in isolation.
#Intervocalically, ''bʷ b ž g'' shifted to '''w Ø y Ø'''.
#:Note, there is no /ž/ at present because the source language was changed.
 
===Pipaippis (3200) to Haswaraba (8773 AD)===
As described currently, this language far outlasts the extinction of all other Paleo-Pabap languages, and may need to be cut down at a very early stage.
The name of the language used here is a repurposing of that of the unrelated [[Haswaraba]] language.
 
#All word-final vowels became short.
#Tones were eliminated.
#Before any /i/, the consonants ''p m t n l r k'' shifted to '''pʲ mʲ č ň ł ř ć'''.
#Before any /u/, the consonants ''p m t n l r č ň k'' shifted to '''pʷ mʷ tʷ nʷ w bʷ kʷ ŋʷ kʷ'''.
#The short vowels ''a  i  u ə'' all merged as '''a'''.
#The long vowels ''ā  ī  ū ə̄'' shifted to '''a  i  u ə'''.
 
==Pre-Gold (1095) to Pēles==
It is possible that the Pelesians maintained friendly contact with one of the  dark-skinned tribes and thus spoke the same language as of 2175 ad. However , it is not clear if these neighbors were monolingual themselves .... Wax had acted alone when it seceded in 1905, and may not have truly spoken Gold. Tarise spoke a single language in 1905, but this may have been due to subsequent assimilation.
 
Although the Pelesians were surrounded by dark skinned tribes, their language initially formed a speech continuum with the tribes in both directions. It was simply that more of the blonde settlers moved to Pēles than elsewhere, so the dark skinned tribes borrowed the settlers' language but did not absorb appreciable numbers of the people.
 
 
Initial phoneme inventory:
 
                        PLAIN                        LABIALIZED
Bilabials:            p  b  m  f  v                    mʷ      w 
Alveolars:            t  d  n      l            tʷ  dʷ  nʷ           
Postalveolars:        č  ǯ          y                     
Velars:                k      ŋ  h  g  ḳ                ŋʷ  hʷ  gʷ
Note that the inherited /h/ sound was a true /h/ in the onset, but variable in the coda. 
 
The vowel inventory was
 
Short vowels:          a  e  i  o  u  ə
Long vowels:          aa ee  ī oo  ū
Falling diphthongs:      ae ei ao ou
                            əi    əu
 
Long vowels could be followed by /g/ (from k/k'/h/g), /n/, or /l/. They could also be followed by some clusters.
 
''THE ABOVE ASSUMES THIS LANGUAGE IS THE ONLY ONE THAT DIDNT ANALOGIZE THESE.''
 
#All consonants occurring after the vowel /u/ (any length, any tone) became labialized.
#All consonants occurring after the vowel /i/ **EXCEPT in the sequence /əi/** became palatalized.
#The high vowels ''i ī ə u ū'' shifted to '''yi yī i i ī'''.
#When an /a/ was in an adjacent syllable, the sequences ''e ē ei o ō ou'' shifted to '''ya yā yai a ā au'''. 
#The sequences ''eḳ oḳ'' (on any tone) shifted to '''aḳ'''.
#The sequences ''e ē ei əi'' shifted to '''yi yī yi ī'''.
#The sequences ''o ō ou əu'' shifted to '''u ū u ī'''.
#The sequences ''aa ae ao'' merged as '''ā'''.
#The labial fricative ''f'' shifted to '''h'''.
#:What happened to /v/?
#Any consonant that was both labialized and palatalized became labialized alone.
#The labialized consonants ''kʷ ḳʷ čʷ tʷ pʷ'' merged as '''p'''.  Then, ''mʷ nʷ ŋʷ'' shifted to '''m'''.  The voiced labialized stops ''dʷ bʷ'' merged as '''b'''. Lastly, ''xʷ gʷ'' shifted to '''f w'''.
#The sequences ''kʲ ḳʲ ŋʲ xʲ gʲ'' shifted to '''č č n s y'''.
#The clusters ''kp kb km kf '' shifted to '''pp pp pm p'''.  Then ''kt kd kn '' shifted to '''tt tt tn  '''. (/ks/ did not occur.) Then ''kč '' became ''' čč'''.    (/kŋ/ remained, and kh, kg, kk, etc had been eliminated in the proto-language although those shifts are not listed.)
#The voiced alveolar stop ''d'' shifted to '''r'''.
#:What about /dʲ/?
#possibly ''i,u''>'''e,ə''' in closed slabs (see [http://www.frathwiki.com/Tarise#Proto-Tarise_.28.7E1900.29_to_Tropical_Rim_V here].)
#:If this happens, it means that the Tropical Rim V culture had strong influence on Pēles, and it would likely mean that Pēles also loses its tones.  If tones are preserved, then Pēles would be the only three-vowel language with a three-way tone contrast.
 
There is still lw,g,ł,etc
 
Many word roots begin with labials because of classifier prefixes ending with /u/. The situation is similar to Subumpamese and Bābākiam.
 
The final phonology was:
 
Bilabials:              p  b  m  f      w
Palatalized labials:    pʲ  bʲ  mʲ
Alveolars:              t      n  s  r  l
Postalveolars:          č                  y
Velars:                  k      ŋ  x  g
Postvelars:                          h  (Ø)
 
And the vowels /a i u/ on three tones (high, low, long).


==Hipatal==
==Hipatal==

Latest revision as of 04:59, 18 November 2024

The Lenian languages are a paraphyletic cultural grouping of related languages that descend from Tapilula but exclude branches that acquired divergent characteristics.

Scope

Use User:Soap/scratchpad for Dreamlandic and not this page.

See Play substratum languages.

All Dreamlandic languages are included. See also Minor Lenian languages.

Tribal identity

All Lenians were light-skinned people, mostly with blonde hair and blue eyes. They mostly lived in cold or temperate climates, but nonetheless some Lenians came to live in compact nations in the tropics, generally having to fight for their land as they arrive. Taken as a group, they were the world's most widely dispersed people, having the southernmost and westernmost (on the mainland) areas to themselves, and controlling much of the cold areas near the poles. However, the idea of a shared Lenian identity was only supported by some Lenians; they fought against each other as much as they fought against other tribes.

For the most part, these languages do not spread to non-Lenian tribes. The only language that had a sizable non-Lenian population of speakers was Oyster.

Tapilula (800 BC) to Proto-Dreamlandic (520)

The three-way split of Dreamlandic, "Andano-Tropical-Gold" (better name needed), and the HP-3/4 speakers is treated as simultaneous because ATG was a distinct dialect for hundreds of years before their migration, and because the speakers of the other languages remained in contact even though genetically they had diverged from each other earlier than ATG had split from HP-4. See Hipatal for details.

Note that Dreamlandic could have branched off earlier than the rest, perhaps as much as 1,000 years earlier, but that it might also be better to assume the others branch off around 500 AD than to push Dreamlandic alone all the way back to 1000 BC. Baywatch must be moved back to around 2800 in even the minimal case, and could be pushed all the way back to 2300 AD, making it almost contemporary with Gold.

The original consonant inventory was 

Rounded bilabials:     pʷ      mʷ  mbʷ mpʷ     w
Spread bilabials:      p   b   m   mb  mp     (Ø)         
Alveolars:             t       n   nd          l
Rounded alveolars:     tʷ      nʷ  ndʷ     
Velars:                k   ḳ   ŋ   ŋġ      h   g


Shared changes

Note that hiatus in this language is considered to be /g/. The differentiation between /Ø/ and /g/ in the other branch is due to analogy.

See Play substratum languages for further details.

  1. Before a low tone, the fricatives h g shifted to kʷ kʷʕ. Before a high tone, they disappeared. Thus, the language became entirely free of fricatives.
    In a few situations, to avoid sequences like /awó/, they also became hard before a high tone, thus producing /apwó/. This lenites later on, but lenites in a different way than if the phoneme had disappeared in the early shift.
  2. The dependent phonemes kʷ kʷʕ shifted to p pʕ if bordering any /u ə/ in either direction, and otherwise to k. Note that /o/ did not trigger this shift.
    Note, many words have this incorrectly shifting to /k ḳ/ rather than to just /k/. It may be best to leave it this way, as it fills out the consonant distribution.
    Note also that the rare true primordial /hʷ/ behaves here as the sequence /hu/, meaning that it becomes pu. This sound is much rarer than the cluster /mfʷ/ which became /hʷ/ in Gold.
  3. Before a low tone, the lateral approximant l shifted to r.
  4. Before a high tone, the voiceless stops pʷ p t tʷ k became the fricatives hʷ f s hʷ h. This did not apply to the emphatics.
  5. Voiceless prenasalized sequences were reanalyzed as nasal + fricative. Voiced prenasalized sequences were reanalyzed as nasal + stop. Thus they were no longer phonemic. Nevertheless, they continued to occur in the syllable onset rather than splitting between the onset and the preceding coda.
  6. The sequences aə əa aa all merged as ā.
  7. The sequences əu əi then shifted to ū ī. Thus /ū ī/ are distinct in proto-Dreamlandic from the sequences /uu ii/; the latter are spelled as "wu yi" when not after a consonant. In this they resemble the later-emerging Play system. There is no corresponding sequence /aa/, however.
    Note that the conditioning environment necessary to generate this shift might constrain it to occurring only in words that had primordial low-high tone melody, meaning that they would always have a lost final consonant. If the Dreamers always preserved these silent final consonants in spelling (since they reappeared in grammar), they would never need any symbols for long vowels. The only exceptions to this would be classifier prefixes that lost their status and came to be seen as part of the root. Here, it might be assumed that they had once ended in /g/, since there never was a final /g/ and the symbol would therefore be free.
  8. The emphatic stops pʕ ḳ shifted to pp kk except in absolute phrase-initial position. (Since most words began with classifier prefixes, this shift produced many root-initial clusters, but the classifiers that padded these roots did not acquire initial clusters.)
    For all practical purposes, the condition can be ignored, and it may be that the speakers produced geminates even at the beginning of a sentence.
  9. The voiceless alveolar stop t affricated to c before the high vowels [i ə u].
  10. The vowels a e i all shifted to palatalized forms ya ye yi. If one of the non-labialized consonants p m f t n s k ŋ h l r preceded, it became palatalized to pʲ mʲ fʲ č ň š ć ń ś ł ŕ. But palatalization of /l/ was not marked in spelling.
    Meanwhile, the long vowels ā ē ī shifted to yā yē yī (not *yaya, etc).
    It is likely that au, from earlier /ahu agu/ was excluded from this shift and did not become /yau/.
  11. The rounded alveolars tʷ nʷ became kʷ ŋʷ.
  12. The high central vowel ə shifted to i.
    Note that this shift opens up a three-way contrast of /t/~/č/~/k/ before [i], and the following shift adds [ə] and [a]. However, there was only a two-way contrast before [u]. This may be seen as related to the labialized phoneme /kʷ/ and might even trigger the loss of /u/ in some daughters.
  13. The mid vowels e o shifted to ə a. This did not affect, and was not affected by, whether the previous consonant was labialized or not; the respective allophones shifted in tandem.
  14. Tones were eliminated.
  15. Syllabic consonants preceded by a consonant were resolved as sequences of /i/ + consonant, and assimilated to the place of articulation of a following consonant. In absolute final position, they became in. Meanwhile, a syllabic consonant preceded by a vowel became a simple n. In all cases where another consonant followed, these nasals were front-loaded onto the next syllable, and thus the only closed syllables in proto-Dreamlandic were at the end of a word, and they were very rare.
    It is possible that rather than having all three syllabic nasals shift to /in/, the shift is ṁ ṅ ŋ̇ > un in ən, with /ŋ/ probably shifting first. A second possibility is /un in an/, where /ŋ/ starts out as /ə/ and then is pushed to /a/ when /m/ appears, which also started out as schwa but then became labial.
  16. The root-initial geminates pp ppʲ ćć kk shifted to singletons p pʲ ć k if there was another heavy syllable in the word.
  17. All prenasalized consonants became voiceless with a stopped release.
  18. The sequence ʷi shifted to i, except in hiatus (/awi iwi uwi/).

Thus the vowel inventory at this time was /a i u ə/, and the consonants were: 

                       CONSONANTS                 VOWELS

Rounded bilabials:     pʷ  mʷ      w              a i u ə
Plain bilabials:       p   m   f  (Ø)             a i u              
Spread bilabials:      pʲ  mʲ  fʲ  y              a i   ə
Alveolars:             t   n   s   l   r          a i u               (/ta ci cu/)
Postalveolars:         č   ň   š  *l  *r          a i   ə             (/ča či čə/)
(Palatals:             ć   ń   ś    )             a i   ə
Velars:                k   ŋ   h                  a i u
Labiovelars:           kʷ  ŋʷ  hʷ                 a i u ə

Thus the full set of four vowels was contrastive only after rounded consonants. However, /l/ and /r/ break this rule. There was also a sequence /mfʷ/.

At this point, around the year 1320, the language divides into two dialects: one for the western end of the peninsula, where travel between the north and south coasts is easy; and the other branch for the central and eastern areas, where travel is more difficult and daughter languages tend to divide more quickly. The eastern branch is called Nuclear Dreamlandic, but this is often shortened to just "Dreamlandic".

Dialect breakup

However, it is possible that all of the diversity arose in the western and central areas, and that the division between them was political rather than tribal. Thus North Dreamlandic would be simply a branch of one of many subgroups from the West or center.

Changes unique to Western Fojy

  1. The voiceless non-sibilant fricatives f fʲ h hʷ shifted to Ø Ø Ø w.
  2. The palatalized labials pʲ mʲ shifted to p m. (These may have passed through a linguolabial stage.)
  3. The bare vowel u shifted to ʉ. Then wa shifted to wo. Neither of these shifts were phonemic.

Changes unique to Nuclear Dreamlandic (695)

  1. The mid vowel e, which occurred almost entirely after palatalized consonants, shifted to a. Thus, the vowel inventory was reduced to /a i u/, with frequent sequences of /ya wa yi wu/ but no others.
    NOTE, this is almost certainly a mistake (or an early transcription) for ə.
  2. The true palatals ć ń ś shifted to č ň š .

At this stage the language had 95 syllables, considering the clusters /mp nt nk pp kk ćć/ to be singles. The syllabary contained signs for 

  a    i    u    ya   wa   yi   wu
 pa   pi   pu   pya  pwa  pyi  pwu
 ma   mi   mu   mya  mwa  myi  mwu
 ta  (ci   cu)  tya       tyi
 na   ni   nu   nya       nyi
 sa   si   su   sya       syi
 la   li   lu   lya       lyi
 ra   ri   ru   rya       ryi
 ka   ki   ku        kwa       kwu
 ŋa   ŋi   ŋu        ŋwa       ŋwu
 ha   hi   hu        hwa       hwu
 fa   fi   fu
mpa  mpi  mpu  mpya mpwa mpyi mpwu
nta (nsi  nsu  nsya      nsyi)
nka  nki  nku       nkwa      nkwu
ppa  ppi  ppu  ppya ppwa ppyi ppwu
kka  kki  kku  kkya kkwa kkyi kkwu

The following languages are ordered by inverse time of separation, not east-west as is usually followed. DPR is spoken to the west of Baywatch.

Nuclear Dreamlandic (695) to Dolphin Rider (3308)

Alternate names: Ōpo, Neamaki, Pōpō, Eurobabe. The speakers originated in "Laġo" and in the unlabeled territory next to Lago. The native name of the unlabeled state may in fact be Ōpo, but properly that is the name of the originating tribe and likely extended to areas beyond. All four of the alternate names were once valid in-language but are now expired "exonyms" from outside the world. Euro babe was at one point the word for dream.

Note that the maturation date of this branch is much later than that of Baywatch, and that it may have early-branching varieties of its own, perhaps as many as seven. (There are two maps of Dreamland with overlapping borders; the southern coastline is split into a group of three nations and a group of four.)

  1. The labiovelars kʷ ŋʷ hʷ shifted to pʷ mʷ fʷ unconditionally.
  2. The sequences ya wa shifted to ye o.
    It seems that yā did not shift to /*yē/, and that there may have been no /ē ō/ in the language at this time. Thus long vowels stay as they are. This makes sense as well given the shift below.
  3. The rare sequences aw iw shifted to ow uw (later /ō ū/); these may have been restricted to occuring before /i/; also, au became ou as well.
  4. The sequence uy shifted to iy. There may have likewise been a shift of /ay/ > /ey/. These were only from primordial /y/, not the /a/ > /ya/ shift.
    If this language had previously shared Baywatch's gap of /*so/, this fills that gap.
  5. Any new i before a vowel came to be interpreted like ʲ. The later /io/ is from /ifo/.
  6. In a closed syllable, the vowels i u lowered to e o. Long vowels did not shift.
  7. The sequence āi shifted to ē.
  8. Between vowels, the sequence ta shifted to ra.
  9. It is possible that r shifted to l in initial position here, but note that the main motivation for this had not yet come.
  10. Syllables ending in nasals shifted to having nasal vowels. This detail is irrelevant to DPR but the nasal vowels spread to PEB where they affect preceding consonants and also the vowel color.
  11. The prenasals mp nt nč ŋk shifted to voiced stops b r r g. This causes a lot of l to shift to r by analogy.
  12. The voiceless coronals t č š shifted to s . Meanwhile ň shifted to n.
  13. The palatalized labials pʲ mʲ fʲ bʲ became f m f b. Thus palatalization was defeated.
    It appears that lʲ rʲ also shifted to l r.
    It is important to note that the sequence pi, when not before a vowel, remained unchanged. This is why this shift is worded differently.
  14. The sequences hi hu shifted to si fu. Then ŋi shifted to ni.
    It is possible that languages like Lohi break off at around this stage. See Dreamlandic languages.
  15. The velars h g ŋ (including in clusters) disappeared to Ø.
  16. The sequences of ow uf uw shifted to ō ō ū ū. However, the geminate /ff/ did not participate in this shift.
  17. Most likely, ei ēi shifted to ē, and perhaps /ai āi/ (again) shifted as well. Consider that /ai/ and /ei/ often came from variants of the same root and that /ai/ was probbly slightly longer in duration.,
  18. Any remaining singleton f disappeared to Ø.
  19. Labialization was defeated. Any remaining w shifted to b.
    It is not clear what happens to sequences like /efʷo/ > /ewo/ here. But it is likely that /b/ does not appear.
  20. The geminates pp ff ss kk shifted to p s s k . Thus /f/ was eliminated.
  21. Nasal vowels denasalize.
  22. If there were any allophonic prenasals left over from above (most likely just /mb/ if any at all), they also become single consonants now.
    At this point, the consonant inventory was /p m b n s l r k/ and the vowels were /a e i o u/. Long vowels /ā ē ī ū/, but not /ō/, were fairly common. This occurred around the year ????. After this, the language became conservative.
  23. All vowels before a hiatus became short.
  24. Any remaining ae ea shifted to ā. But it is possible this had been sifted out earlier.
  25. The vowel sequences au ao eo oa oe shifted to ō. Thus the word for dolphin became /pōpō/. /ua uo/ remained, but they were rare, mostly coming from earlier /ufa ufo/. Thus, original sequences /ao eo io oo uo/ appeared as /ō ō io ō uo/, just as in Baywatch, but the shifts occurred roughly a thousand years apart and differed in other details.
  26. It is possible that all vowels before a long shifted to /i u/. There should be no /a/ in this position, but if it exists, it probably survives, and may shorten the following vowel instead.

Possible future sound changes

Branch I

17:17, 9 April 2024 (PDT)
  • ri ru > ǯi du. possibly same with /ir ur/.
  • then l > r.
  • ip up > ib ub (or the reverse).
  • Stressed vowels may lengthen (to escape from later shifts). This may even apply to all vowels spaced two apart.
  • e i u > Ø ʲ ʷ. ONLY IF LENGTHENING IS DONE BY NOW. else to /i ʲi u/.

BranchII

  • It is possible that vowels will elide following a long vowel (always separated by a consonant). That is, ōnu > on, etc. It is possible also that these will allow distinctions, e.g. /m/ when /u/ disappears, but it is difficult to align this with place-assimilation. In any case the resulting superheavy syllables would then contract to short vowels, and then probably vowel length disappears altogether.
  • New consonants from /Ci/ and /Cu/.
  • In theory could be
  • bʲ nʲ rʲ sʲ > d ň ř š
  • pʲ mʲ lʲ kʲ > t m λ č.
  • Thus a /t~k/ contrast is created, and there is crowding near /r/ as all of /d r ř l λ/ are contrastive. It is most likely (though not certain) that /k/ was already [č] before front vowels even before this shift. It is possible that /λ/ > /y/ early on since there would actually not be a phonemic IPA /j/ otherwise.
  • Note that /λ/ will be much rarer than /ř/ because of differences in patterning dating back to near-MRCA times.
  • And also
  • bʷ nʷ rʷ sʷ > b ŋ~m w f
  • pʷ mʷ lʷ kʷ > p m w k~p.
  • Note that /kʷ/ cannot shift to /p/ unconditionally because then there would be a gap of no /ku/ unless /ču/ shifted to /ku/ afterwards, but this could be problematic.
  • The shifts of /bʲ pʲ/ > /d t/ may be conditional too, because although it would not create a gap of no /bi pi/, those sequences would become rare.
  • A staircase shift for fricatives to fill out /f s š h/ instead of having /s/ dominate.
  • The shift of /b/ > /d/ might need to be conditional, and it is possible that /bi/ remains, since otherwise there would be a near-gap owing to the scarcity of /ʷi/. (Not as much a problem is /ʲu/.)
  • Possibly /ns mf/ > /z v/, etc. Voiced stop geminates devoice.
  • It is possible that /ā/ does not contract, as there is no obvious means by which to generate a new /ā/. However, it could be that like Japanese and Māori, some long vowels are more common than others. New /ā/ could be from morpheme crossers.


Other b ranches

  • In a separate branch from the above, b p > p f, greatly changing the sound of the language.
  • In a third branch, probably far west, b p > p Ø, and this may beg the branch above to shift its /f/ to /h/ or even to /Ø/. But they are not the same branch. This branch passed through a middle stage of /ʔ/, not a fricative.

Nuclear Dreamlandic (695) to Proto-Eastern Dreamlandic (2570)

These languages were spoken in colder climates, rubbing up against Thunder and Moonshine settlements. The speakers were generally of blonde hair and blue eyes, perhaps even more so than the stereotypically blonde Thunderers.

This language can be called "Proto-Eastern Baywatch" to get the acronym to be PEB, but the name strictly speaking is incorrect since Baywatch is a subset of this group, not a larger group that encompasses it. Even so, the Baywatch name could be detached from its political party and so repurposed.

This group has many other descendants besides Baywatch proper, and probably has at least two descendants in Tata.

Initial phoneme inventory: 

Rounded bilabials:     pʷ  mʷ      w              a i u  
Plain bilabials:       p   m   f  (Ø)             a i u              
Spread bilabials:      pʲ  mʲ  fʲ  y              a i     
Alveolars:             t   n   s   l   r          a i u               (/ta ci cu/)
Postalveolars:         č   ň   š   ł   ř          a i                 (/ča či čə/)    
Velars:                k   ŋ   h                  a i u
Labiovelars:           kʷ  ŋʷ  hʷ                 a i u


  1. The sequences ya wa shifted to ye wo. Unlike Dolphin Rider, the resulting /wo/ does not shift to /o/ and then collapse with a preceding syllable. Thus, the sequence /iwa/ ultimately becomes /io/, not /ʲo/.
  2. In word-initial position, the sequence su shifted to hu.
  3. The sequences ti tu shifted to si su. (This includes all /č/.)
  4. The velars k ŋ shifted to t n. Then ň also became n.
  5. The sequence āi shifted to ē.
  6. The sequences ha hu shifted to a u.
    However, any new eu iu shifted to ē ī (not /ō ū/).
    It is possible that ea (always from /yā/) also shifted to ē, unlike in Dolphin Rider where it became /ā/.
  7. The sequence hi shifted to si.
  8. Before a consonant, the sequences nu tu lost their vowel, creating prenasalized and geminate consonants, which always assimilated. Triple consonant sequences reduced to doubles; the specific sequence tussi became tti due to the [č] allophone of /t/ in this position.
  9. The spread labials pʲ mʲ fʲ shifted to p m b unconditionally.
  10. The labial fricative f shifted to b in all positions.
    This is a good place to break off new daughter languages that were originally supposed to break off at the root. Some can also be split off two lines earlier, before /f fʲ/ > /b b/.
  11. The sequences ai ei oi merged as ē.
  12. The palatal glide y shifted to w if after /u/, and otherwise to Ø.
  13. The sequences au eu ou merged as ō. Note that underlying /ao eo oo/ also become /ō/ by the combination of this rule and the next, since this sequence was always [awo ewo] for the first two.
  14. The sequences wo wu shifted to o u. Any other /w/ also disappeared. Thus, by the combination of these two shifts, the underlying sequences /ao eo io oo uo/ shift to /ō ō io ō uo/, as if setting up a future syllable inventory in which the vowel /o/ could be preceded by a palatal or labial onglide. However, at the stage of classical Baywatch, these remained as two-vowel sequences.
  15. Long vowels followed by geminate consonants became short. But not prenasals.
  16. In root-initial position, the sequences bap bep bip bop bup (but not the long-vowel counterparts) shifted to pap pep pip pop pup. This also applied to /bVt/, but not to /bVs/.

If both labialized consonants and prenasalized consonants are analyzed as clusters, the phonology would be 

Bilabials:       p   m           b   
Alveolars:       t   n   s   l   r

And the vowels /a e i o u/ in both short and long forms. The geminates /pp ss tt/ still remained, and there were sound gaps of */te so bo lo ro/, except in a few rare words where contraction of long vowels before geminates had created new short vowels there.

The coronal stop /t/ was allophonically [k] before any /o u/. Unlike the neighboring Dolphin Rider language, however, it remained [t] before /a/, and therefore [t] is considered the primary allophone. It was not palatalized before /e i/.

Proto-Eastern Dreamlandic (2570) to Nunabetari

This is now an orphaned language since it was intended to appear 800 years later.

  1. The sibilant sequences sa se si so su shifted to pa te ti o u . Any new hiatus lengthened the preceding vowel.
  2. Remaining r shifted to b.

The consonant inventory had thus become merely 

Bilabials:       p   m   b   
Alveolars:       t   n   l

Note, the Nunabetari are actually migrants from the west, whose original language was PDP. Any other people identifying as Nunabetari were latecomers who joined the existing settlements.

Proto-Eastern Dreamlandic (2570) to Pre-Baywatch (3338 AD)

  1. The long vowels ē ī ō ū (but not /ā/) shortened to e i o u.
    This was originally below.
  2. Before a vowel, the sequences om um shifted to ōm ūm.
  3. The alveolar nasal n shifted to m unconditionally.
  4. The alveolar flap r shifted to l in word-initial position, and disappeared to Ø elsewhere.
  5. The sequences ma me mi mo mu shifted to nasal vowels ã ẽ ĩ õ ũ before a singleton consonant UNCONDITIONALLY!!!!!!!!!!.
  6. Prenasalized consonants bled into the preceding vowel and then denasalized.
  7. The sequences uoa uoe uoi uoo uou shifted to uwa uwe uwi uō ūō.
  8. The sequences ii uu shifted to ī ū. This included shifts from triplets like /auu/, etc.
    The Baywatchers who invaded and conquered the Thunder Empire spoke this stage of the language. The tiny province of Samia may have also spoken this stage of the language, as their entry occurred shortly after the Baywatchers were driven out. (Remember that they were traitors to their own nation, but would have spoken only one language like most of the Baywatchers.)
  9. After any vowel, the sequences oa oe oi (independent of nasalization) shifted to wa we wi. Nasalized w shifted to w̃.
  10. After a vowel, the sequences ua ue ui uo (independent of nasalization) shifted to wa we wi wo.
  11. All consonants became labialized before any /u/.
  12. Before a nasal vowel, the labial approximant w shifted to w̃.
  13. Geminates became simple.
    NOTE, this shift is only here because it appears in the dictionary; i never wrote it down.

The consonant inventory at this time could be analyzed as 

Bilabials:    p   b       w   w̃
Alveolars:    t       s   l


All syllables were CV. Thus a syllable chart can be created: 

  a   e   i   o   u   ã   ẽ   ĩ   õ   ũ
 pa  pe  pi  po  pu  pã  pẽ  pĩ  põ  pũ
 ba  be  bi  bo  bu  bã  bẽ  bĩ  bõ  bũ
 wa  we  wi  wo      
 w̃a  w̃e  w̃i  w̃o      w̃ã  w̃ẽ  w̃ĩ  w̃õ 
 ta  te  ti  to  tu  tã  tẽ  tĩ  tõ  tũ
 sa  se  si  so  su  sã  sẽ  sĩ  sõ  sũ
 la  le  li  lo  lu  lã  lẽ  lĩ  lõ  lũ

Longs are analyzed as sequences here and thus not shown. Longs can either be aa or aã~ãã; there is no *ãa.

Daughter languages of Playwatch include Mysticeti and probably others spoken by very small populations. Shifts include ĩ ũ > e o, ẽ ã õ > a, and w~ y~ > m n. Note, though, the languages that merge the nasal vowels retain the original allophones of preceding consonants. Thus, for example, tõ becomes ka, not *ta. Thus, the distinction between /t/ and /k/ becomes phonemic. /l/ might have been [n] before a nasal vowel even in Playwatch, and this could phonemicize too, but /y~/ also shifts to /n/.

Another possibility is that before vowel nasalization disappears, it first spreads out to the entire word, or to at least everything between the original nasal vowel and the stressed syllable. This assumes that Playwatch still has stress at all.

Pre-Baywatch to Baywatch (~4300 AD)

Since the timeline is being shifted backwards by 1,000 years, this is the new Baywatch.

  1. The sequences eu oi shifted to iu ui.
  2. The vowel sequences ai ei merged as ē. Then au ou merged as ō.
  3. The sequence tui shifted to pi .
  4. The nasalized approximants w̃ ỹ shifted to m n.
  5. The the coronal stop t came to be spelled k before any of /a o u/. (This was a long-standing allophonic variation.)
    It is possible that it should be /o u/.
  6. The nasal vowels ĩ ũ ẽ õ shifted to e o a a.
    This may need to be more finely detailed. For example, /ũ/ might shift to /ʷo/ at least conditionally.

Playwatch to Maple Rag

If not orphaned, this language is spoken along the north coast. "Like Seattle".

Note that the orthography here uses grave accents for low tone, unlike Moonshine and most related languages which use grave accents for checked syllables, which are typically short and allophonically high-toned. Nasalized /l/ may have reverted to plain /l/ in this branch.

  1. The glide y (the surface manifestation of some /i/) shifted to ỹ before any nasal vowels.
  2. The glides w̃ ỹ shifted to m n.
  3. The nasalized vowels ã ẽ ĩ õ ũ shifted to low tone à è ì ò ù.
    It is possible that some quality shifts, as in Mysticeti, happened before this shift.
  4. The plain vowels a e i o u became high tone á é í ó ú, except that a sequence of two high tones collapsed into high-low.

Other Dreamlandic languages

For Western and other minor branches, see Dreamlandic languages. and Minor Lenian languages

Non-Dreamlandic languages

Hipatal

See Hipatal.

History

Lenian languages began to decline around by year 1900[1] when settlers from AlphaLeap spread the Gold language into Paba. Shortly thereafter, Nama invaded Subumpam due to a famine, and after the famine was over, the Star Empire invaded Subumpam and occupied it for several generations. Then, yet another nation, Litila, also invaded Subumpam and crushed the native population. Subumpam was only rescued from their catastrophe when the Tarpabap people, speaking a Gold-derived language, invaded Subumpam one last time and completely drove out the native Lenian languages.

Meanwhile, by this time, Lenian languages had spread into colder climates and begun driving out the aboriginal Repilian tribes, but they were being chased around by other tribes also growing northwards, and these tribes happened to speak Gold and Tarise languages. AlphaLeap invaded Paba again in the 3800s, and the submissive Pabaps allowed them to use Paba as a base to invade a much larger range of habitats, eventually controlling more than half of the humanly habitable land on the planet. AlphaLeap did not hold their empire for long, but when it collapsed, it was to a new tribe of people calling themselves the Paaapa, who spoke the language that would soon evolve into Pabappa. These people were mostly of Lenian ancestry but identified themselves as Paaapa only, and did not seek alliances with Lenians. Importantly, they were known for having dark hair, and blondes were uncommon.

Linguistic characteristics

The Lenian languages retain the classifier prefixes of Tapilula and have generally simple rules of grammar. Even the most complex nominal morphology is simpler than that of Pabappa. Verbal morphology is highly variable; some languages are extremely simple, while others retain much of the early Tapilula system, which is, nevertheless, fairly simple by comparison to that of Gold and the Tarise-Thaoa supergroup.

Notes

  1. ↑ or earlier
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