Senjecas snow & ice: Difference between revisions

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===Pronunciation table===
<font size = 4>
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; width:500px;"
 
!p
==Pronunciation table==
!b
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; width:1150px;"
!f
! colspan="6" | <center>'''peműko'''<br>(labial)</center>
!v
!ƿ
!m
|
|
|
|
!t
! colspan="6" | '''riisűko'''<br>(dental)
!d
!þ
!ð
!ł
!l
|
|
|
|
!c
! colspan="6" | '''muitűko'''<br>(alveolar)
!ƶ
!s
!z
!r
!n
|
|
|
|
!k
! colspan="6-" | '''vainűko'''<br>(palatal)
!g
!x
!ᵹ
!h
!ȝ
|
|
|
|
!š
! colspan="2" |
!ṡ
|
|
|
|
!i
! colspan="6" | '''ṡ̨uuše̋nos'''<br>(vowels with प)
!e
!a
!ɔ
!o
!u
|
|
|
|
!ı
! colspan="3" | '''nı̋þo ṡ̨uuše̋nos'''<br>(weak vowels)
!ɛ
!y
|-
|-
|/p/
! <center>p</center>
|/b/
! b
|/ɸ/
! f
|/β/
! v
|/m̊/
! m̃
|/m/
! m
|
|
! t
! d
! þ
! ð
! ɫ
! l
|
|
! ṡ
! ż
! s
! z
! r
! n
|
|
! k
! g
! x
! [[Wikipedia:Gha|ƣ]]
! h
! [[Wikipedia:Yogh|ȝ]]
|
|
! š
! s̨
|
|
! i
! e
! a
! [[Wikipedia:O|ɔ]]
! o
! u
|
|
! ı
! ɛ
! y
|-
! <center>प</center>
! ब
! फ
! भ
! म़
! म
|
|
|
! त
! द
! थ
! ध
! ल़
! ल
|
|
|/t/
|/d/
|/θ/
|/ð/
|/l̥/
|/l/
|
|
! च
! ज
! स
! स़
! र
! न
|
|
|/ʦ/
|/ʣ/
|/s/
|/z/
|/ɾ̥/
|/n/
|
|
! क
! ग
! क़
! [[Wikipedia:Gha|ग़]]
! ह
! [[Wikipedia:Yogh|य]]
|
|
|/k/
|/g/
|/ç/
|/ʝ/
|/j̊/
|/j/
|
|
! स्व
! स्य
|
|
|/sʷ/
|/sʲ/
|
|
! इ ई<br>पि पी
! ए एै<br>पे पै
! अ आ<br>प पा
! ऒ ॵ<br>पॊ पॏ
! ओ औ<br>पो पौ
! उ ऊ<br>पु पू
|
|
|/i/
|/e/
|/ä/
|/ɒ/
|/o/
|/u/
|
|
! पं
! पऺ
! पॅ
|-
| /p/
| /b/
| /ɸ/
| /β/
| /m̥/
| /m/
!
!
| /t/
| /d/
| /θ/
| /ð/
| /l̥/
| /l/
!
!
| /ʦ/
| /ʣ/
| /s/
| /z/
| /ɾ̥/
| /n/
!
!
| /k/
| /g/
| /ç/
| /ʝ/
| /j̊/
| /j/
!
!
| /sʷ/
| /sʲ/
!
!
| /i/
| /e/
| /ä/
| /ɒ/
| /o/
| /u/
!
!
| /ɪ/
| /ɛ/
| /ʊ/
|}
==Glossing abbreviations==
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
| 1s/p = 1st person singular/plural
| ABL = [[Wikipedia:Ablative case|ablative suffix]]
| COL = [[Wikipedia:Collective noun|collective]]
| F = feminine
| INT = intensive prefix
| PRV = [[Wikipedia:Privative|privative prefix]]
| SUP = [[Wikipedia:Supine|supine]]
|-
| 2s/p = 2nd person singular/plural
| ABS = absolutive<br>(an unmarked modifying adjective)
| DES = [[Wikipedia:Desiderative mood|desiderative]]
| FRQ = [[Wikipedia:Frequentative|frequentative]]
| LAT = [[Wikipedia:Lative case|lative suffix]]
| PST = past
| TRZ = transitivizer
|-
| 3 = 3rd person
| ADV = adverb
| DIM = diminutive
| FUT = future
| LOC = [[Wikipedia:Locative case|locative suffix]]
| Q = [[Wikipedia:Interrogative word|interrogative particle]]
| VOC = vocative particle
|-
| A(.s/p) = accusative (singular/plural)
| AG = [[Wikipedia:Agent (grammar)|agent]]
| ELIS = [[Wikipedia:Elision|elision]]
| IMP = imperative
| M = masculine
| QUOT = direct quotation
| YNG = young
|-
| G(.s/p) = genitive (singular/plural)
| AP = agent (active) participle
| ELT = [[Wikipedia:Elative case|elative]]
| INC = [[Wikipedia:Inchoative aspect|inchoative]]
| OCC = occupation suffix
| REV = [[Wikipedia:Opposite (semantics)|reversive]]
|
|-
| N(.s/p) = nominative (singular/plural)
| AUG = augmentative
| EP = [[Wikipedia:Epenthesis#As a grammatical rule|epenthesis]]
| IND = indicative
| PP = patient (past) participle
| RPR = recent perfective
|
|-
| V(.s/p) = vocative (singular/plural)
| CAUS = [[Wikipedia:Causative|causative]]
| EQU = equative degree
| INS = instrument
| PRF = perfect
| SBJ = subjunctive
|
|
|/ɪ/
|/ɛ/
|/ʊ/
|}
|}




===Snow===
*The winters of Sefdaania are heavy with snow and ice. As a result there are many words naming various aspects of these two wintry visitors.
*1. '''alűngo''' – snow bank
::'''gore̋s de̋xlo e-ȝa̋fa d' a̋sko alűngom éna e- cőta:'''
::The reindeer’s harness broke and the sleigh plunged into the snow bank.


:{|class=wikitable
 
!gor-e̋s||de̋xl-o||e=ȝa̋f-a||d-'||a̋sk-o||alűng-om||éna||e=cőt-a
==Snow==
*'''1.''' '''alűngo'''  अलु॓न्गो [> [[Wikipedia:Greenlandic language|Greenland Inupik]] ''<u>alut</u>sinniq'', snow cliff] – snow bank
*The reindeer’s harness broke and the sleigh plunged into the snow bank.
*'''gore̋s de̋xlo e-ȝa̋fa. da a̋sko alűngom éna e-ṡőta:'''
:{|
!gor-e̋s||de̋xl-o||e=ȝa̋f-a||da||a̋sk-o||alűng-om||éna||e=ṡőt-a
|-
|-
|reindeer-GEN.SG||harness-NOM.SG||PST=break-IND||and-EL||sleigh-NOM.SG||snow.bank-ACC.SG||into||PST=plunge-IND
|reindeer-G.s||harness-N.s||PST=break-IND||and||sleigh-N.s||snow.bank-A.s||into||PST=plunge-IND
|}
|}


*2. '''ċa̋ga''' – become frozen [''of snow'']
::'''ébi tįþme̋a nérvi pı̋no. toáru tőƿo u-ċa̋ga:'''
::If the temperature drops any lower the snow will become frozen.


:{|class=wikitable
*'''2'''. '''főm̌a'''  फो॓म्व [> Mongolian *''<u>um</u>-ba'', walk submerging into water] – walk with difficulty through snow, sand, brush, ''etc.''
!ébi||tįþme̋-a||nér=vi||pı̋n-o||toáru||tőƿ-o||u=ċa̋g-a-
*This snow is so deep we will have trouble walking through it.
*'''i-tőm̃o kéþu ṡa̋lo vűűa—ƥúvi m̃us éȝom šóóða u-fom̌a:'''
:{|
!i=tőm̃-o||kéþu||ṡa̋l-o||vűű-a||ṗúvi||m̃-us||éȝ-om||šóóða||u=fom̌-a
|-
|-
|if||temperature-NOM.SG||lower-ADV||decrease-SUB||then||snow-NOM.SG||FUT=become.frozen.IND
|this=snow-N.s||too||deep-N.s||be-IND||that||1p-N||it-A.s||through||FUT=walk-IND
|}
|}


*3. '''kı̋rmo''' – thin covering of snow
::'''ƿisőntes kirmős ha pą̋u e-mą̋ᵹa:'''
::Because of the thin covering of snow, the bison were able to forage.


:{|class=wikitable
*'''3.''' '''ke̋ro'''  के॓रो [> Finnish ''<u>ker</u>te'', thin crust on snow] – frozen crust on snow
!ƿisőnt-es||kirm-ős||ha||pą̋-u||e=mą̋ᵹ-a
*If the frozen crust is not too thick, the bison can break through.
*'''ébi ke̋to kéþu ba̋ro vuue̋ȝa mee—toári m̃isőntes ȝa̋fu ma̋ƣa:'''
:{|
!ébi||ke̋r-o||kéþu||ba̋r-o||vuu-e̋ȝa||mee||toári||m̃isőnt-es||ȝa̋f-u||ma̋ƣ-a
|-
|-
|bison-NOM.PL||thin.covering.of.snow-GEN.SG||because.of||forage-SUP||PST=be.able
|if||frozen.crust-N.s||too||thick-N.s||be.SBJ-IND||not||then||bison-N.p||break-SUP||be.able-IND
|}
|}


*4. '''ke̋rto''' – frozen crust on snow
::'''ébi ke̋rto kéþu ba̋ro vų̋o mę. ƿisőntes ȝa̋fu mą̋ᵹa:'''
::If the frozen crust is not too thick, the bison can break through.


:{|class=wikitable
*'''4.''' '''kı̋rmo'''  कि॓र्मो [> Turkish '' <u>kır</u>ağı'', hoarfrost] – thin covering of snow
!ébi||ke̋rt-o||kéþu||ba̋r-o||vų̋-o||mę||ƿisőnt-es||ȝa̋f-u||mą̋ᵹ-a
*Because of the thin covering of snow, the bison were able to forage.
*'''m̃isőntes kirmős ha pa̋a̋u e-ma̋ƣa:'''
:{|
!m̃isőnt-es||kirm-ős||ha||pa̋a̋-u||e=ma̋ƣ-a
|-
|-
|if||frozen.crust-NOM.SG||too||thick-NOM.SG||be.SBJ||not||bison-NOM.PL||break-SUP||be.able-IND
|bison-N.p||thin.covering.of.snow-G.s||because.of||forage-SUP||PST=be.able-IND
|}
|}


*5. '''lų̋fo''' – falling snow
::'''lų̋fo ṭą́rvi leitős k̬éno le̋isom u-ka̋ða:'''
::The falling snow will soon cover any trace of the crime.


:{|class=wikitable
*'''5.''' '''l̨űűno'''  ल्यू॓नो [> Korean 눈 ''<u>nun</u>'', snow] – falling snow
!lų̋f-o||ṭą́rvi||leit-ős||k̬éno-Ø||le̋is-om||u=ka̋ð-a
*The falling snow will soon cover any trace of the crime.
*'''l̨űűno t̨áárvi leitős k̬éno le̋isom u-ka̋ða:'''
:{|
!l̨űűn-o||t̨áár-vi||leit-ős||k̬éno-Ø||le̋is-om||u=ka̋ð-a
|-
|-
|falling.snow-NOM.SG||soon||crime-GEN.SG||any-ABS||trace-ACC.SG||FUT=cover-IND
|falling.snow-N.s||short-ADV||crime-G.s||any-ABS||trace-A.s||FUT=cover-IND
|}
|}


*6. '''lųfpa̋vo''' – snow flake
::'''neo d̬o lųfpa̋von sőmo ḅőrom ᵹe̋vu na̋mu ke̋no e̋sa:'''
::It’s hard to believe that no two snow flakes have the same shape.


:{|class=wikitable
*'''6.''' '''l̨uunpa̋vo'''  ल्यून्प॓भो [< '''pa̋vo''', flake] – snow flake
!neo-Ø||d̬o||lųf-pa̋v-on||sőmo-Ø||ḅőr-om||ᵹe̋v-u||na̋m-u||ke̋n-o||e̋s-a
*It’s hard to believe that no two snow flakes have the same shape.
*'''ȝa ne̋o d̬ő luufpa̋vos sőmo b̨őrom ƣe̋va—na̋mu ke̋no e̋sa:'''
:{|
!ȝa||neo-Ø||d̬o||luuf-pa̋v-os||sőmo-Ø||b̨őr-om||ƣe̋v-a||na̋m-u||ke̋n-o||e̋s-a
|-
|-
|no-ABS||two||snow-flake-ACC.PL||same-ABS||shape-ACC.SG||have-SUP||believe-SUP||hard-NOM.SG||be.IND
|that||no-ABS||two||snow-flake-N.p||same-ABS||shape-A.s||have-IND||believe-SUP||hard-N.s||be.IND
|}
|}


*7. '''műᵹro''' – soft snow
::'''méti le̋xƿe műᵹrom éva e-pe̋da. šǫ́ðvi e-fǫ̋la:'''
::When the puppy stepped onto the soft snow, he fell through.


:{|class=wikitable
*'''7.''' '''műƣro''' मु॓ग़्रो [> [[Wikipedia:Chaplino dialect|Chaplino]] ''<u>muʁ</u>ája'', soft snow] – soft snow
!méti||le̋xƿ-e||műᵹr-om||éva||e=pe̋d-a||šǫ́ð=vi||e=fǫ̋l-a
*When the puppy stepped onto the soft snow, he fell through.
*'''méti le̋xm̃e műƣrom éva e-pe̋da—šóóðvi e-főőla:'''
:{|
!méti||le̋xm̃-e||műƣr-om||éva||e=pe̋d-a||šóóð=vi||e=főől-a
|-
|-
|when||puppy-NOM.SG||soft.snow-ACC.SG||onto||PST=step-IND||through=ADV||PST=fall-IND
|when||puppy-N.s||soft.snow-A.s||onto||PST=step-IND||through=ADV||PST=fall-IND
|}
|}


*8. '''ƿa̋co''' – wet snow
::'''ƿacős te̋lo vőutom e-vire̋ȝa:'''
::The weight of the wet snow caused the tent to collapse.


:{|class=wikitable
*'''8.''' '''m̃a̋ṡo'''  म़॓चो [> [[Wikipedia:Saami|Saami]] ''<u>vuoǯ</u>'ǯe'', wet bare ice] – wet snow
!ƿac-ős||te̋l-o||vőut-om||e=vir-e̋ȝ-a
*The weight of the wet snow caused the tent to collapse.
*'''m̃aṡős te̋lo vőutom vira̋ða:'''
:{|
!m̃aṡ-ős||te̋l-o||vőut-om||vir-a̋ð-a
|-
|-
|wet.snow-GEN.SG||weight-NOM.SG||tent-ACC.SG||PST=collapse-CAUS-IND
|wet.snow-G.s||weight-N.s||tent-A.s||collapse-CAUS-IND
|}
|}


*9. '''ƿőpo''' – sleeping hole in the snow
::'''ᵹǫsiġős éna la̋vaþu ȝuþne̋ðlu lą̋tam ƿőpom e-vőða:'''
::Caught in the blizzard, the hiker dug a sleeping hole in the snow for the night.


:{|class=wikitable
*'''9'''. '''m̃őpo'''  भ़ो॓पो [> [[Wikipedia:Enets language|Enets]] ''<u>báʔ</u>a'', sleeping place] – sleeping hole in the snow
!ᵹǫsiġ-ős||éna||la̋v-a-þu-Ø||ȝuþne̋ðl-u||lą̋t-am||ƿőp-om||e=vőð-a
*Caught in the blizzard, the hiker dug a sleeping hole in the snow for the night.
*'''ƣosigős éna la̋vaþu ȝuþne̋ðlu la̋a̋tam m̃őpom e-vőða:'''
:{|
!ƣo=sig-ős||éna||la̋v-a-þu-Ø||ȝuþ-ne̋ð-l-u||la̋a̋t-am||m̃őp-om||e=vőð-a
|-
|-
|blizzard-GEN.SG||in||catch-IND-PP-ABS||hiker-NOM.SG||night-ACC.SG||sleeping.hole-ACC.SG||PST=dig-IND
|INT=snow.storm-G.s||in||catch-IND-PP-ABS||roam-walk-AG-N.s||night-A.s||sleeping.hole-A.s||PST=dig-IND
|}
|}


*10. '''pőm̌a''' – walk with difficulty through snow, sand, brush, ''etc.''


::'''i-tőƿo kéþu ca̋lo vų̋a. ṗúvi ƿus nom šǫ́ða u-pom̌a:'''
*'''10'''. '''rı̋no'''  रि॓नो [> [[Wikipedia:Saami|Saami]] ''<u>rid</u>ne'', rime on trees] – snow on trees
::This snow is so deep we will have trouble walking through it.
*Although the snow on the trees is beautiful, too much and the branches will break.
 
*'''sáámi rı̋no gőbo vűűa—ébi kéþu me̋e̋o vuule̋ȝa—toári ża̋vos u-ȝa̋fa:'''
:{|class=wikitable
:{|
!i=tőƿ-o||kéþu||ca̋l-o||vų̋-a||ṗú-vi||ƿ-us||n-om||šǫ́ða||u=pom̌-a
!sáámi||rı̋n-o||gőb-o||vűű-a||ébi||kéþu||me̋e̋-o||vuul-e̋ȝa||toári||ża̋v-os||u=ȝa̋f-a
|-
|-
|this=snow-NOM.SG||too||deep-NOM.SG||be-IND||that||1p-NOM||3-ACC.SG||through||FUT=walk-IND
|although||snow.on.trees-N.s||beautiful-N.s||be.IND||if||too||much-N.s||there.be-IND||then||branch-N.p||FUT=break-IND
|}
|}


*11. '''rı̋no''' – snow on trees
::'''są́mi rı̋no gőbo vų̋a. ébi kéþu mę̋o vų̋lo. ƶa̋vos u-ȝa̋fa:'''
::Although the snow on the trees is beautiful, too much and the branches will break.


:{|class=wikitable
*'''11'''. '''sı̋go'''  सि॓गो [> Mongolian ''<u>siɣ</u>urɣa(n)'', snow storm] – snow storm
!są́mi||rı̋n-o||gőb-o||vų̋-a||ébi||kéþu||mę̋-o||vų̋l-o||ƶa̋v-os||u=ȝa̋f-a
*The snow storm passed leaving nine dead in its wake.
*'''sı̋go e-műla. da eȝo-leisős éna nűm ne̋ṡun e-te̋m̃a:'''
:{|
!sı̋g-o||e=műl-a||da||eȝo=leis-ős||éna||nűm||ne̋ṡ-un||e=te̋m̃-a
|-
|-
|although||snow-NOM.SG||beautiful-NOM.SG||be.IND||if||too||much-NOM.SG||there.be-IND||branch-NOM.PL||FUT=break-IND
|snow.storm-N.s||PST=pass-IND||and||its=wake-G.s||in||nine||dead-A.p||PST=leave-IND
|}
|}


*12. '''sı̋ġo''' – snow storm
::'''sı̋ġo e-műla da no-leisős éna nűm ne̋cun e-te̋ƿa:'''
::The snow storm passed leaving nine dead in its wake.


:{|class=wikitable
*'''12'''. '''sőso'''  सो॓सो [> Finnish ''<u>sos</u>e'', mash] – muddy snow
!sı̋ġ-o||e=műl-a||da||no=leis-ős||éna||nűm||ne̋c-un||e=te̋ƿ-a
*Not long after the snow storm passed, the yaks had turned the fallen snow into muddy snow.
*'''ne dóm̃vi pósi sı̋go e-myműla—űde' sosős tőm̃om e-űla:'''
:{|
!ne||dóm̃=vi||pósi||sı̋g-o||e=my~műl-a||űd-e-'||sos-ős||tőm̃-om||e=~űl-a
|-
|-
|snow.storm-NOM.SG||PST=pass-IND||and||its=wake-GEN.SG||in||nine||dead-ACC.PL||PST=leave-IND
|not||long=ADV||after||snow.storm-N.s||PST=PRF~pass-IND||yak-N.p-ELIS||muddy.snow-G.s||fallen.snow-A.s||PST=PRF~turn.into-IND
|}
|}


*13. '''sőso''' – muddy snow
::'''ne dóƿvi pósi sı̋ġo e-műla. űde' sosős éna tőƿom e-ų̋lba:'''
::Not long after the snow storm passed, the yaks had turned the fallen snow into muddy snow.


:{|class=wikitable
*'''13.''' '''ṡ̨a̋ga'''  च्य॓ग [> Korean ''<u>ha-</u>'', cold] – become frozen [''of snow'']
!ne||dóƿ=vi||pósi||sı̋ġ-o||e=műl-a||űd-e-'||sos-ős||éna||tőƿ-om||e=ų̋lb-a
*If the temperature drops any lower the snow will become frozen.
*'''ébi tiiþme̋a nérvi pine̋ȝa—toáru tőm̃o u-ṡ̨a̋ga:'''
:{|
!ébi||tiiþme̋-a||nı~néra-Ø||pin-e̋ȝa||toári||tőm̃-o||u=ṡ̨a̋g-a
|-
|-
|not||long=ADV||after||snow.storm-NOM.SG||PST=pass-IND||yak-NOM.PL-EL||muddy.snow-GEN.SG||into||fallen.snow-ACC.SG||PST=turn.into-IND
|if||temperature-N.s||ELT~lower-ABS||decrease-SBJ||then||snow-N.s||FUT=become.frozen.IND
|}
|}


===Ice===
*14. '''haþȝe̋go''' – thin coating of ice on rock
::'''haþȝe̋gom na̋kantu n' e-pı̋za da nu-kűndom éna e- ną̋la:'''
::Not seeing the ice on the rock, the ranger slipped and landed on his butt.


:{|class=wikitable
==Ice==
!haþȝe̋g-om||na̋k-a-ntu-Ø||n-'||e=pı̋z-a||da||nu=kűnd-om||éna||e=ną̋l-a
*'''14'''. '''haþȝe̋go'''  हथ्ये॓गो  – thin coating of ice on rock
*Not seeing the ice on the rock, the ranger slipped and landed on his butt.
*'''haþȝe̋gom na̋kantu ne furm̃űűrlu e-pı̋zak̬e kűndom éna e-na̋a̋lak̬e:'''
:{|
!haþȝe̋g-om||na̋k-a-ntu-Ø||ne||fur-m̃űűr-l-u||e=pı̋z-a=k̬e||kűnd-om||éna||e=na̋a̋l-a=k̬e
|-
|-
|thin.coating-ACC.SG||see-IND-AP-ABS||not-EL||PST=slip-IND||and||his-butt-ACC.SG||on||PST=land-IND
|thin.coating-A.s||see-IND-AP-ABS||not||forest-protect-AG-N.s||PST=slip-IND=and||butt-A.s||on||PST=land-IND=and
|}
|}


*15. '''ȝe̋go''' – ice
::'''ƿe̋ᵹo pąvős éna ȝegős ha ha̋icim þǫ́sa e-pı̋za:'''
::Because of the ice on the road the car slid into the tree.


:{|class=wikitable
*'''15'''. '''ȝe̋go'''  ये॓गो [> English <u>ic</u>icle] – ice
!ƿe̋ᵹ-o||pąv-ős||éna||ȝeg-ős||ha||ha̋ic-im||þǫ́sa||e=pı̋z-a
*Because of the ice on the road the car slid into the tree.
*'''feðm̃e̋ƣo paavős éna ȝegős ha ha̋iṡim þóósa e-pı̋za:'''
:{|
!feðm̃e̋ƣ-o||paav-ős||éna||ȝeg-ős||ha||ha̋iṡ-im||þóósa||e=pı̋z-a
|-
|-
|car-NOM.SG||road-GEN.SG||on||ice-GEN.SG||because.of||tree-ACC.SG||into||PST=slip-IND
|car-N.s||road-G.s||on||ice-G.s||because.of||tree-A.s||into||PST=slip-IND
|}
|}


*16. '''ȝeᵹǧa̋ro''' – iceberg
::'''v̌ęþ̨̨a̋fo te̋pu hǫ̋le mare̋m éna mımę̋o ȝeᵹǧa̋ron sa̋isa:'''
::Global warming is producing more icebergs in the polar seas.


:{|class=wikitable
*'''16'''. '''ȝeƣǧa̋ro'''  येग़्ग्व॓रो [< '''ȝe̋ƣo''', ice; '''ǧa̋ro''', mountain] – iceberg
!v̌ęþ-þ̨̨a̋fo-Ø||te̋p-u||hǫ̋le-Ø||mar-e̋m||éna||mı~mę̋o-Ø||ȝeᵹǧa̋r-on||sa̋is-a
*Global warming is producing more icebergs in the polar seas.
*'''ge̋lnu te̋pu hőőle mare̋m éna mıme̋e̋o ȝeƣǧa̋ron sa̋isa:'''
:{|
!ge̋lnu-Ø||te̋p-u||hőőle-Ø||mar-e̋m||éna||mı~me̋e̋o-Ø||ȝeƣ.ǧa̋r-on||sa̋is-a
|-
|-
|world-wide-ABS||warming-SUP||polar-ABS||sea-GEN.PL||in||CPAR~many-ABS||iceberb-ACC.PL||produce-IND
|world-wide-ABS||warming-SUP||polar-ABS||sea-G.p||in||ELT~many-ABS||ice.mountain-A.p||produce-IND
|}
|}


*17. '''kaȝe̋mᵹo''' – shore ice
::'''méti he̋ma e-me̋ƿa. kaȝe̋mᵹo ba̋ro e-ı̋la:'''
::As winter progressed the shore ice became thicker.


:{|class=wikitable
*'''17'''. '''kaȝe̋mƣo'''  कये॓म्ग़ो [> [[Wikipedia:Chaplino dialect|Chaplino]] ''<u>qajǝ́mɣ</u>u'', shore ice] – shore ice
!méti||he̋m-a||e=me̋ƿ-a||kaȝe̋mᵹ-o||ba̋r-o||e=ı̋l-a
*As winter progressed the shore ice became thicker.
*'''me̋m̃anta hema̋s. kaȝe̋mƣo bıba̋ro e-ı̋la:'''
:{|
!me̋m̃-a-nta-Ø||hem-a̋s||kaȝe̋mƣ-o||bı~ba̋r-o||e=ı̋l-a
|-
|-
|as||winter-NOM.SG||PST=progress-IND||shore.ice-NOM.SG||thick-NOM.SG||PST=become-IND
|progress-IND-AP-ABS||winter-G.s||shore.ice-N.s||ELT~thick-N.s||PST=become-IND
|}
|}


*18. '''kűro''' – ice floe
::'''zę̋me: mę̋o kűros ną̋utam ną̋ƿam u-kı̋a:'''
::Be careful!  The many ice floes will make navigation hazardous.


:{|class=wikitable
*'''18'''. '''m̨űűlo'''  म्यू॓लो  [> Turkish ''<u>buz</u>'', ice] – ice floe
!zę̋m-e||mę̋o-Ø||kűr-os||ną̋ut-am||ną̋ƿ-am||u=kı̋-a
*Be careful!  The many ice floes will make navigation hazardous.
*'''ze̋e̋me: me̋e̋o m̨űűlos na̋a̋utam na̋a̋m̃ram u-kı̋a:'''
:{|
!ze̋e̋m-e||me̋e̋o-Ø||kűr-os||na̋a̋ut-am||na̋a̋m̃r-am||u=kı̋-a
|-
|-
|be.careful-IMP||many-ABS||ice.floe-NOM.PL||navigation-ACC.SG||hazardous-ACC.SG||FUT-make-IND
|be.careful-IMP||many-ABS||ice.floe-N.p||navigation-A.s||hazardous-A.s||FUT-make-IND
|}
|}


*19. '''nila̋ᵹo''' – freshwater ice
::'''méti nila̋ᵹo zı̋nu tőda. ve̋vres he̋mam dę̋a:'''
::When the ice begins to form, the beavers settle in for the winter.


:{|class=wikitable
*'''19'''. '''nila̋ƣo'''  निल॓ग़ो [> [[Wikipedia:Greenlandic language|Inupik]] ''<u>nilak</u>'', freshwater ice]] – freshwater ice
!méti||nila̋ᵹ-o||zı̋n-u||tőd-a||ve̋vr-es||he̋m-am||dę̋-a
*When the ice begins to form, the beavers settle in for the winter.
*'''nilaƣős zinasantős. ve̋vres he̋mam de̋e̋a:'''
:{|
!nila̋ƣ-ős||zin-as-a-nt-ős||ve̋vr-es||he̋m-am||de̋e̋-a
|-
|-
|when||freshwater.ice-NOM.SG||form-SUP||begin-IND||beaver-NOM.PL||winter-ACC.SG||settle-IND
|freshwater.ice-G.s||form-INC-IND-AP-G.s||beaver-N.p||winter-A.s||settle-IND
|}
|}


*20. '''ǫ̋ko''' – ice hole
::'''ƿus i-hema̋s ȝegős éna ǫkő' šǫ́ða mı̨̋n-' u-mą̋ga:'''
::This winter we can fish through a hole in the ice.


:{|class=wikitable
*'''20'''. '''őőko'''  औ॓को – ice hole
!ƿ-us||i=hem-a̋s||ȝeg-ős||éna||ǫk-ő-'||šǫ́ða||mı̨̋n-'||u=mą̋ᵹ-a
*This winter we can fish through a hole in the ice.
*'''m̃us i-hema̋s ookő' šóóða mı̋ı̋n' u-ma̋ƣa:'''
:{|
!m̃-us||i=hem-a̋s||ook-ő-'||šóóða||mı̋ı̋n-'||u=ma̋a̋ƣ-a
|-
|-
|1p-NOM||this=winter-GEN.SG||ice-GEN.SG||in||ice.hole-GEN.SG-EL||through||fish-EL||FUT=be.able-IND
|1p-N||this=winter-G.s||ice.hole-G.s-ELIS||through||fish-ELIS||FUT=be.able-IND
|}
|}


*21. '''puskűro''' – pack ice
::'''puskűro aiveᵹe̋m éra bą̋go ųðzı̋danto ðę̋o e-vų̋a:'''
::The pack ice was the perfect hauling-out place for the walruses.


:{|class=wikitable
*'''21'''. '''pusm̨űűlo'''  पुस्म्यू॓लो [< '''pűṡa''', ''t.v.'' compress] – pack ice
!puskűr-o||aiveᵹ-e̋m||éra||bą̋go-Ø||ųð-zı̋d-a-nto-Ø||ðę̋-o||e=vų̋-a
*The pack ice was the perfect hauling-out place for the walruses.
*'''pusm̨űűlo aiveƣe̋m éra ba̋a̋go uuðzı̋danto ðe̋e̋o e-vűűa:'''
:{|
!puskűr-o||aiveƣ-e̋m||éra||ba̋a̋go-Ø||uuð-zı̋d-a-nto-Ø||ðe̋e̋-o||e=vűű-a
|-
|-
|pack.ice-NOM.SG||walrus-GEN.PL||for||perfect-ABS||out-haul-IND-AP-ABS||place-NOM.SG||PST=be.IND
|pack.ice-N.s||walrus-G.p||for||perfect-ABS||out-haul-IND-AP-ABS||place-N.s||PST=be.IND
|}
|}


*22. '''sűðo''' – frost
::'''mu i-ąȝa̋s ȝęrős se̋mto sűðom e-na̋ka:'''
::This morning I saw the first frost of the season.


:{|class=wikitable
*'''22'''. '''s̨őmo'''  स्यो॓मो [> Japanese 霜  しも ''<u>shim</u>ó'', frost] – hoarfrost
!m-u||i=ąȝ-a̋s||ȝęr-ő-'||se̋mto-Ø||sűð-om||e=na̋k-a
*The night was clear and cold, so there was hoarfrost on the ground in the morning.
*'''la̋a̋ta ȝe̋xak̬e sőȝak̬' e-vűűa—nááru s̨őmo aaȝa̋s ta̋lem éva e-vűűla:'''
:{|
!la̋a̋t-a||ȝe̋x-a=k̬e||sőȝ-a=k̬-'||e=vűű-a||nááru||ṡőm-o||aaȝ-a̋s||ta̋l-em||éva|e=vűűl-a
|-
|-
|1s-NOM||this=morning-GEN.SG||season-GEN.SG-EL||first-ABS||frost-ACC.SG||PST=see-IND
|night-N.s||clear-N.s=and||cold-N.s=and||PST=be-IND||so||hoarfrost-N.s||morning-G.s||ground-A.s||on||PST=there.be-IND
|}
|}


*23. '''ṡőmo''' – hoarfrost
::'''lą̋ta ȝe̋xak̬e sőȝak̬' e-vų̋a. są́ru ṡőmo ąȝa̋s ta̋lem éva e-vų̋la:'''
::The night was clear and cold, so there was hoarfrost on the ground in the morning.


:{|class=wikitable
*'''23'''. '''s̨űngo'''  स्यु॓न्गो  –  [[Wikipedia:Frazil ice|frazil ice]], slush
!lą̋t-a||ȝe̋x-a=k̬e||sőȝ-a=k̬-'||e=vų̋-a||są́ru||ṡőm-o||ąȝ-a̋s||ta̋l-em||éva||e=vų̋l-a
*The appearance of frazil ice tells us that the sea will soon be frozen over.
*'''s̨ungős ka̋ȝa m̃ús o ma̋rem t̨áárvi űɫaþem u-ı̋lu te̋e̋a:'''
:{|
!ṡung-ős||ka̋ȝ-a||m̃-ús||o||ma̋r-em||t̨áárvi||űɫ-a-þ-em||u=ı̋l-u||te̋e̋-a
|-
|-
|night-NOM.SG||clear-NOM.SG=and||cold-NOM.SG=and||PST=be-IND||so||hoarfrost-NOM.SG||morning-GEN.SG||ground-ACC.SG||on||PST=there.be-IND
|frazil.ice-G.s||appearance-N.s||1p-G||to||sea-A.s||short-ADV||freeze-IND-PP-A.s||FUT=become-SUP||tell-IND
|}
|}


*24. '''ṡűngo''' – frazil ice, slush
::'''ṡungős ka̋ȝa ƿús o ma̋rem ṭą́rvi űłaþem u-ı̋lu:'''
::The appearance of frazil ice tells us that the sea will soon be frozen over.


:{|class=wikitable
*'''24'''. '''x̨a̋a̋ro'''  क़्यआ॓रो  [> Turkish ''<u>kar</u>'', snow] – frost
!ṡung-ős||ka̋ȝ-a||ƿ-ús||o||ma̋r-em||ṭą́rvi||űł-a-þ-em||u=ı̋l-u
*This morning I saw the first frost of the season.
*'''mu i-aaȝa̋s ȝeerős þűnto x̨a̋a̋rom e-na̋ka:'''
:{|
!m-u||i=aaȝ-a̋s||ȝeer-ős||þűnto-Ø||x̨a̋a̋r-om||e=na̋k-a
|-
|-
|frazil.ice-GEN.SG||appearance-NOM.SG||1p-GEN||to||sea-ACC.SG||soon||freeze-IND-PP-ACC.SG||FUT=become-SUP
|1s-N||this=morning-G.s||season-G.s||first-ABS||frost-A.s||PST=see-IND
|}
|}
*

Latest revision as of 15:05, 17 September 2024

Pronunciation table

peműko
(labial)
 riisűko
(dental) 		muitűko
(alveolar) 		vainűko
(palatal) 		ṡ̨uuše̋nos
(vowels with प) 		nı̋þo ṡ̨uuše̋nos
(weak vowels)
p
 b f v m̃ m t d þ ð ɫ l ṡ ż s z r n k g x ƣ h ȝ š s̨ i e a ɔ o u ı ɛ y
प
 ब फ भ म़ म त द थ ध ल़ ल च ज स स़ र न क ग क़ ग़ ह य स्व स्य इ ई
पि पी 		ए एै
पे पै 		अ आ
प पा 		ऒ ॵ
पॊ पॏ 		ओ औ
पो पौ 		उ ऊ
पु पू 		पं पऺ पॅ
/p/ /b/ /ɸ/ /β/ /m̥/ /m/ /t/ /d/ /θ/ /ð/ /l̥/ /l/ /ʦ/ /ʣ/ /s/ /z/ /ɾ̥/ /n/ /k/ /g/ /ç/ /ʝ/ /j̊/ /j/ /sʷ/ /sʲ/ /i/ /e/ /ä/ /ɒ/ /o/ /u/ /ɪ/ /ɛ/ /ʊ/


Glossing abbreviations

1s/p = 1st person singular/plural ABL = ablative suffix COL = collective F = feminine INT = intensive prefix PRV = privative prefix SUP = supine
2s/p = 2nd person singular/plural ABS = absolutive
(an unmarked modifying adjective) 		DES = desiderative FRQ = frequentative LAT = lative suffix PST = past TRZ = transitivizer
3 = 3rd person ADV = adverb DIM = diminutive FUT = future LOC = locative suffix Q = interrogative particle VOC = vocative particle
A(.s/p) = accusative (singular/plural) AG = agent ELIS = elision IMP = imperative M = masculine QUOT = direct quotation YNG = young
G(.s/p) = genitive (singular/plural) AP = agent (active) participle ELT = elative INC = inchoative OCC = occupation suffix REV = reversive
N(.s/p) = nominative (singular/plural) AUG = augmentative EP = epenthesis IND = indicative PP = patient (past) participle RPR = recent perfective
V(.s/p) = vocative (singular/plural) CAUS = causative EQU = equative degree INS = instrument PRF = perfect SBJ = subjunctive


  • The winters of Sefdaania are heavy with snow and ice. As a result there are many words naming various aspects of these two wintry visitors.


Snow

  • 1. alűngo अलु॓न्गो [> Greenland Inupik alutsinniq, snow cliff] – snow bank
  • The reindeer’s harness broke and the sleigh plunged into the snow bank.
  • gore̋s de̋xlo e-ȝa̋fa. da a̋sko alűngom éna e-ṡőta:
gor-e̋s de̋xl-o e=ȝa̋f-a da a̋sk-o alűng-om éna e=ṡőt-a
reindeer-G.s harness-N.s PST=break-IND and sleigh-N.s snow.bank-A.s into PST=plunge-IND


  • 2. főm̌a फो॓म्व [> Mongolian *um-ba, walk submerging into water] – walk with difficulty through snow, sand, brush, etc.
  • This snow is so deep we will have trouble walking through it.
  • i-tőm̃o kéþu ṡa̋lo vűűa—ƥúvi m̃us éȝom šóóða u-fom̌a:
i=tőm̃-o kéþu ṡa̋l-o vűű-a ṗúvi m̃-us éȝ-om šóóða u=fom̌-a
this=snow-N.s too deep-N.s be-IND that 1p-N it-A.s through FUT=walk-IND


  • 3. ke̋ro के॓रो [> Finnish kerte, thin crust on snow] – frozen crust on snow
  • If the frozen crust is not too thick, the bison can break through.
  • ébi ke̋to kéþu ba̋ro vuue̋ȝa mee—toári m̃isőntes ȝa̋fu ma̋ƣa:
ébi ke̋r-o kéþu ba̋r-o vuu-e̋ȝa mee toári m̃isőnt-es ȝa̋f-u ma̋ƣ-a
if frozen.crust-N.s too thick-N.s be.SBJ-IND not then bison-N.p break-SUP be.able-IND


  • 4. kı̋rmo कि॓र्मो [> Turkish kırağı, hoarfrost] – thin covering of snow
  • Because of the thin covering of snow, the bison were able to forage.
  • m̃isőntes kirmős ha pa̋a̋u e-ma̋ƣa:
m̃isőnt-es kirm-ős ha pa̋a̋-u e=ma̋ƣ-a
bison-N.p thin.covering.of.snow-G.s because.of forage-SUP PST=be.able-IND


  • 5. l̨űűno ल्यू॓नो [> Korean 눈 nun, snow] – falling snow
  • The falling snow will soon cover any trace of the crime.
  • l̨űűno t̨áárvi leitős k̬éno le̋isom u-ka̋ða:
l̨űűn-o t̨áár-vi leit-ős k̬éno-Ø le̋is-om u=ka̋ð-a
falling.snow-N.s short-ADV crime-G.s any-ABS trace-A.s FUT=cover-IND


  • 6. l̨uunpa̋vo ल्यून्प॓भो [< pa̋vo, flake] – snow flake
  • It’s hard to believe that no two snow flakes have the same shape.
  • ȝa ne̋o d̬ő luufpa̋vos sőmo b̨őrom ƣe̋va—na̋mu ke̋no e̋sa:
ȝa neo-Ø d̬o luuf-pa̋v-os sőmo-Ø b̨őr-om ƣe̋v-a na̋m-u ke̋n-o e̋s-a
that no-ABS two snow-flake-N.p same-ABS shape-A.s have-IND believe-SUP hard-N.s be.IND


  • 7. műƣro मु॓ग़्रो [> Chaplino muʁája, soft snow] – soft snow
  • When the puppy stepped onto the soft snow, he fell through.
  • méti le̋xm̃e műƣrom éva e-pe̋da—šóóðvi e-főőla:
méti le̋xm̃-e műƣr-om éva e=pe̋d-a šóóð=vi e=főől-a
when puppy-N.s soft.snow-A.s onto PST=step-IND through=ADV PST=fall-IND


  • 8. m̃a̋ṡo म़॓चो [> Saami vuoǯ'ǯe, wet bare ice] – wet snow
  • The weight of the wet snow caused the tent to collapse.
  • m̃aṡős te̋lo vőutom vira̋ða:
m̃aṡ-ős te̋l-o vőut-om vir-a̋ð-a
wet.snow-G.s weight-N.s tent-A.s collapse-CAUS-IND


  • 9. m̃őpo भ़ो॓पो [> Enets báʔa, sleeping place] – sleeping hole in the snow
  • Caught in the blizzard, the hiker dug a sleeping hole in the snow for the night.
  • ƣosigős éna la̋vaþu ȝuþne̋ðlu la̋a̋tam m̃őpom e-vőða:
ƣo=sig-ős éna la̋v-a-þu-Ø ȝuþ-ne̋ð-l-u la̋a̋t-am m̃őp-om e=vőð-a
INT=snow.storm-G.s in catch-IND-PP-ABS roam-walk-AG-N.s night-A.s sleeping.hole-A.s PST=dig-IND


  • 10. rı̋no रि॓नो [> Saami ridne, rime on trees] – snow on trees
  • Although the snow on the trees is beautiful, too much and the branches will break.
  • sáámi rı̋no gőbo vűűa—ébi kéþu me̋e̋o vuule̋ȝa—toári ża̋vos u-ȝa̋fa:
sáámi rı̋n-o gőb-o vűű-a ébi kéþu me̋e̋-o vuul-e̋ȝa toári ża̋v-os u=ȝa̋f-a
although snow.on.trees-N.s beautiful-N.s be.IND if too much-N.s there.be-IND then branch-N.p FUT=break-IND


  • 11. sı̋go सि॓गो [> Mongolian siɣurɣa(n), snow storm] – snow storm
  • The snow storm passed leaving nine dead in its wake.
  • sı̋go e-műla. da eȝo-leisős éna nűm ne̋ṡun e-te̋m̃a:
sı̋g-o e=műl-a da eȝo=leis-ős éna nűm ne̋ṡ-un e=te̋m̃-a
snow.storm-N.s PST=pass-IND and its=wake-G.s in nine dead-A.p PST=leave-IND


  • 12. sőso सो॓सो [> Finnish sose, mash] – muddy snow
  • Not long after the snow storm passed, the yaks had turned the fallen snow into muddy snow.
  • ne dóm̃vi pósi sı̋go e-myműla—űde' sosős tőm̃om e-űla:
ne dóm̃=vi pósi sı̋g-o e=my~műl-a űd-e-' sos-ős tőm̃-om e=~űl-a
not long=ADV after snow.storm-N.s PST=PRF~pass-IND yak-N.p-ELIS muddy.snow-G.s fallen.snow-A.s PST=PRF~turn.into-IND


  • 13. ṡ̨a̋ga च्य॓ग [> Korean ha-, cold] – become frozen [of snow]
  • If the temperature drops any lower the snow will become frozen.
  • ébi tiiþme̋a nérvi pine̋ȝa—toáru tőm̃o u-ṡ̨a̋ga:
ébi tiiþme̋-a nı~néra-Ø pin-e̋ȝa toári tőm̃-o u=ṡ̨a̋g-a
if temperature-N.s ELT~lower-ABS decrease-SBJ then snow-N.s FUT=become.frozen.IND


Ice

  • 14. haþȝe̋go हथ्ये॓गो – thin coating of ice on rock
  • Not seeing the ice on the rock, the ranger slipped and landed on his butt.
  • haþȝe̋gom na̋kantu ne furm̃űűrlu e-pı̋zak̬e kűndom éna e-na̋a̋lak̬e:
haþȝe̋g-om na̋k-a-ntu-Ø ne fur-m̃űűr-l-u e=pı̋z-a=k̬e kűnd-om éna e=na̋a̋l-a=k̬e
thin.coating-A.s see-IND-AP-ABS not forest-protect-AG-N.s PST=slip-IND=and butt-A.s on PST=land-IND=and


  • 15. ȝe̋go ये॓गो [> English icicle] – ice
  • Because of the ice on the road the car slid into the tree.
  • feðm̃e̋ƣo paavős éna ȝegős ha ha̋iṡim þóósa e-pı̋za:
feðm̃e̋ƣ-o paav-ős éna ȝeg-ős ha ha̋iṡ-im þóósa e=pı̋z-a
car-N.s road-G.s on ice-G.s because.of tree-A.s into PST=slip-IND


  • 16. ȝeƣǧa̋ro येग़्ग्व॓रो [< ȝe̋ƣo, ice; ǧa̋ro, mountain] – iceberg
  • Global warming is producing more icebergs in the polar seas.
  • ge̋lnu te̋pu hőőle mare̋m éna mıme̋e̋o ȝeƣǧa̋ron sa̋isa:
ge̋lnu-Ø te̋p-u hőőle-Ø mar-e̋m éna mı~me̋e̋o-Ø ȝeƣ.ǧa̋r-on sa̋is-a
world-wide-ABS warming-SUP polar-ABS sea-G.p in ELT~many-ABS ice.mountain-A.p produce-IND


  • 17. kaȝe̋mƣo कये॓म्ग़ो [> Chaplino qajǝ́mɣu, shore ice] – shore ice
  • As winter progressed the shore ice became thicker.
  • me̋m̃anta hema̋s. kaȝe̋mƣo bıba̋ro e-ı̋la:
me̋m̃-a-nta-Ø hem-a̋s kaȝe̋mƣ-o bı~ba̋r-o e=ı̋l-a
progress-IND-AP-ABS winter-G.s shore.ice-N.s ELT~thick-N.s PST=become-IND


  • 18. m̨űűlo म्यू॓लो [> Turkish buz, ice] – ice floe
  • Be careful! The many ice floes will make navigation hazardous.
  • ze̋e̋me: me̋e̋o m̨űűlos na̋a̋utam na̋a̋m̃ram u-kı̋a:
ze̋e̋m-e me̋e̋o-Ø kűr-os na̋a̋ut-am na̋a̋m̃r-am u=kı̋-a
be.careful-IMP many-ABS ice.floe-N.p navigation-A.s hazardous-A.s FUT-make-IND


  • 19. nila̋ƣo निल॓ग़ो [> Inupik nilak, freshwater ice]] – freshwater ice
  • When the ice begins to form, the beavers settle in for the winter.
  • nilaƣős zinasantős. ve̋vres he̋mam de̋e̋a:
nila̋ƣ-ős zin-as-a-nt-ős ve̋vr-es he̋m-am de̋e̋-a
freshwater.ice-G.s form-INC-IND-AP-G.s beaver-N.p winter-A.s settle-IND


  • 20. őőko औ॓को – ice hole
  • This winter we can fish through a hole in the ice.
  • m̃us i-hema̋s ookő' šóóða mı̋ı̋n' u-ma̋ƣa:
m̃-us i=hem-a̋s ook-ő-' šóóða mı̋ı̋n-' u=ma̋a̋ƣ-a
1p-N this=winter-G.s ice.hole-G.s-ELIS through fish-ELIS FUT=be.able-IND


  • 21. pusm̨űűlo पुस्म्यू॓लो [< pűṡa, t.v. compress] – pack ice
  • The pack ice was the perfect hauling-out place for the walruses.
  • pusm̨űűlo aiveƣe̋m éra ba̋a̋go uuðzı̋danto ðe̋e̋o e-vűűa:
puskűr-o aiveƣ-e̋m éra ba̋a̋go-Ø uuð-zı̋d-a-nto-Ø ðe̋e̋-o e=vűű-a
pack.ice-N.s walrus-G.p for perfect-ABS out-haul-IND-AP-ABS place-N.s PST=be.IND


  • 22. s̨őmo स्यो॓मो [> Japanese 霜 しも shimó, frost] – hoarfrost
  • The night was clear and cold, so there was hoarfrost on the ground in the morning.
  • la̋a̋ta ȝe̋xak̬e sőȝak̬' e-vűűa—nááru s̨őmo aaȝa̋s ta̋lem éva e-vűűla:
la̋a̋t-a ȝe̋x-a=k̬e sőȝ-a=k̬-' e=vűű-a nááru ṡőm-o aaȝ-a̋s ta̋l-em e=vűűl-a
night-N.s clear-N.s=and cold-N.s=and PST=be-IND so hoarfrost-N.s morning-G.s ground-A.s on PST=there.be-IND


  • 23. s̨űngo स्यु॓न्गो – frazil ice, slush
  • The appearance of frazil ice tells us that the sea will soon be frozen over.
  • s̨ungős ka̋ȝa m̃ús o ma̋rem t̨áárvi űɫaþem u-ı̋lu te̋e̋a:
ṡung-ős ka̋ȝ-a m̃-ús o ma̋r-em t̨áárvi űɫ-a-þ-em u=ı̋l-u te̋e̋-a
frazil.ice-G.s appearance-N.s 1p-G to sea-A.s short-ADV freeze-IND-PP-A.s FUT=become-SUP tell-IND


  • 24. x̨a̋a̋ro क़्यआ॓रो [> Turkish kar, snow] – frost
  • This morning I saw the first frost of the season.
  • mu i-aaȝa̋s ȝeerős þűnto x̨a̋a̋rom e-na̋ka:
m-u i=aaȝ-a̋s ȝeer-ős þűnto-Ø x̨a̋a̋r-om e=na̋k-a
1s-N this=morning-G.s season-G.s first-ABS frost-A.s PST=see-IND
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