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| ==Pronunciation table== | | <font size= 4> |
| {|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; width:500px;"
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| !p
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| !b
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| !f
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| !v
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| !ṁ
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| !m
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| !t
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| !d
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| !þ
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| !ð
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| !ł
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| !l
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| |
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| !ṡ
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| !ż
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| !s
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| !z
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| !r
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| !n
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| |
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| !k
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| !g
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| !x
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| !ƣ
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| !h
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| !ȝ
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| !š
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| !ş
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| !i
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| !e
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| !a
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| !õ
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| !o
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| !u
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| !ï
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| !ë
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| !ÿ
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| |-
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| |/p/
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| |/b/
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| |/ɸ/
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| |/β/
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| |/m̥/
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| |/m/
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| |/t/
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| |/d/
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| |/θ/
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| |/ð/
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| |/l̥/
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| |/l/
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| |/ʦ/
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| |/ʣ/
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| |/s/
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| |/z/
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| |/ɾ̥/
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| |/n/
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| |/k/
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| |/g/
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| |/ç/
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| |/ʝ/
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| |/j̊/
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| |/j/
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| |/sʷ/
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| |/sʲ/
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| |/i/
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| |/e/
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| |/ä/
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| |/ɒ/
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| |/o/
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| |/u/
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| |/ɪ/
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| |/ɛ/
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| |/ʊ/
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| |}
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|
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|
| ==Sample text from the dictionary==
| | *[[Senjecas - General Orthography Notes]] |
| <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">Dictionary of Senjecas: The First Language</div>
| | *[[Senjecas - Arabic]] |
| <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">senȝeka̋' saṁlűvo: se̋mta ȝe̋ka</div>
| | *[[Senjecas - Cyrillic]] |
| <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">ςηνjηκα' ςαϝλυϐo: ςημτα jηκα</div>
| | *[[Senjecas - Devanagari]] |
| <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">ceнjeкac' caӎлувo: ceмтa jeкa</div>
| | *[[Senjecas - Georgian]] |
| <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">שֵניֵכַשְֵ שַמּלֻּבֹ: שֵמּתַּ יֵכַ</div>
| | *[[Senjecas - Greek]] |
| <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">სენჲეკასჷ საჳლუვჵ: სემტა ჲეკა</div>
| | *[[Senjecas - Hebrew]] |
| <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">սէնյէկասը սաևլուվօ: սէմտա յէկա</div>
| | *[[Senjecas - Runic]] |
| <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">कयॅ॑ तमसॅ॑ :भोलु॑वस सॆकयॅ॑नसॅ</div>
| | *[[Senjecas - Senjecan]] |
| <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">ᛊᛖᚾᛃᛖᚲᚨᛊᛂ ᛊᚨᚹᛛᚣᚡᛟ ᛊᛖᛗᛏᚨ ᛃᛖᚲᚨ</div>
| | *[[Senjecas - Tengwar]] |
| <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">ⵙ ⵆ ⵏⵢⵆ ⴽⴰⵙ ⴻ ⵙ ⴰⵡ ⵍⵓⵠ ⵈ : ⵙ ⵆ ⵎ ⵜⴰ ⵢⵆ ⴽⴰ</div>
| |
| <div class="center" style="width: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">ལེནཟེཀྸལ ལྸམལུབྷོ: ལེམཏྸ ཟེཀྸ
| |
| </div>
| |
| | |
| ==General notes – '''kőino tűsos'''==
| |
| *In the Senjecan alphabet there are 33 [[Wikipedia:Grapheme|graphemes]], one for each of the [[Wikipedia:Phoneme|phonemes]]. There are 24 consonants, six vowels (each of which can be long or short), and three weak vowels.
| |
| *In some orthographies a diacritic is used to indicate a long vowel; in others the grapheme is doubled. | |
| *In some orthographies labialization and palatalization are indicated by a diacritic; in others a special grapheme is used.
| |
| *Few languages have a [[Wikipedia:voiceless labialized velar approximant|voiceless labio-velar approximant]]. In most cases, this is transliterated into Senjecas with whatever grapheme represents [[Wikipedia:labio-velar approximant|<w>]] which does not occur in Senjecas.
| |
| *In some orthographies an [[Wikipedia:Aspirated consonant|aspirated consonant]] will be used to represent a [[Wikipedia: Fricative consonant|fricative]], ''e.g.'', /tʰ/ for /θ/, /pʰ/ for /ɸ/. | |
| *In the Senjecan alphabet order, these 33 graphemes are ordered according to the point of articulation. Thus, there are five groups, known as clans ('''űka''').
| |
| #labial ('''feműka''')
| |
| #dental ('''riisűka''')
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| #alveolar ('''muitűka''')
| |
| #palatal ('''vainűka''')
| |
| #vowel ('''ş̇úúšenűka''')
| |
| *A column is left blank in the table for the [[Wikipedia:tengwar|tengwar]]; they may some day be available on Frathwiki.
| |
| *A blank space indicates that a suitable grapheme has not yet been found
| |
| *The use of the three weak vowels <ï>, <ë> and <ÿ> is not interchangeable, so the same grapheme can be used to represent all three.
| |
| | |
| ==Language name abbreviations==
| |
| *Lat = Latin
| |
| *Grk = [[Wikipedia:Greek alphabet|Greek]]
| |
| *Cyr = [[Wikipedia:Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]]
| |
| *Arm = [[Wikipedia:Armenian alphabet|Armenian]] | |
| *Geo = [[Wikipedia:Georgian scripts|Georgian]] | |
| *Dev = [[Wikipedia:Devanagari|Devanāgarī]] | |
| *Gla = [[Wikipedia:Glagolitic alphabet|Glagolitic]] | |
| *Run = [[Wikipedia:Runes|Runic]] | |
| *Tng = [[Wikipedia:Tengwar|Tengwar]] | |
| *Heb = [[Wikipedia:Hebrew alphabet|Hebrew]]
| |
| *Ara = [[Wikipedia:Arabic alphabet|Arabic]]
| |
| *Tif = [[Wikipedia:Tifinagh|Tifinagh]]
| |
| *Kat = [[Wikipedia:Katakana|Katakana]]
| |
| *Hir = [[Wikipedia:Hiragana|Hiragana]]
| |
| | |
| ==The Labial Clan - '''feműka'''==
| |
| {|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; width:500px;"
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| ! align=center |Lat
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| ! align=center |name
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| ! align=center |IPA
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| ! align=center |Grk
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| ! align=center |Cyr
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| ! align=center |Arm
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| ! align=center |Geo
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| ! align=center |Dev
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| ! align=center |Gla
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| ! align=center |Run
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| ! align=center |Tng
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| ! align=center |Heb
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| ! align=center |Ara
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| ! align=center |Tif
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| ! align=center |Kat
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| ! align=center |Hir
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| |-
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| | align=center |p
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| | align=center |'''pa'''
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| | align=center |p
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| | align=center |π
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| | align=center |п
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| | align=center |պ
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| | align=center |პ
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| | align=center |प
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| | align=center |ⱂ
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| | align=center |ᛈ
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| | align=center |
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| | align=center |פּ
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| | align=center| ٮ
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| | align=center |ⵒ
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| | align=center |パ <sup>{{color|red|10}}</sup>
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| | align=center |ぱ
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| |-
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| | align=center |b
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| | align=center |'''ba'''
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| | align=center |b
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| | align=center |β
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| | align=center |б
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| | align=center |բ
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| | align=center |ბ
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| | align=center |ब
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| | align=center |ⰱ
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| | align=center |ᛒ
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| | align=center |
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| | align=center |בּ <sup>{{color|red|7}}</sup>
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| | align=center |ب <sup>{{color|red|9}}</sup>
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| | align=center |ⴱ
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| | align=center |ㄅ
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| | align=center |バ
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| |-
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| | align=center |f
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| | align=center |'''fa'''
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| | align=center |ɸ
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| | align=center |ɸ
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| | align=center |ф
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| | align=center |ֆ
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| | align=center |ფ
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| | align=center |फ
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| | align=center |ⱇ
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| | align=center |ᚠ
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| | align=center |
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| | align=center |פ
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| | align=center |ڡ
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| | align=center |ⴼ
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| | align=center |ㇷ
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| | align=center |ふ
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| |-
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| | align=center |v
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| | align=center |'''va'''
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| | align=center |β
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| | align=center |ϐ <sup>{{color|red|1}}</sup>
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| | align=center |в
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| | align=center |վ
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| | align=center |ვ
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| | align=center |भ
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| | align=center |ⰲ
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| | align=center |ᚡ
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| | align=center |
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| | align=center |ב
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| | align=center |ف
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| | align=center |ⵠ
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| | align=center |ㇷ゛
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| | align=center |ぶ
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| |-
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| | align=center |ṁ
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| | align=center |'''ṁa'''
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| | align=center |m̥
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| | align=center |ϝ <sup>{{color|red|2}}</sup>
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| | align=center |ӎ <sup>{{color|red|3}}</sup>
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| | align=center |ւ
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| | align=center |ჳ <sup>{{color|red|4}}</sup>
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| | align=center |व <sup>{{color|red|5}}</sup>
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| | align=center |Ⰼ <sup>{{color|red|6}}</sup>
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| | align=center |ᚹ
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| | align=center |
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| | align=center |מ
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| | align=center |م
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| | align=center |ⵡ
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| | align=center |ワ
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| | align=center |わ
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| |-
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| | align=center |m
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| | align=center |'''ma'''
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| | align=center |m
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| | align=center |μ
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| | align=center |м
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| | align=center |მ
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| | align=center |մ
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| | align=center |म
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| | align=center |ⰿ
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| | align=center |ᛗ
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| | align=center |
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| | align=center |מּ <sup>{{color|red|8}}</sup>
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| | align=center |ݥ
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| | align=center |ⵎ
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| | align=center |マ
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| | align=center |ま
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| |}
| |
| | |
| ===Notes===
| |
| # The cursive beta <ϐ> represents /β/. It does not have a descender.
| |
| # The archaic [[Wikipedia:Digamma|digamma]] <ϝ> represents the voiceless bilabial nasal /m̥/.
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| # The [[Wikipedia:Kildin Sami language|Kildin Sami]] em with tail <ӎ> represents /m̥/.
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| # The grapheme <ჳ> /v/ is reassigned the value /m̥/.
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| # The grapheme <व> /v/ is reassigned the value /m̊/.
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| # The grapheme <Ⰼ> /dʑ/ is reassigned the value /m̊/.
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| # The [[Wikipedia:Dagesh|dagesh qal]], when needed, indicates a stop in the stop/fricative pairs.
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| # The dagesh qal, when needed, indicates the voiced member of the approximant pair.
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| # In Arabic the diacritic indicates voicing of the consonant.
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| # The [[Wikipedia:Katakana|katakana]] and [[Wikipedia:Hiragana|hiragana]] syllabograms from the <a> column, with a few exceptions, are used for the Senjecan consonants.
| |
| | |
| ==The Dental Clan - '''riisűka'''==
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| {|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; width:500px;"
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| ! align=center |Lat
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| ! align=center |name
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| ! align=center |IPA
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| ! align=center |Grk
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| ! align=center |Cyr
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| ! align=center |Arm
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| ! align=center |Geo
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| ! align=center |Dev
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| ! align=center |Gla
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| ! align=center |Run
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| ! align=center |Tng
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| ! align=center |Heb
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| ! align=center |Ara
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| ! align=center |Tif
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| ! align=center |Kat
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| ! align=center |Hir
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| |-
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| | align=center |t
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| | align=center |'''ta'''
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| | align=center |t
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| | align=center |τ
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| | align=center |т
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| | align=center |տ
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| | align=center |ტ
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| | align=center |त
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| | align=center |ⱅ
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| | align=center |ᛏ
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| | align=center |
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| | align=center |תּ
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| | align=center |ط
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| | align=center |ⵜ
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| | align=center |タ
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| | align=center |た
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| |-
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| | align=center |d
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| | align=center |'''da'''
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| | align=center |d
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| | align=center |δ
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| | align=center |д
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| | align=center |դ
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| | align=center |დ
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| | align=center |द
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| | align=center |ⰴ
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| | align=center |ᛞ
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| | align=center |
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| | align=center |דּ
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| | align=center |ظ
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| | align=center |ⴷ
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| | align=center |ダ
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| | align=center |だ
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| |-
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| | align=center |þ
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| | align=center |'''þa'''
| |
| | align=center |θ
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| | align=center |θ
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| | align=center |c̨ <sup>{{color|red|3}}</sup>
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| | align=center |թ
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| | align=center |თ̇
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| | align=center |थ
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| | align=center |ⱚ
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| | align=center |ᚦ
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| | align=center |
| |
| | align=center |ת
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| | align=center |د
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| | align=center |ⵝ
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| | align=center |タ̣ <sup>{{color|red|8}}</sup>
| |
| | align=center |タ̣ <sup>{{color|red|10}}</sup>
| |
| |-
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| | align=center |ð
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| | align=center |'''ða'''
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| | align=center |ð
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| | align=center |ϑ <sup>{{color|red|1}}</sup>
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| | align=center |ҙ <sup>{{color|red|4}}</sup>
| |
| | align=center |ժ <sup>{{color|red|6}}</sup>
| |
| | align=center |თ
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| | align=center |ध
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| | align=center |ⱚ
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| | align=center |ᚧ
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| | align=center |
| |
| | align=center |דּ
| |
| | align=center |ذ
| |
| | align=center |ⴸ
| |
| | align=center |タ̣゛
| |
| | align=center |タ̣゛
| |
| |-
| |
| | align=center |ł
| |
| | align=center |'''ła'''
| |
| | align=center |l̥
| |
| | align=center |ƛ <sup>{{color|red|2}}</sup>
| |
| | align=center |ӆ <sup>{{color|red|5}}</sup>
| |
| | align=center |ղ
| |
| | align=center |ლ̇
| |
| | align=center |ळ <sup>{{color|red|7}}</sup>
| |
| | align=center |ⱈ
| |
| | align=center |ᛚ
| |
| | align=center |
| |
| | align=center |ל
| |
| | align=center |ل
| |
| | align=center |ⵐ
| |
| | align=center |レ <sup>{{color|red|9}}</sup>
| |
| | align=center |れ
| |
| |-
| |
| | align=center |l
| |
| | align=center |'''la'''
| |
| | align=center |l
| |
| | align=center |λ
| |
| | align=center |л
| |
| | align=center |լ
| |
| | align=center |ლ
| |
| | align=center |ल
| |
| | align=center |ⰾ
| |
| | align=center |ᛛ
| |
| | align=center |
| |
| | align=center |לּ
| |
| | align=center |ڶ
| |
| | align=center |ⵍ
| |
| | align=center |レ゙
| |
| | align=center |れ゙
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ===Notes===
| |
| # The Greek script theta symbol <ϑ> represents /ð/.
| |
| # The [[Wikipedia:Barred lambda|barred lambda]] <ƛ> represents /l̥/.
| |
| # The [[Wikipedia:Bashkir Language|Bashkir]] ''the'' <ҫ> represents /θ/.
| |
| # The Bashkir ''dhe'' <ҙ> represents /ð/.
| |
| # The Kildin Sami el with tail <ӆ> /l̥/ represents /l̥/.
| |
| # The grapheme <ժ> /ʒ/ is reassigned the value /ð/.
| |
| # The grapheme <ळ> /ḷ/ is reassigned the value /l̥/.
| |
| # The graphemes for /θ/ and /ð/ are taken from the [[Wikipedia:Taiwanese kana|Taiwanese katakana]] <タ̣ >, /tʰa/.
| |
| # As there is no /l/ in Japanese, the [[Wikipedia:Kana|kana]] for ''re'' is used.
| |
| # As there are no Taiwanese hiragana, the katakana are used instead.
| |
| | |
| ==The Alveolar Clan - '''muitűka'''==
| |
| {|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; width:500px;"
| |
| ! align=center |Lat
| |
| ! align=center |name
| |
| ! align=center |IPA
| |
| ! align=center |Grk
| |
| ! align=center |Cyr
| |
| ! align=center |Arm
| |
| ! align=center |Geo
| |
| ! align=center |Dev
| |
| ! align=center |Gla
| |
| ! align=center |Run
| |
| ! align=center |Tng
| |
| ! align=center |Heb
| |
| ! align=center |Ara
| |
| ! align=center |Tif
| |
| ! align=center |Kat
| |
| ! align=center |Hir
| |
| |-
| |
| | align=center |ṡ
| |
| | align=center |'''ṡa'''
| |
| | align=center |ʦ
| |
| | align=center |ϻ <sup>{{color|red|1}}</sup>
| |
| | align=center |ц
| |
| | align=center |ծ
| |
| | align=center |ც
| |
| | align=center |च <sup>{{color|red|6}}</sup>
| |
| | align=center |ⱌ
| |
| | align=center |ᛋ <sup>{{color|red|7}}</sup>
| |
| | align=center |
| |
| | align=center |צ
| |
| | align=center |ک <sup>{{color|red|9}}</sup>
| |
| | align=center |ⵜⵙ
| |
| | align=center |ツ <sup>{{color|red|11}}</sup>
| |
| | align=center |つ
| |
| |-
| |
| | align=center |ż
| |
| | align=center |'''ża'''
| |
| | align=center |ʣ
| |
| | align=center |ϡ <sup>{{color|red|2}}</sup>
| |
| | align=center |ѕ <sup>{{color|red|4}}</sup>
| |
| | align=center |ձ
| |
| | align=center |ძ
| |
| | align=center |ज
| |
| | align=center |ⰷ
| |
| | align=center |ᛨ <sup>{{color|red|8}}</sup>
| |
| | align=center |
| |
| | align=center |צ
| |
| | align=center |ݢ <sup>{{color|red|10}}</sup>
| |
| | align=center |ⴶ
| |
| | align=center |ヅ
| |
| | align=center |づ
| |
| |-
| |
| | align=center |s
| |
| | align=center |'''sa'''
| |
| | align=center |s
| |
| | align=center |ς <sup>{{color|red|3}}</sup>
| |
| | align=center |с
| |
| | align=center |ս
| |
| | align=center |ს
| |
| | align=center |स
| |
| | align=center |ⱄ
| |
| | align=center |ᛊ
| |
| | align=center |
| |
| | align=center |ס
| |
| | align=center |ص
| |
| | align=center |ⵙ
| |
| | align=center |サ
| |
| | align=center |さ
| |
| |-
| |
| | align=center |z
| |
| | align=center |'''za'''
| |
| | align=center |z
| |
| | align=center |ζ
| |
| | align=center |з
| |
| | align=center |ზ
| |
| | align=center |զ
| |
| | align=center |ज़
| |
| | align=center |ⰸ
| |
| | align=center |ᛉ
| |
| | align=center |
| |
| | align=center |ז
| |
| | align=center |ض
| |
| | align=center |ⵣ
| |
| | align=center |ザ
| |
| | align=center |ざ
| |
| |-
| |
| | align=center |r
| |
| | align=center |'''ra'''
| |
| | align=center |r̥
| |
| | align=center |ρ
| |
| | align=center |ҏ <sup>{{color|red|5}}</sup>
| |
| | align=center |ռ
| |
| | align=center |რ
| |
| | align=center |र
| |
| | align=center |ⱃ
| |
| | align=center |ᚱ
| |
| | align=center |
| |
| | align=center |ר
| |
| | align=center |ر
| |
| | align=center |ⵖ
| |
| | align=center |ラ
| |
| | align=center |ら
| |
| |-
| |
| | align=center |n
| |
| | align=center |'''na'''
| |
| | align=center |n
| |
| | align=center |ν
| |
| | align=center |н
| |
| | align=center |ն
| |
| | align=center |ნ
| |
| | align=center |न
| |
| | align=center |ⱀ
| |
| | align=center |ᚾ
| |
| | align=center |
| |
| | align=center |נ
| |
| | align=center |ں
| |
| | align=center |ⵏ
| |
| | align=center |ナ
| |
| | align=center |な
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ===Notes===
| |
| # The archaic [[Wikipedia:San (letter)#Arcadian "Tsan"|''san'']] <ϻ> represents /ʦ/.
| |
| # The archaic [[Wikipedia:Sampi|''sampi'']] <ϡ> is reassigned the value /ʣ/.
| |
| # The sigma form <σ> is not used.
| |
| # The [[Wikipedia:Dze|Macedonian ''dze'']] <ѕ> represents /ʣ/.
| |
| # The Kildin Sami er with tail <ҏ> /r̥/ represents <r̥>.
| |
| # The [[Wikipedia:Sowilo|''sigel'']] rune <ᛋ> /s/ is reassigned the value /ʦ/.
| |
| # The Icelandic [[Wikipedia:Algiz#Younger Futhark|''yr'']] rune <ᛨ> /r/ is reassigned the value /ʣ/.
| |
| # The graphemes <च> /t͡ʃ/ and <ज> /d͡ʒ/ are reassigned the values /ʦ/ and /ʣ/.
| |
| # The grapheme ''keheh'' <ک> /kʰ/ is reassigned the value /ʦ/.
| |
| # There are many variations of the basic Arabic graphemes to meet the phonemic needs of many languages. Simpler forms have been adopted for Senjecas, using a dot for the voiced members of a pair, when necessary.
| |
| # As Japanese lacks a <tsa>, the syllable <ツ>, <tsu>, represents /ʦ/.
| |
| | |
| ==The Palatal Clan - '''vainűka'''==
| |
| {|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; width:500px;"
| |
| ! align=center |Lat
| |
| ! align=center |name
| |
| ! align=center |IPA
| |
| ! align=center |Grk
| |
| ! align=center |Cyr
| |
| ! align=center |Arm
| |
| ! align=center |Geo
| |
| ! align=center |Dev
| |
| ! align=center |Gla
| |
| ! align=center |Run
| |
| ! align=center |Tng
| |
| ! align=center |Heb
| |
| ! align=center |Ara
| |
| ! align=center |Tif
| |
| ! align=center |Kat
| |
| ! align=center |Hir
| |
| |-
| |
| | align=center |k
| |
| | align=center |'''ka'''
| |
| | align=center |c
| |
| | align=center |κ
| |
| | align=center |к
| |
| | align=center |կ
| |
| | align=center |კ
| |
| | align=center |क
| |
| | align=center |ⰽ
| |
| | align=center |ᚲ
| |
| | align=center |
| |
| | align=center |כ
| |
| | align=center |ک
| |
| | align=center |ⴽ
| |
| | align=center |カ
| |
| | align=center |か
| |
| | |
| |-
| |
| | align=center |g
| |
| | align=center |'''ga'''
| |
| | align=center |ɟ
| |
| | align=center |γ
| |
| | align=center |г
| |
| | align=center |գ
| |
| | align=center |გ
| |
| | align=center |ग
| |
| | align=center |ⰳ
| |
| | align=center |ᚷ
| |
| | align=center |
| |
| | align=center |ג
| |
| | align=center |ݢ
| |
| | align=center |ⴳ
| |
| | align=center |ガ
| |
| | align=center |が
| |
| |-
| |
| | align=center |x
| |
| | align=center |'''xa'''
| |
| | align=center |ç
| |
| | align=center |χ
| |
| | align=center |ќ <sup>{{color|red|4}}</sup>
| |
| | align=center |խ
| |
| | align=center |խ̣
| |
| | align=center |ख
| |
| | align=center |ⱈ
| |
| | align=center |ᛪ
| |
| | align=center |
| |
| | align=center |ח
| |
| | align=center |ﺣ
| |
| | align=center |ⴿ
| |
| | align=center |カ <sup>{{color|red|7}}</sup>
| |
| | align=center |カ
| |
| |-
| |
| | align=center |ƣ
| |
| | align=center |'''ƣa'''
| |
| | align=center |ʝ
| |
| | align=center |ϙ <sup>{{color|red|1}}</sup>
| |
| | align=center |ѓ <sup>{{color|red|5}}</sup>
| |
| | align=center |ք <sup>{{color|red|6}}</sup>
| |
| | align=center |ღ
| |
| | align=center |घ
| |
| | align=center |ⰶ
| |
| | align=center |ᛩ
| |
| | align=center |
| |
| | align=center |ק
| |
| | align=center |ﺧ
| |
| | align=center |ⴿ
| |
| | align=center |ガ
| |
| | align=center |ガ
| |
| |-
| |
| | align=center |h
| |
| | align=center |'''ha'''
| |
| | align=center |ȷ̊
| |
| | align=center |ⱶ <sup>{{color|red|2}}</sup>
| |
| | align=center |h
| |
| | align=center |հ
| |
| | align=center |ჱ
| |
| | align=center |ह
| |
| | align=center |ⱍ
| |
| | align=center |ᚺ
| |
| | align=center |
| |
| | align=center |ה
| |
| | align=center |ه
| |
| | align=center |ⵀ
| |
| | align=center |ハ
| |
| | align=center |は
| |
| |-
| |
| | align=center |ȝ
| |
| | align=center |'''ȝa'''
| |
| | align=center |j
| |
| | align=center |j <sup>{{color|red|3}}</sup>
| |
| | align=center |j
| |
| | align=center |յ
| |
| | align=center |ჲ
| |
| | align=center |य
| |
| | align=center |ⰺ
| |
| | align=center |ᛃ
| |
| | align=center |
| |
| | align=center |י
| |
| | align=center |ى
| |
| | align=center |ⵢ
| |
| | align=center |ヤ
| |
| | align=center |や
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ===Notes===
| |
| # The archaic [[Wikipedia:Koppa (letter)|qoppa]] <ϙ> represents /ɣ/.
| |
| # The [[Wikipedia:Heta|half heta]] <ⱶ> represents /j̊/.
| |
| # The Greek [[Wikipedia:J|yot]] <j> represents /j/.
| |
| # The Macedonian [[Wikipedia:kje|kje]] <ќ> represents /ç/.
| |
| # The Macedonian [[Wikipedia:gje|gye]] <ѓ> represents /ʝ/.
| |
| # The Armenian <ք> /kʰ/ is reassigned the value /ʝ/.
| |
| # The Taiwanese /kʰ/ represents <x> and <ᵹ> in both katakana and hiragana.
| |
| | |
| ==The Vowel Clan - ''' ş̇úúšenűka'''==
| |
| {|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; width:500px;"
| |
| ! align=center |Lat
| |
| ! align=center |name
| |
| ! align=center |IPA
| |
| ! align=center |Grk
| |
| ! align=center |Cyr
| |
| ! align=center |Arm
| |
| ! align=center |Geo
| |
| ! align=center |Dev
| |
| ! align=center |Gla
| |
| ! align=center |Run
| |
| ! align=center |Tng
| |
| ! align=center |Heb
| |
| ! align=center |Ara
| |
| ! align=center |Tif
| |
| ! align=center |Kat
| |
| ! align=center |Hir
| |
| |-
| |
| | align=center |i<br>ii <sup>{{color|red|1}}</sup>
| |
| | align=center |'''i'''<br>'''pı̋ði'''
| |
| | align=center |i<br>i:
| |
| | align=center |ι<br>ῖ <sup>{{color|red|2}}</sup>
| |
| | align=center |и<br>ӣ <sup>{{color|red|3}}</sup>
| |
| | align=center |ի<br>ի՛ <sup>{{color|red|7}}</sup>
| |
| | align=center |ი<br>ი̄
| |
| | align=center |इ<br>ई
| |
| | align=center |ⰹ<br>ⰹⰹ
| |
| | align=center |ᛁ<br>ᛁᛁ
| |
| | align=center |
| |
| | align=center |ב<br>בִ
| |
| | align=center |ا<br>ﺁ<sup>{{color|red|15}}</sup>
| |
| | |
| | align=center |ⵉ<br>ⵉⵉ
| |
| | align=center |イ<br>イー <sup>{{color|red|22}}</sup>
| |
| | align=center |い<br>いー
| |
| |-
| |
| | align=center |e<br>ee
| |
| | align=center |'''e'''<br>'''pı̋ðe'''
| |
| | align=center |e<br>e:
| |
| | align=center |η<br>ῆ
| |
| | align=center |е<br>е̄
| |
| | align=center |է<br>է՛
| |
| | align=center |ე<br>ე̄
| |
| | align=center |ए<br>ऐ <sup>{{color|red|8}}</sup>
| |
| | align=center |ⰵ<br>ⰵⰵ
| |
| | align=center |ᛖ<br>ᛖᛖ
| |
| | align=center |
| |
| | align=center |אֵ<br>אֵֽ
| |
| | align=center |اِ <sup>{{color|red|16}}</sup><br>اِٰ
| |
| | align=center |‹<br>«
| |
| | align=center |エ<br>エー
| |
| | align=center |え<br>えー
| |
| |-
| |
| | align=center |a<br>aa
| |
| | align=center |'''a'''<br>'''pı̋ða'''
| |
| | align=center |a<br>a:
| |
| | align=center |α<br>ᾶ
| |
| | align=center |а<br>а̄
| |
| | align=center |ա<br>ա՛
| |
| | align=center |ა<br>ა̄
| |
| | align=center |अ<br>आ
| |
| | align=center |ⰰ<br>ⰰⰰ
| |
| | align=center |ᚨ<br>ᚨᚨ
| |
| | align=center |
| |
| | align=center |אַ<br>אַֽ
| |
| | align=center |ا<br>ﺁ <sup>{{color|red|17}}</sup>
| |
| | align=center |ⴰ<br>ⴰⴰ
| |
| | align=center |ア<br>アー
| |
| | align=center |あ<br>あー
| |
| |-
| |
| | align=center |õ<br>õõ
| |
| | align=center |'''õ'''<br>'''pı̋ðõ'''
| |
| | align=center |ɔ<br>ɔ:
| |
| | align=center |ω<br>ῶ
| |
| | align=center |ѡ <sup>{{color|red|4}}</sup><br>ѡ̄
| |
| | align=center |ո<br>ո՛
| |
| | align=center |ო<br>ო̄
| |
| | align=center |ऋ <sup>{{color|red|9}}</sup><br>ॠ
| |
| | align=center |ⱉ<br>ⱉⱉ
| |
| | align=center |ᛟ <sup>{{color|red|11}}</sup><br>ᛟᛟ
| |
| | align=center |
| |
| | align=center |אָ<br> אׇֽ
| |
| | align=center |ﻉ <sup>{{color|red|18}}</sup><br>ﻉٰ
| |
| | align=center |ⵂ <sup>{{color|red|21}}</sup><br>ⵂⵂ
| |
| | align=center |ヲ <sup>{{color|red|23}}</sup><br>ヲー
| |
| | align=center |を<br>をー
| |
| |-
| |
| | align=center |o<br>oo
| |
| | align=center |'''o'''<br>'''pı̋ðo'''
| |
| | align=center |o<br>o:
| |
| | align=center |ο<br>õ
| |
| | align=center |o<br>о̄
| |
| | align=center |օ<br>օ՛
| |
| | align=center |ჵ<br>ჵ̄
| |
| | align=center |ओ<br>औ<sup>{{color|red|10}}</sup>
| |
| | align=center |ⱁ<br>ⱁⱁ
| |
| | align=center |ᚩ<br>ᚩᚩ
| |
| | align=center |
| |
| | align=center |אֹ<br> אֹֽ
| |
| | align=center |وٚ <sup>{{color|red|19}}</sup><br>وٰٚ
| |
| | align=center |-<br>--
| |
| | align=center |オ<br>オー
| |
| | align=center |お<br>おー
| |
| |-
| |
| | align=center |u<br>uu
| |
| | align=center |'''u'''<br>'''pı̋ðu'''
| |
| | align=center |u<br>u:
| |
| | align=center |υ<br>ῦ
| |
| | align=center |у<br>ӯ
| |
| | align=center |ու<br>ու՛
| |
| | align=center |უ<br>უ̄
| |
| | align=center |उ<br>ऊ
| |
| | align=center |ⱆ<br>ⱆⱆ
| |
| | align=center |ᚢ<br>ᚢᚢ
| |
| | align=center |
| |
| | align=center |אֻ<br>אֻֽ
| |
| | align=center |و<br>وٰ
| |
| | align=center |ⵓ<br>ⵓⵓ
| |
| | align=center |ウ<br>ウー
| |
| | align=center |う<br>うー
| |
| |-
| |
| | align=center |ï
| |
| | align=center |'''nı̋þi'''
| |
| | align=center |ɪ
| |
| | align=center |ῐ
| |
| | align=center |ы
| |
| | align=center |ը
| |
| | align=center |ჷ
| |
| | align=center |इॆ
| |
| | align=center |ⱏ
| |
| | align=center |ᛇ <sup>{{color|red|12}}</sup>
| |
| | align=center |
| |
| | align=center |אְִ
| |
| | align=center |ە <sup>{{color|red|20}}</sup>
| |
| | align=center |
| |
| | align=center |ｲｰ <sup>{{color|red|24}}</sup>
| |
| | align=center |ぃｰ
| |
| |-
| |
| | align=center |ë
| |
| | align=center |'''nı̋þe'''
| |
| | align=center |ε
| |
| | align=center |ы
| |
| | align=center |ə <sup>{{color|red|5}}</sup>
| |
| | align=center |ը
| |
| | align=center |ჷ
| |
| | align=center |ऎ
| |
| | align=center |ⱐ
| |
| | align=center |ᛂ <sup>{{color|red|13}}</sup>
| |
| | align=center |
| |
| | align=center |אְֵ
| |
| | align=center |ە
| |
| | align=center |
| |
| | align=center |ｴｰ
| |
| | align=center |ぇｰ
| |
| |-
| |
| | align=center |ÿ
| |
| | align=center |'''nı̋þu'''
| |
| | align=center |ʊ
| |
| | align=center |ῠ
| |
| | align=center |ұ <sup>{{color|red|6}}</sup>
| |
| | align=center |ը
| |
| | align=center |ჷ
| |
| | align=center |उॆ
| |
| | align=center |ⱛ
| |
| | align=center |ᚣ <sup>{{color|red|14}}</sup>
| |
| | align=center |
| |
| | align=center |אְֻ
| |
| | align=center |ە
| |
| | align=center |
| |
| | align=center |ｳｰ
| |
| | align=center |ぅｰ
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ===Notes===
| |
| # When using the Latin alphabet, [[Wikipedia:Vowel length|vowel length]] is indicated by doubling the grapheme.
| |
| # When using the Greek alphabet, vowel length is indicated by a [[Wikipedia:Tilde|tilde]] ('''piðne̋uo''') over the vowel.
| |
| # When using the Cyrillic and the Georgian alphabets, vowel length is indicated by a [[Wikipedia:Macron|macron]] ('''piðbőto''') over the vowel.
| |
| # The [[Wikipedia:Omega (Cyrillic)|Cyrillic omega]] <ѡ> represents <ɵ>.
| |
| # The [[Wikipedia:Adyghe language|Adyghe]] ''schwa'' /ə/.
| |
| # The [[Wikipedia:Kazakh Short U|Kazakh short U]] <ұ>.
| |
| # The stress mark [[Wikipedia:Armenian alphabet|''shesht'']] <՛> is reassigned to indicate long vowels.
| |
| # The grapheme <ऐ> /ai/ is reassigned the value /e:/.
| |
| # The graphemes <ऋ> and <ॠ>, /r̩/ and /r̩ː/ respectively, are reassigned the values /ɵ/ and /ɵ:/.
| |
| # The grapheme <औ> /au/ is reassigned the value /o:/.
| |
| # The [[Wikipedia:Odal (rune)|''othala'']] rune <ᛟ> /o/ is reassigned the value /ɵ/.
| |
| # The [[Wikipedia:Eihwaz)|''eiwaz'']] rune <ᛇ> /æ:/ is reassigned the value /ɪ/.
| |
| # The medieval rune ''e'' <ᛂ> /e:/ is reassigned the value /ɛ/.
| |
| # The [[Wikipedia:Ur (rune)|''ȳr'']] rune <ᚣ> /y/ is reassigned the value /ʊ/.
| |
| # When using the Arabic alphabet, vowel length is indicated by the use of the superscript [[Wikipedia:Khanjariyah alif|alif]] < ٰ> (but see #17).
| |
| # The [[Wikipedia:Blochi language|Balochi]] /e/.
| |
| # Long a <a:> is represented by [[Wikipedia:Aleph|alif]] with [[Wikipedia:Fatha|fatha]].
| |
| # The letter [[Wikipedia:Ayin|ayin]] is reassigned to represent /ɵ/.
| |
| # The [[Wikipedia:Kurdish alphabets|Sorani Kurdish]] letter for /o/.
| |
| # The [[Wikipedia:Uyghur Arabic alphabet|Uyghur]] letter for /ɛ,æ/
| |
| # The grapheme <ⵂ> /h/ has been reassigned to represent /ɵ/.
| |
| # When using the katakana and the hiragana, vowel length is indicated by the [[Wikipedia:Chōonpu|chōonpu]], long vowel mark <ー>.
| |
| # The obsolescent letter [[Wikipedia:Wo (kana)|wo]] <ヲ, を> is reassigned to represent /ɵ/.
| |
| # The half-width vowel mark and chōonpu <ｰ> are used to represent the weak vowels.
| |
| | |
| ==Labialization ('''fémšenkı̋a''') and Palatalization ('''váinšenkı̋a''') ==
| |
| {|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; width:500px;"
| |
| ! align=center |Lat
| |
| ! align=center |name
| |
| ! align=center |IPA
| |
| ! align=center |Grk
| |
| ! align=center |Cyr
| |
| ! align=center |Arm
| |
| ! align=center |Geo
| |
| ! align=center |Dev
| |
| ! align=center |Gla
| |
| ! align=center |Run
| |
| ! align=center |Tng
| |
| ! align=center |Heb
| |
| ! align=center |Ara
| |
| ! align=center |Tif
| |
| ! align=center |Kat
| |
| ! align=center |Hir
| |
| |-
| |
| | align=center |š
| |
| | align=center |
| |
| | align=center |sʷ
| |
| | align=center |σῠ <sup>{{color|red|1}}</sup>
| |
| | align=center |с <sup>{{color|red|3}}</sup>
| |
| | align=center |
| |
| | align=center |სჵ <sup>{{color|red|5}}</sup>
| |
| | align=center |सॉ <sup>{{color|red|6}}</sup>
| |
| | align=center |ⱄⱏ <sup>{{color|red|8}}</sup>
| |
| | align=center |ᛊᚥ
| |
| | align=center |
| |
| | align=center |שו
| |
| | align=center |ﺹٔ <sup>{{color|red|10}}</sup>
| |
| | align=center |ⵙⵯ <sup>{{color|red|12}}</sup>
| |
| | align=center |サゥ <sup>{{color|red|14}}</sup>
| |
| | align=center |さぅ
| |
| |-
| |
| | align=center |ş
| |
| | align=center |
| |
| | align=center |sʲ
| |
| | align=center |σῐ <sup>{{color|red|2}}</sup>
| |
| | align=center |сЬ <sup>{{color|red|4}}</sup>
| |
| | align=center |
| |
| | align=center |სჲ
| |
| | align=center |सॅ <sup>{{color|red|7}}</sup>
| |
| | align=center |ⱄⱐ <sup>{{color|red|9}}</sup>
| |
| | align=center |ᛊᛄ
| |
| | align=center |
| |
| | align=center |שי
| |
| | align=center |صۦ <sup>{{color|red|11}}</sup>
| |
| | align=center |ⵙ ⵐ <sup>{{color|red|13}}</sup>
| |
| | align=center |サャ <sup>{{color|red|15}}</sup>
| |
| | align=center |さゃ
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| ===Notes===
| |
| # Labialization is indicated with ''upsilon'' with [[Wikipedia:Breve|breve]] <ῠ>.
| |
| # Palatalization is indicated with ''iota'' with breve <ῐ>.
| |
| # By analogy with the Latin alphabet labialization is indicated with a circumflex.
| |
| # The soft sign <Ь>Ь indicates palatalization.
| |
| # Using <ჵ> /o/ for labialization causes no problem since there is no diphthong <oV>.
| |
| # The chand <ॉ> is reassigned to indicate labialization.
| |
| # The chand <ॅ> is reassigned to indicate palatalization.
| |
| # Labialization is indicated with the hard sign <ⱏ>.
| |
| # Palatalization is indicated with the soft sign <ⱐ>.
| |
| # Labialization is indicated with the small [[Wikipedia:Waw (letter)|''waw'']] < ٔ >.
| |
| # Palatalization is indicated with the small ''yeh'' < ۧ >.
| |
| # Labialization is indicated with the labiovelarization mark <ⵯ>.
| |
| # Palatalization is indicated with the [[Wikipedia:Tifinagh|Tuareg]] ''yagn'', /ɲ/.
| |
| # Labialization is indicated with the small kana ''u'' <ゥ,ぅ>.
| |
| # Palatalization is indicated with the small kana ''i'' <ャ,ゃ>.
| |
