Senjecas snow & ice: Difference between revisions

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==Pronunciation table==
==Pronunciation table==
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; width:1600px;"
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; width:1150px;"
! colspan="6" | <center>'''peműko'''<br>(labial)</center>
! colspan="6" | <center>'''peműko'''<br>(labial)</center>
|
|
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|
|
|
|
! ĭ
! ı
! ĕ
! ɛ
! ŭ
! y
|-
|-
! <center>प</center>
! <center>प</center>
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|
|
! इ ई<br>पि पी
! इ ई<br>पि पी
! ए एै<br>ए पै
! ए एै<br>पे पै
! अ आ<br>प पा
! अ आ<br>प पा
! ऒ ॵ<br>पॊ पॏ
! ऒ ॵ<br>पॊ पॏ
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{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
| 1s/p = 1st person singular/plural
| 1s/p = 1st person singular/plural
| ABL = [[Wikipedia:Ablative case| ablative suffix]]
| ABL = [[Wikipedia:Ablative case|ablative suffix]]
| COL = [[Wikipedia:Collective noun| collective]]
| COL = [[Wikipedia:Collective noun|collective]]
| EQU = equative degree
| F = feminine
| INS = instrument
| INT = intensive prefix
| PRF = perfect
| PRV = [[Wikipedia:Privative|privative prefix]]
| SUP = [[Wikipedia:Supine| supine]]
| SUP = [[Wikipedia:Supine|supine]]
|-
|-
| 2s/p = 2nd person singular/plural
| 2s/p = 2nd person singular/plural
| ABS = absolutive (an unmarked modifying adjective)
| ABS = absolutive<br>(an unmarked modifying adjective)
| CONV = conversive
| DES = [[Wikipedia:Desiderative mood|desiderative]]
| F = feminine
| FRQ = [[Wikipedia:Frequentative|frequentative]]
| INT = intensive prefix
| LAT = [[Wikipedia:Lative case|lative suffix]]
| PRV = [[Wikipedia:Privative| privative prefix]]
| PST = past
| TRZ = transitivizer
| TRZ = transitivizer
|-
|-
| 3 = 3rd person
| 3 = 3rd person
| ADV = adverb
| ADV = adverb
| DES = [[Wikipedia:Desiderative mood| desiderative]]
| DIM = diminutive
| FRQ = [[Wikipedia:Frequentative| frequentative]]
| FUT = future
| LAT = [[Wikipedia:Lative case| lative suffix]]
| LOC = [[Wikipedia:Locative case|locative suffix]]
| PST = past
| Q = [[Wikipedia:Interrogative word|interrogative particle]]
| VOC = vocative particle
| VOC = vocative particle
|-
|-
| A(.s/p) = accusative (singular/plural)
| A(.s/p) = accusative (singular/plural)
| AG = [[Wikipedia:Agent (grammar)| agent]]
| AG = [[Wikipedia:Agent (grammar)|agent]]
| DIM = diminutive
| ELIS = [[Wikipedia:Elision|elision]]
| FUT = future
| IMP = imperative
| LOC = [[Wikipedia:Locative case| locative suffix]]
| M = masculine
| Q = [[Wikipedia:Interrogative word| interrogative particle]]
| QUOT = direct quotation
|
| YNG = young
|-
|-
| G(.s/p) = genitive (singular/plural)
| G(.s/p) = genitive (singular/plural)
| AP = agent (active) participle
| AP = agent (active) participle
| ELIS = [[Wikipedia:Elision| elision]]
| ELT = [[Wikipedia:Elative case|elative]]
| IMP = imperative
| INC = [[Wikipedia:Inchoative aspect|inchoative]]
| M = masculine
| OCC = occupation suffix
| QUOT = direct quotation
| REV = [[Wikipedia:Opposite (semantics)|reversive]]
|
|
|-
|-
| N(.s/p) = nominative (singular/plural)
| N(.s/p) = nominative (singular/plural)
| AUG = augmentative
| AUG = augmentative
| ELT = [[Wikipedia:Elative case| elative]]
| EP = [[Wikipedia:Epenthesis#As a grammatical rule|epenthesis]]
| INC = [[Wikipedia:Inchoative aspect| inchoative]]
| IND = indicative
| OCC = occupation suffix
| PP = patient (past) participle
| RPR = recent perfective
| RPR = recent perfective
|
|
|-
|-
| V(.s/p) = vocative (singular/plural)
| V(.s/p) = vocative (singular/plural)
| CAUS = [[Wikipedia:Causative| causative]]
| CAUS = [[Wikipedia:Causative|causative]]
| EP = [[Wikipedia:Epenthesis#As a grammatical rule| epenthesis]]
| EQU = equative degree
| IND = indicative
| INS = instrument
| PP = patient (past) participle
| PRF = perfect
| SBJ = subjunctive
| SBJ = subjunctive
|
|
|}
|}


*The winters of Sefdaania are heavy with snow and ice. As a result there are many words naming various aspects of these two wintry visitors.
*The winters of Sefdaania are heavy with snow and ice. As a result there are many words naming various aspects of these two wintry visitors.
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==Snow==
==Snow==
*'''1.''' '''alűngo'''  अलु॓न्गो, snow bank [> [[Wikipedia:Greenlandic language|Greenland Inupik]] ''<u>alut</u>sinniq'', snow cliff].
*'''1.''' '''alűngo'''  अलु॓न्गो [> [[Wikipedia:Greenlandic language|Greenland Inupik]] ''<u>alut</u>sinniq'', snow cliff] – snow bank
*The reindeer’s harness broke and the sleigh plunged into the snow bank.
*The reindeer’s harness broke and the sleigh plunged into the snow bank.
*'''gore̋s de̋xlo e-ȝa̋fa da a̋sko alűngom éna e-ṡőta:'''
*'''gore̋s de̋xlo e-ȝa̋fa. da a̋sko alűngom éna e-ṡőta:'''
:{|
:{|
!gor-e̋s||de̋xl-o||e=ȝa̋f-a||da||a̋sk-o||alűng-om||éna||e=ṡőt-a
!gor-e̋s||de̋xl-o||e=ȝa̋f-a||da||a̋sk-o||alűng-om||éna||e=ṡőt-a
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*'''2.''' '''ṡ̨a̋ga'''  च्य॓ग [> Korean ''<u>ha-</u>'', cold] – become frozen [''of snow''].
*'''2'''. '''főm̌a'''  फो॓म्व [> Mongolian *''<u>um</u>-ba'', walk submerging into water] – walk with difficulty through snow, sand, brush, ''etc.''
*If the temperature drops any lower the snow will become frozen.
*This snow is so deep we will have trouble walking through it.
*'''ébi tiiþme̋a nérvi pine̋ȝa—toáru tőm̃o u-ṡ̨a̋ga:'''
*'''i-tőm̃o kéþu ṡa̋lo vűűa—ƥúvi m̃us éȝom šóóða u-fom̌a:'''
:{|
:{|
!ébi||tiiþme̋-a||nĭ~néra-Ø||pin-e̋ȝa||toári||tőm̃-o||u=ṡ̨a̋g-a
!i=tőm̃-o||kéþu||ṡa̋l-o||vűű-a||ṗúvi||m̃-us||éȝ-om||šóóða||u=fom̌-a
|-
|-
|if||temperature-N.s||ELT~lower-ABS||decrease-SBJ||then||snow-N.s||FUT=become.frozen.IND
|this=snow-N.s||too||deep-N.s||be-IND||that||1p-N||it-A.s||through||FUT=walk-IND
|}
|}




*'''3.''' '''kı̋rmo'''  कि॓र्मो, thin covering of snow [> Turkish '' <u>kır</u>ağı'', hoarfrost].
*'''3.''' '''ke̋ro'''  के॓रो [> Finnish ''<u>ker</u>te'', thin crust on snow] – frozen crust on snow
*Because of the thin covering of snow, the bison were able to forage.
*If the frozen crust is not too thick, the bison can break through.
*'''m̃isőntes kirmős ha pa̋a̋u e-ma̋ƣa:'''
*'''ébi ke̋to kéþu ba̋ro vuue̋ȝa mee—toári m̃isőntes ȝa̋fu ma̋ƣa:'''
:{|
:{|
!m̃isőnt-es||kirm-ős||ha||pa̋a̋-u||e=ma̋ƣ-a
!ébi||ke̋r-o||kéþu||ba̋r-o||vuu-e̋ȝa||mee||toári||m̃isőnt-es||ȝa̋f-u||ma̋ƣ-a
|-
|-
|bison-N.p||thin.covering.of.snow-G.s||because.of||forage-SUP||PST=be.able-IND
|if||frozen.crust-N.s||too||thick-N.s||be.SBJ-IND||not||then||bison-N.p||break-SUP||be.able-IND
|}
|}




*'''4.''' '''ke̋ro'''  के॓रो, frozen crust on snow [> Finnish ''<u>ker</u>te'', thin crust on snow].
*'''4.''' '''kı̋rmo'''  कि॓र्मो [> Turkish '' <u>kır</u>ağı'', hoarfrost] – thin covering of snow
*If the frozen crust is not too thick, the bison can break through.
*Because of the thin covering of snow, the bison were able to forage.
*'''ébi ke̋to kéþu ba̋ro vuue̋ȝa mee—toári m̃isőntes ȝa̋fu ma̋ƣa:'''
*'''m̃isőntes kirmős ha pa̋a̋u e-ma̋ƣa:'''
:{|
:{|
!ébi||ke̋r-o||kéþu||ba̋r-o||vuu-e̋ȝa||mee||toári||m̃isőnt-es||ȝa̋f-u||ma̋ƣ-a
!m̃isőnt-es||kirm-ős||ha||pa̋a̋-u||e=ma̋ƣ-a
|-
|-
|if||frozen.crust-N.s||too||thick-N.s||be.SBJ-IND||not||then||bison-N.p||break-SUP||be.able-IND
|bison-N.p||thin.covering.of.snow-G.s||because.of||forage-SUP||PST=be.able-IND
|}
|}




*'''5.''' '''l̨űűno'''  ल्यू॓नो, falling snow [> Korean 눈 ''<u>nun</u>'', snow].
*'''5.''' '''l̨űűno'''  ल्यू॓नो [> Korean 눈 ''<u>nun</u>'', snow] – falling snow
*The falling snow will soon cover any trace of the crime.
*The falling snow will soon cover any trace of the crime.
*'''l̨űűno t̨áárvi leitős k̬éno le̋isom u-ka̋ða:'''
*'''l̨űűno t̨áárvi leitős k̬éno le̋isom u-ka̋ða:'''
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*'''6.''' '''l̨uunpa̋vo'''  ल्यून्प॓भो, snowflake [< '''pa̋vo''', flake].
*'''6.''' '''l̨uunpa̋vo'''  ल्यून्प॓भो [< '''pa̋vo''', flake] – snow flake
*It’s hard to believe that no two snowflakes have the same shape.
*It’s hard to believe that no two snow flakes have the same shape.
*'''ȝa ne̋o d̬ő luufpa̋vos sőmo b̨őrom ƣe̋va—na̋mu ke̋no e̋sa:'''
*'''ȝa ne̋o d̬ő luufpa̋vos sőmo b̨őrom ƣe̋va—na̋mu ke̋no e̋sa:'''
:{|
:{|
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*'''7.''' '''műƣro''' मु॓ग़्रो, soft snow [> [[Wikipedia:Chaplino dialect|Chaplino]] ''<u>muʁ</u>ája'', soft snow].
*'''7.''' '''műƣro''' मु॓ग़्रो [> [[Wikipedia:Chaplino dialect|Chaplino]] ''<u>muʁ</u>ája'', soft snow] – soft snow
*When the puppy stepped onto the soft snow, he fell through.
*When the puppy stepped onto the soft snow, he fell through.
*'''méti le̋xm̃e műƣrom éva e-pe̋da—šóóðvi e-főőla:'''
*'''méti le̋xm̃e műƣrom éva e-pe̋da—šóóðvi e-főőla:'''
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*'''8.''' '''m̃a̋ṡo'''  म़॓चो, wet snow [> [[Wikipedia:Saami|Saami]] ''<u>vuoǯ</u>'ǯe'', wet bare ice].
*'''8.''' '''m̃a̋ṡo'''  म़॓चो [> [[Wikipedia:Saami|Saami]] ''<u>vuoǯ</u>'ǯe'', wet bare ice] – wet snow
*The weight of the wet snow caused the tent to collapse.
*The weight of the wet snow caused the tent to collapse.
*'''m̃aṡős te̋lo vőutom vira̋ða:'''
*'''m̃aṡős te̋lo vőutom vira̋ða:'''
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*'''9'''. '''m̃őpo'''  भ़ो॓पो, sleeping hole in the snow [> [[Wikipedia:Enets language|Enets]] ''<u>báʔ</u>a'', sleeping place].
*'''9'''. '''m̃őpo'''  भ़ो॓पो [> [[Wikipedia:Enets language|Enets]] ''<u>báʔ</u>a'', sleeping place] – sleeping hole in the snow
*Caught in the blizzard, the hiker dug a sleeping hole in the snow for the night.
*Caught in the blizzard, the hiker dug a sleeping hole in the snow for the night.
*'''ƣosigős éna la̋vaþu ȝuþne̋ðlu la̋a̋tam m̃őpom e-vőða:'''
*'''ƣosigős éna la̋vaþu ȝuþne̋ðlu la̋a̋tam m̃őpom e-vőða:'''
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*'''10'''. '''főm̌a''', walk with difficulty through snow, sand, brush, ''etc.''  फो॓म्व [> Mongolian *''<u>um</u>-ba'', walk submerging into water].
*'''10'''. '''rı̋no'''  रि॓नो [> [[Wikipedia:Saami|Saami]] ''<u>rid</u>ne'', rime on trees] – snow on trees
*This snow is so deep we will have trouble walking through it.
*'''i-tőm̃o kéþu ṡa̋lo vűűa—ƥúvi m̃us éȝom šóóða u-fom̌a:'''
:{|
!i=tőm̃-o||kéþu||ṡa̋l-o||vűű-a||ṗúvi||m̃-us||éȝ-om||šóóða||u=fom̌-a
|-
|this=snow-N.s||too||deep-N.s||be-IND||that||1p-N||it-A.s||through||FUT=walk-IND
|}
 
 
*'''11'''. '''rı̋no'''  रि॓नो, snow on trees [> [[Wikipedia:Saami|Saami]] ''<u>rid</u>ne'', rime on trees].
*Although the snow on the trees is beautiful, too much and the branches will break.
*Although the snow on the trees is beautiful, too much and the branches will break.
*'''sáámi rı̋no gőbo vűűa—ébi kéþu me̋e̋o vuule̋ȝa—toáru ża̋vos u-ȝa̋fa:'''
*'''sáámi rı̋no gőbo vűűa—ébi kéþu me̋e̋o vuule̋ȝa—toári ża̋vos u-ȝa̋fa:'''
:{|
:{|
!sáámi||rı̋n-o||gőb-o||vűű-a||ébi||kéþu||me̋e̋-o||vuul-e̋ȝa||toáru||ża̋v-os||u=ȝa̋f-a
!sáámi||rı̋n-o||gőb-o||vűű-a||ébi||kéþu||me̋e̋-o||vuul-e̋ȝa||toári||ża̋v-os||u=ȝa̋f-a
|-
|-
|although||snow.on.trees-N.s||beautiful-N.s||be.IND||if||too||much-N.s||there.be-IND||then||branch-N.p||FUT=break-IND
|although||snow.on.trees-N.s||beautiful-N.s||be.IND||if||too||much-N.s||there.be-IND||then||branch-N.p||FUT=break-IND
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*'''12'''. '''sı̋go'''  सि॓गो, snowstorm [> Mongolian ''<u>siɣ</u>urɣa(n)'', snow storm].
*'''11'''. '''sı̋go'''  सि॓गो [> Mongolian ''<u>siɣ</u>urɣa(n)'', snow storm] – snow storm
*The snowstorm passed leaving nine dead in its wake.
*The snow storm passed leaving nine dead in its wake.
*'''sı̋go e-műla da eȝo-leisős éna nűm ne̋ṡun e-te̋m̃a:'''
*'''sı̋go e-műla. da eȝo-leisős éna nűm ne̋ṡun e-te̋m̃a:'''
:{|
:{|
!sı̋g-o||e=műl-a||da||eȝo=leis-ős||éna||nűm||ne̋ṡ-un||e=te̋m̃-a
!sı̋g-o||e=műl-a||da||eȝo=leis-ős||éna||nűm||ne̋ṡ-un||e=te̋m̃-a
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*'''13'''. '''sőso'''  सो॓सो, muddy snow [> Finnish ''<u>sos</u>e'', mash].
*'''12'''. '''sőso'''  सो॓सो [> Finnish ''<u>sos</u>e'', mash] – muddy snow
*Not long after the snow storm passed, the yaks had turned the fallen snow into muddy snow.
*Not long after the snow storm passed, the yaks had turned the fallen snow into muddy snow.
*'''ne dóm̃vi pósi sı̋go e-mŭműla—űde' sosős tőm̃om e-űla:'''
*'''ne dóm̃vi pósi sı̋go e-myműla—űde' sosős tőm̃om e-űla:'''
:{|
:{|
!ne||dóm̃=vi||pósi||sı̋g-o||e=mŭ~műl-a||űd-e-'||sos-ős||tőm̃-om||e=~űl-a
!ne||dóm̃=vi||pósi||sı̋g-o||e=my~műl-a||űd-e-'||sos-ős||tőm̃-om||e=~űl-a
|-
|-
|not||long=ADV||after||snow.storm-N.s||PST=PRF~pass-IND||yak-N.p-ELIS||muddy.snow-G.s||fallen.snow-A.s||PST=PRF~turn.into-IND
|not||long=ADV||after||snow.storm-N.s||PST=PRF~pass-IND||yak-N.p-ELIS||muddy.snow-G.s||fallen.snow-A.s||PST=PRF~turn.into-IND
|}
*'''13.''' '''ṡ̨a̋ga'''  च्य॓ग [> Korean ''<u>ha-</u>'', cold] – become frozen [''of snow'']
*If the temperature drops any lower the snow will become frozen.
*'''ébi tiiþme̋a nérvi pine̋ȝa—toáru tőm̃o u-ṡ̨a̋ga:'''
:{|
!ébi||tiiþme̋-a||nı~néra-Ø||pin-e̋ȝa||toári||tőm̃-o||u=ṡ̨a̋g-a
|-
|if||temperature-N.s||ELT~lower-ABS||decrease-SBJ||then||snow-N.s||FUT=become.frozen.IND
|}
|}




==Ice==
==Ice==
*'''14'''. '''haþȝe̋go'''  हथ्ये॓गो, thin coating of ice on rock.
*'''14'''. '''haþȝe̋go'''  हथ्ये॓गो – thin coating of ice on rock
*Not seeing the ice on the rock, the ranger slipped and landed on his butt.
*Not seeing the ice on the rock, the ranger slipped and landed on his butt.
*'''haþȝe̋gom na̋kantu ne furm̃űűrlu e-pı̋zak̬e kűndom éna e-na̋a̋lak̬e:'''
*'''haþȝe̋gom na̋kantu ne furm̃űűrlu e-pı̋zak̬e kűndom éna e-na̋a̋lak̬e:'''
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*'''15'''. '''ȝe̋go'''  ये॓गो, ice [> English <u>ic</u>icle].
*'''15'''. '''ȝe̋go'''  ये॓गो [> English <u>ic</u>icle] – ice
*Because of the ice on the road the car slid into the tree.
*Because of the ice on the road the car slid into the tree.
*'''feðm̃e̋ƣo paavős éna ȝegős ha ha̋iṡim þóósa e-pı̋za:'''
*'''feðm̃e̋ƣo paavős éna ȝegős ha ha̋iṡim þóósa e-pı̋za:'''
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*'''16'''. '''ȝeƣǧa̋ro'''  येग़्ग्व॓रो, iceberg [< '''ȝe̋ƣo''', ice; '''ǧa̋ro''', mountain].
*'''16'''. '''ȝeƣǧa̋ro'''  येग़्ग्व॓रो [< '''ȝe̋ƣo''', ice; '''ǧa̋ro''', mountain] – iceberg
*Global warming is producing more icebergs in the polar seas.
*Global warming is producing more icebergs in the polar seas.
*'''ge̋lnu te̋pu hőőle mare̋m éna mĭme̋e̋o ȝeƣǧa̋ron sa̋isa:'''
*'''ge̋lnu te̋pu hőőle mare̋m éna mıme̋e̋o ȝeƣǧa̋ron sa̋isa:'''
 
:{|
:{|
!ge̋lnu-Ø||te̋p-u||hőőle-Ø||mar-e̋m||éna||mĭ~me̋e̋o-Ø||ȝeƣ.ǧa̋r-on||sa̋is-a
!ge̋lnu-Ø||te̋p-u||hőőle-Ø||mar-e̋m||éna||mı~me̋e̋o-Ø||ȝeƣ.ǧa̋r-on||sa̋is-a
|-
|-
|world-wide-ABS||warming-SUP||polar-ABS||sea-G.p||in||ELT~many-ABS||ice.mountain-A.p||produce-IND
|world-wide-ABS||warming-SUP||polar-ABS||sea-G.p||in||ELT~many-ABS||ice.mountain-A.p||produce-IND
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*'''17'''. '''kaȝe̋mƣo'''  कये॓म्ग़ो, shore ice [ > [[Wikipedia:Chaplino dialect|Chaplino]] ''<u>qajǝ́mɣ</u>u'', shore ice].
*'''17'''. '''kaȝe̋mƣo'''  कये॓म्ग़ो [> [[Wikipedia:Chaplino dialect|Chaplino]] ''<u>qajǝ́mɣ</u>u'', shore ice] – shore ice
*As winter progressed the shore ice became thicker.
*As winter progressed the shore ice became thicker.
*'''me̋m̃anta hema̋s. kaȝe̋mƣo bĭba̋ro e-ı̋la:'''
*'''me̋m̃anta hema̋s. kaȝe̋mƣo bıba̋ro e-ı̋la:'''
:{|
:{|
!me̋m̃-a-nta-Ø||hem-a̋s||kaȝe̋mƣ-o||bĭ~ba̋r-o||e=ı̋l-a
!me̋m̃-a-nta-Ø||hem-a̋s||kaȝe̋mƣ-o||bı~ba̋r-o||e=ı̋l-a
|-
|-
|progress-IND-AP-ABS||winter-G.s||shore.ice-N.s||ELT~thick-N.s||PST=become-IND
|progress-IND-AP-ABS||winter-G.s||shore.ice-N.s||ELT~thick-N.s||PST=become-IND
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*'''18'''. '''m̨űűlo'''  म्यू॓लो, ice floe [> Turkish ''<u>buz</u>'', ice].
*'''18'''. '''m̨űűlo'''  म्यू॓लो [> Turkish ''<u>buz</u>'', ice] – ice floe
*Be careful!  The many ice floes will make navigation hazardous.
*Be careful!  The many ice floes will make navigation hazardous.
*'''ze̋e̋me: me̋e̋o m̨űűlos na̋a̋utam na̋a̋m̃ram u-kı̋a:'''
*'''ze̋e̋me: me̋e̋o m̨űűlos na̋a̋utam na̋a̋m̃ram u-kı̋a:'''
Line 414: Line 414:




*'''19'''. '''nila̋ƣo'''  निल॓ग़ो, freshwater ice [> [[Wikipedia:Greenlandic language|Inupik]] ''<u>nilak</u>'', freshwater ice]].
*'''19'''. '''nila̋ƣo'''  निल॓ग़ो [> [[Wikipedia:Greenlandic language|Inupik]] ''<u>nilak</u>'', freshwater ice]] – freshwater ice
*When the ice begins to form, the beavers settle in for the winter.
*When the ice begins to form, the beavers settle in for the winter.
*'''nilaƣős zinasantős. ve̋vres he̋mam de̋e̋a:'''
*'''nilaƣős zinasantős. ve̋vres he̋mam de̋e̋a:'''
Line 424: Line 424:




*'''20'''. '''őőko'''  औ॓को, ice hole
*'''20'''. '''őőko'''  औ॓को – ice hole
*This winter we can fish through a hole in the ice.
*This winter we can fish through a hole in the ice.
*'''m̃us i-hema̋s ookő' šóóða mı̋ı̋n' u-ma̋ƣa:'''
*'''m̃us i-hema̋s ookő' šóóða mı̋ı̋n' u-ma̋ƣa:'''
Line 434: Line 434:




*'''21'''. '''pusm̨űűlo''', pack ice पुस्म्यू॓लो [< '''pűṡa''', ''t.v.'' compress].
*'''21'''. '''pusm̨űűlo'''  पुस्म्यू॓लो [< '''pűṡa''', ''t.v.'' compress] – pack ice
*The pack ice was the perfect hauling-out place for the walruses.
*The pack ice was the perfect hauling-out place for the walruses.
*'''pusm̨űűlo aiveƣe̋m éra ba̋a̋go uuðzı̋danto ðe̋e̋o e-vűűa:'''
*'''pusm̨űűlo aiveƣe̋m éra ba̋a̋go uuðzı̋danto ðe̋e̋o e-vűűa:'''
Line 444: Line 444:




*'''22'''. '''x̨a̋a̋ro''', frost  क़्यआ॓रो  [> Turkish ''<u>kar</u>'', snow].
*'''22'''. '''s̨őmo'''  स्यो॓मो [> Japanese 霜  しも ''<u>shim</u>ó'', frost] – hoarfrost
*This morning I saw the first frost of the season.
*'''mu i-aaȝa̋s ȝeerős þűnto x̨a̋a̋rom e-na̋ka:'''
:{|
!m-u||i=aaȝ-a̋s||ȝeer-ős||þűnto-Ø||x̨a̋a̋r-om||e=na̋k-a
|-
|1s-N||this=morning-G.s||season-G.s||first-ABS||frost-A.s||PST=see-IND
|}
 
 
*'''23'''. '''s̨őmo'''  स्यो॓मो, hoarfrost [> Japanese 霜  しも ''<u>shim</u>ó'', frost],
*The night was clear and cold, so there was hoarfrost on the ground in the morning.
*The night was clear and cold, so there was hoarfrost on the ground in the morning.
*'''la̋a̋ta ȝe̋xak̬e sőȝak̬' e-vűűa—nááru s̨őmo aaȝa̋s ta̋lem éva e-vűűla:'''
*'''la̋a̋ta ȝe̋xak̬e sőȝak̬' e-vűűa—nááru s̨őmo aaȝa̋s ta̋lem éva e-vűűla:'''
:{|
:{|
!la̋a̋t-a||ȝe̋x-a=k̬e||sőȝ-a=k̬-'||e=vűű-a||nááru||ṡőm-o||aaȝ-a̋s||ta̋l-em||éva||e=vűűl-a
!la̋a̋t-a||ȝe̋x-a=k̬e||sőȝ-a=k̬-'||e=vűű-a||nááru||ṡőm-o||aaȝ-a̋s||ta̋l-em||éva|e=vűűl-a
|-
|-
|night-N.s||clear-N.s=and||cold-N.s=and||PST=be-IND||so||hoarfrost-N.s||morning-G.s||ground-A.s||on||PST=there.be-IND
|night-N.s||clear-N.s=and||cold-N.s=and||PST=be-IND||so||hoarfrost-N.s||morning-G.s||ground-A.s||on||PST=there.be-IND
Line 464: Line 454:




*'''24'''. '''s̨űngo'''  स्यु॓न्गो, slush, [[Wikipedia:Frazil ice|frazil ice]].
*'''23'''. '''s̨űngo'''  स्यु॓न्गो –  [[Wikipedia:Frazil ice|frazil ice]], slush
*The appearance of frazil ice tells us that the sea will soon be frozen over.
*The appearance of frazil ice tells us that the sea will soon be frozen over.
*'''s̨ungős ka̋ȝa m̃ús o ma̋rem t̨áárvi űɫaþem u-ı̋lu te̋e̋a:'''
*'''s̨ungős ka̋ȝa m̃ús o ma̋rem t̨áárvi űɫaþem u-ı̋lu te̋e̋a:'''
Line 474: Line 464:




[[Senjecas Tax. Anellidae]]
*'''24'''. '''x̨a̋a̋ro'''  क़्यआ॓रो  [> Turkish ''<u>kar</u>'', snow] – frost
*This morning I saw the first frost of the season.
*'''mu i-aaȝa̋s ȝeerős þűnto x̨a̋a̋rom e-na̋ka:'''
:{|
!m-u||i=aaȝ-a̋s||ȝeer-ős||þűnto-Ø||x̨a̋a̋r-om||e=na̋k-a
|-
|1s-N||this=morning-G.s||season-G.s||first-ABS||frost-A.s||PST=see-IND
|}
 
*

Latest revision as of 15:05, 17 September 2024

Pronunciation table

peműko
(labial)
 riisűko
(dental) 		muitűko
(alveolar) 		vainűko
(palatal) 		ṡ̨uuše̋nos
(vowels with प) 		nı̋þo ṡ̨uuše̋nos
(weak vowels)
p
 b f v m̃ m t d þ ð ɫ l ṡ ż s z r n k g x ƣ h ȝ š s̨ i e a ɔ o u ı ɛ y
प
 ब फ भ म़ म त द थ ध ल़ ल च ज स स़ र न क ग क़ ग़ ह य स्व स्य इ ई
पि पी 		ए एै
पे पै 		अ आ
प पा 		ऒ ॵ
पॊ पॏ 		ओ औ
पो पौ 		उ ऊ
पु पू 		पं पऺ पॅ
/p/ /b/ /ɸ/ /β/ /m̥/ /m/ /t/ /d/ /θ/ /ð/ /l̥/ /l/ /ʦ/ /ʣ/ /s/ /z/ /ɾ̥/ /n/ /k/ /g/ /ç/ /ʝ/ /j̊/ /j/ /sʷ/ /sʲ/ /i/ /e/ /ä/ /ɒ/ /o/ /u/ /ɪ/ /ɛ/ /ʊ/


Glossing abbreviations

1s/p = 1st person singular/plural ABL = ablative suffix COL = collective F = feminine INT = intensive prefix PRV = privative prefix SUP = supine
2s/p = 2nd person singular/plural ABS = absolutive
(an unmarked modifying adjective) 		DES = desiderative FRQ = frequentative LAT = lative suffix PST = past TRZ = transitivizer
3 = 3rd person ADV = adverb DIM = diminutive FUT = future LOC = locative suffix Q = interrogative particle VOC = vocative particle
A(.s/p) = accusative (singular/plural) AG = agent ELIS = elision IMP = imperative M = masculine QUOT = direct quotation YNG = young
G(.s/p) = genitive (singular/plural) AP = agent (active) participle ELT = elative INC = inchoative OCC = occupation suffix REV = reversive
N(.s/p) = nominative (singular/plural) AUG = augmentative EP = epenthesis IND = indicative PP = patient (past) participle RPR = recent perfective
V(.s/p) = vocative (singular/plural) CAUS = causative EQU = equative degree INS = instrument PRF = perfect SBJ = subjunctive


  • The winters of Sefdaania are heavy with snow and ice. As a result there are many words naming various aspects of these two wintry visitors.


Snow

  • 1. alűngo अलु॓न्गो [> Greenland Inupik alutsinniq, snow cliff] – snow bank
  • The reindeer’s harness broke and the sleigh plunged into the snow bank.
  • gore̋s de̋xlo e-ȝa̋fa. da a̋sko alűngom éna e-ṡőta:
gor-e̋s de̋xl-o e=ȝa̋f-a da a̋sk-o alűng-om éna e=ṡőt-a
reindeer-G.s harness-N.s PST=break-IND and sleigh-N.s snow.bank-A.s into PST=plunge-IND


  • 2. főm̌a फो॓म्व [> Mongolian *um-ba, walk submerging into water] – walk with difficulty through snow, sand, brush, etc.
  • This snow is so deep we will have trouble walking through it.
  • i-tőm̃o kéþu ṡa̋lo vűűa—ƥúvi m̃us éȝom šóóða u-fom̌a:
i=tőm̃-o kéþu ṡa̋l-o vűű-a ṗúvi m̃-us éȝ-om šóóða u=fom̌-a
this=snow-N.s too deep-N.s be-IND that 1p-N it-A.s through FUT=walk-IND


  • 3. ke̋ro के॓रो [> Finnish kerte, thin crust on snow] – frozen crust on snow
  • If the frozen crust is not too thick, the bison can break through.
  • ébi ke̋to kéþu ba̋ro vuue̋ȝa mee—toári m̃isőntes ȝa̋fu ma̋ƣa:
ébi ke̋r-o kéþu ba̋r-o vuu-e̋ȝa mee toári m̃isőnt-es ȝa̋f-u ma̋ƣ-a
if frozen.crust-N.s too thick-N.s be.SBJ-IND not then bison-N.p break-SUP be.able-IND


  • 4. kı̋rmo कि॓र्मो [> Turkish kırağı, hoarfrost] – thin covering of snow
  • Because of the thin covering of snow, the bison were able to forage.
  • m̃isőntes kirmős ha pa̋a̋u e-ma̋ƣa:
m̃isőnt-es kirm-ős ha pa̋a̋-u e=ma̋ƣ-a
bison-N.p thin.covering.of.snow-G.s because.of forage-SUP PST=be.able-IND


  • 5. l̨űűno ल्यू॓नो [> Korean 눈 nun, snow] – falling snow
  • The falling snow will soon cover any trace of the crime.
  • l̨űűno t̨áárvi leitős k̬éno le̋isom u-ka̋ða:
l̨űűn-o t̨áár-vi leit-ős k̬éno-Ø le̋is-om u=ka̋ð-a
falling.snow-N.s short-ADV crime-G.s any-ABS trace-A.s FUT=cover-IND


  • 6. l̨uunpa̋vo ल्यून्प॓भो [< pa̋vo, flake] – snow flake
  • It’s hard to believe that no two snow flakes have the same shape.
  • ȝa ne̋o d̬ő luufpa̋vos sőmo b̨őrom ƣe̋va—na̋mu ke̋no e̋sa:
ȝa neo-Ø d̬o luuf-pa̋v-os sőmo-Ø b̨őr-om ƣe̋v-a na̋m-u ke̋n-o e̋s-a
that no-ABS two snow-flake-N.p same-ABS shape-A.s have-IND believe-SUP hard-N.s be.IND


  • 7. műƣro मु॓ग़्रो [> Chaplino muʁája, soft snow] – soft snow
  • When the puppy stepped onto the soft snow, he fell through.
  • méti le̋xm̃e műƣrom éva e-pe̋da—šóóðvi e-főőla:
méti le̋xm̃-e műƣr-om éva e=pe̋d-a šóóð=vi e=főől-a
when puppy-N.s soft.snow-A.s onto PST=step-IND through=ADV PST=fall-IND


  • 8. m̃a̋ṡo म़॓चो [> Saami vuoǯ'ǯe, wet bare ice] – wet snow
  • The weight of the wet snow caused the tent to collapse.
  • m̃aṡős te̋lo vőutom vira̋ða:
m̃aṡ-ős te̋l-o vőut-om vir-a̋ð-a
wet.snow-G.s weight-N.s tent-A.s collapse-CAUS-IND


  • 9. m̃őpo भ़ो॓पो [> Enets báʔa, sleeping place] – sleeping hole in the snow
  • Caught in the blizzard, the hiker dug a sleeping hole in the snow for the night.
  • ƣosigős éna la̋vaþu ȝuþne̋ðlu la̋a̋tam m̃őpom e-vőða:
ƣo=sig-ős éna la̋v-a-þu-Ø ȝuþ-ne̋ð-l-u la̋a̋t-am m̃őp-om e=vőð-a
INT=snow.storm-G.s in catch-IND-PP-ABS roam-walk-AG-N.s night-A.s sleeping.hole-A.s PST=dig-IND


  • 10. rı̋no रि॓नो [> Saami ridne, rime on trees] – snow on trees
  • Although the snow on the trees is beautiful, too much and the branches will break.
  • sáámi rı̋no gőbo vűűa—ébi kéþu me̋e̋o vuule̋ȝa—toári ża̋vos u-ȝa̋fa:
sáámi rı̋n-o gőb-o vűű-a ébi kéþu me̋e̋-o vuul-e̋ȝa toári ża̋v-os u=ȝa̋f-a
although snow.on.trees-N.s beautiful-N.s be.IND if too much-N.s there.be-IND then branch-N.p FUT=break-IND


  • 11. sı̋go सि॓गो [> Mongolian siɣurɣa(n), snow storm] – snow storm
  • The snow storm passed leaving nine dead in its wake.
  • sı̋go e-műla. da eȝo-leisős éna nűm ne̋ṡun e-te̋m̃a:
sı̋g-o e=műl-a da eȝo=leis-ős éna nűm ne̋ṡ-un e=te̋m̃-a
snow.storm-N.s PST=pass-IND and its=wake-G.s in nine dead-A.p PST=leave-IND


  • 12. sőso सो॓सो [> Finnish sose, mash] – muddy snow
  • Not long after the snow storm passed, the yaks had turned the fallen snow into muddy snow.
  • ne dóm̃vi pósi sı̋go e-myműla—űde' sosős tőm̃om e-űla:
ne dóm̃=vi pósi sı̋g-o e=my~műl-a űd-e-' sos-ős tőm̃-om e=~űl-a
not long=ADV after snow.storm-N.s PST=PRF~pass-IND yak-N.p-ELIS muddy.snow-G.s fallen.snow-A.s PST=PRF~turn.into-IND


  • 13. ṡ̨a̋ga च्य॓ग [> Korean ha-, cold] – become frozen [of snow]
  • If the temperature drops any lower the snow will become frozen.
  • ébi tiiþme̋a nérvi pine̋ȝa—toáru tőm̃o u-ṡ̨a̋ga:
ébi tiiþme̋-a nı~néra-Ø pin-e̋ȝa toári tőm̃-o u=ṡ̨a̋g-a
if temperature-N.s ELT~lower-ABS decrease-SBJ then snow-N.s FUT=become.frozen.IND


Ice

  • 14. haþȝe̋go हथ्ये॓गो – thin coating of ice on rock
  • Not seeing the ice on the rock, the ranger slipped and landed on his butt.
  • haþȝe̋gom na̋kantu ne furm̃űűrlu e-pı̋zak̬e kűndom éna e-na̋a̋lak̬e:
haþȝe̋g-om na̋k-a-ntu-Ø ne fur-m̃űűr-l-u e=pı̋z-a=k̬e kűnd-om éna e=na̋a̋l-a=k̬e
thin.coating-A.s see-IND-AP-ABS not forest-protect-AG-N.s PST=slip-IND=and butt-A.s on PST=land-IND=and


  • 15. ȝe̋go ये॓गो [> English icicle] – ice
  • Because of the ice on the road the car slid into the tree.
  • feðm̃e̋ƣo paavős éna ȝegős ha ha̋iṡim þóósa e-pı̋za:
feðm̃e̋ƣ-o paav-ős éna ȝeg-ős ha ha̋iṡ-im þóósa e=pı̋z-a
car-N.s road-G.s on ice-G.s because.of tree-A.s into PST=slip-IND


  • 16. ȝeƣǧa̋ro येग़्ग्व॓रो [< ȝe̋ƣo, ice; ǧa̋ro, mountain] – iceberg
  • Global warming is producing more icebergs in the polar seas.
  • ge̋lnu te̋pu hőőle mare̋m éna mıme̋e̋o ȝeƣǧa̋ron sa̋isa:
ge̋lnu-Ø te̋p-u hőőle-Ø mar-e̋m éna mı~me̋e̋o-Ø ȝeƣ.ǧa̋r-on sa̋is-a
world-wide-ABS warming-SUP polar-ABS sea-G.p in ELT~many-ABS ice.mountain-A.p produce-IND


  • 17. kaȝe̋mƣo कये॓म्ग़ो [> Chaplino qajǝ́mɣu, shore ice] – shore ice
  • As winter progressed the shore ice became thicker.
  • me̋m̃anta hema̋s. kaȝe̋mƣo bıba̋ro e-ı̋la:
me̋m̃-a-nta-Ø hem-a̋s kaȝe̋mƣ-o bı~ba̋r-o e=ı̋l-a
progress-IND-AP-ABS winter-G.s shore.ice-N.s ELT~thick-N.s PST=become-IND


  • 18. m̨űűlo म्यू॓लो [> Turkish buz, ice] – ice floe
  • Be careful! The many ice floes will make navigation hazardous.
  • ze̋e̋me: me̋e̋o m̨űűlos na̋a̋utam na̋a̋m̃ram u-kı̋a:
ze̋e̋m-e me̋e̋o-Ø kűr-os na̋a̋ut-am na̋a̋m̃r-am u=kı̋-a
be.careful-IMP many-ABS ice.floe-N.p navigation-A.s hazardous-A.s FUT-make-IND


  • 19. nila̋ƣo निल॓ग़ो [> Inupik nilak, freshwater ice]] – freshwater ice
  • When the ice begins to form, the beavers settle in for the winter.
  • nilaƣős zinasantős. ve̋vres he̋mam de̋e̋a:
nila̋ƣ-ős zin-as-a-nt-ős ve̋vr-es he̋m-am de̋e̋-a
freshwater.ice-G.s form-INC-IND-AP-G.s beaver-N.p winter-A.s settle-IND


  • 20. őőko औ॓को – ice hole
  • This winter we can fish through a hole in the ice.
  • m̃us i-hema̋s ookő' šóóða mı̋ı̋n' u-ma̋ƣa:
m̃-us i=hem-a̋s ook-ő-' šóóða mı̋ı̋n-' u=ma̋a̋ƣ-a
1p-N this=winter-G.s ice.hole-G.s-ELIS through fish-ELIS FUT=be.able-IND


  • 21. pusm̨űűlo पुस्म्यू॓लो [< pűṡa, t.v. compress] – pack ice
  • The pack ice was the perfect hauling-out place for the walruses.
  • pusm̨űűlo aiveƣe̋m éra ba̋a̋go uuðzı̋danto ðe̋e̋o e-vűűa:
puskűr-o aiveƣ-e̋m éra ba̋a̋go-Ø uuð-zı̋d-a-nto-Ø ðe̋e̋-o e=vűű-a
pack.ice-N.s walrus-G.p for perfect-ABS out-haul-IND-AP-ABS place-N.s PST=be.IND


  • 22. s̨őmo स्यो॓मो [> Japanese 霜 しも shimó, frost] – hoarfrost
  • The night was clear and cold, so there was hoarfrost on the ground in the morning.
  • la̋a̋ta ȝe̋xak̬e sőȝak̬' e-vűűa—nááru s̨őmo aaȝa̋s ta̋lem éva e-vűűla:
la̋a̋t-a ȝe̋x-a=k̬e sőȝ-a=k̬-' e=vűű-a nááru ṡőm-o aaȝ-a̋s ta̋l-em e=vűűl-a
night-N.s clear-N.s=and cold-N.s=and PST=be-IND so hoarfrost-N.s morning-G.s ground-A.s on PST=there.be-IND


  • 23. s̨űngo स्यु॓न्गो – frazil ice, slush
  • The appearance of frazil ice tells us that the sea will soon be frozen over.
  • s̨ungős ka̋ȝa m̃ús o ma̋rem t̨áárvi űɫaþem u-ı̋lu te̋e̋a:
ṡung-ős ka̋ȝ-a m̃-ús o ma̋r-em t̨áárvi űɫ-a-þ-em u=ı̋l-u te̋e̋-a
frazil.ice-G.s appearance-N.s 1p-G to sea-A.s short-ADV freeze-IND-PP-A.s FUT=become-SUP tell-IND


  • 24. x̨a̋a̋ro क़्यआ॓रो [> Turkish kar, snow] – frost
  • This morning I saw the first frost of the season.
  • mu i-aaȝa̋s ȝeerős þűnto x̨a̋a̋rom e-na̋ka:
m-u i=aaȝ-a̋s ȝeer-ős þűnto-Ø x̨a̋a̋r-om e=na̋k-a
1s-N this=morning-G.s season-G.s first-ABS frost-A.s PST=see-IND
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