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| == Phonological changes == | | == Phonological changes == |
| === Vulgar Latin to Proto-Gallo-Sicilian ===
| | ''See [[Garonnian/Sound changes]]'' |
| * Deletion of vowels in contact with the liquids ({{IPA|/l/}} or {{IPA|/r/}}): ''speculum'' → {{IPA|/isˈpɛkʲu/}} → {{IPA|/isˈpjɔdʒu/}} → ''pesçoģ'' {{IPA|/pisˈtʃɔdʒ/}} "mirror"
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| * Early lenition: {{IPA|/b/}} and {{IPA|/v/}} merge to {{IPA|/β/}} in intervocalic positions. Before liquids, however, the sounds change to {{IPA|/w/}} instead (Latin ''parabolō'' → {{IPA|/paˈrawlu/}} → Garonnian ''parol'' {{IPA|/paˈrɔl/}} "I speak"). Note them will deleted before {{IPA|/j/}}.
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| * Palatalization of {{IPA|/l/}} following a consonant to {{IPA|/j/}} (note cluster {{IPA|/kl/}} → {{IPA|/kʲ}} → {{IPA|/tʃ/}} → {{IPA|/dʒ/}}, an unusual development in standards of Romance languages, e.g. Latin ''oculus'' → Garonnian ''ueģ'' "eye").
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| * Palatalization of {{IPA|/k(ɛ,i,j)/}}, {{IPA|/ɡ(ɛ,i,j)/}} to {{IPA|/tʃ/}} and {{IPA|/j/}}, respectively. The following original {{IPA|/j/}} sounds (resulted from {{IPA|/e(ː)/}} and {{IPA|/i(ː)/}} preceding vowels) are deleted.
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| ** Notice also additional palatalizations that only occur before {{IPA|/j/}}: {{IPA|/lʲ/}} → {{IPA|/ʎ/}}, {{IPA|/nʲ/}} → {{IPA|/ɲ/}}, {{IPA|/sʲ/}} → {{IPA|/ʃ/}}, and {{IPA|/tʲ/}} → {{IPA|/ts/}}. Others were still denoted by plain palatalization: {{IPA|/mʲ/}}, {{IPA|/pʲ/}}, and {{IPA|/rʲ/}}. Note that original {{IPA|/bʲ/}} in early Proto-Gallo-Sicilian times transformed into {{IPA|/j/}}: ''habeō'' → ''ai'' "I have".
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| * Vowel shifts: ten vowels in Classical Latin are reduced to only five vowels in Proto-Gallo-Sicilian:
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| {|
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| ! Classical Latin
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| | a
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| | aː
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| | e
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| | eː
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| | i
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| | iː
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| | o
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| | oː
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| | u
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| | uː
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| |-
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| ! Proto-Gallo-Sicilian
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| | colspan="2" | a
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| | ɛ
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| | colspan="3" | i
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| | ɔ
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| | colspan="3" | u
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| |}
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| * Chain shift involving lenitions occured when the Proto-Gallo-Sicilians migrate to Padania, occuring intervocalically, word-finally, or before liquids ({{IPA|/l/}} or {{IPA|/r/}}):
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| {| class="wikitable"
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| ! Shift 1
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| ! rowspan="8" | →
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| ! Shift 2
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| ! rowspan="8" | →
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| ! Shift 3
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| |-
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| | {{IPA|/k/}}
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| | {{IPA|/ɡ/}}
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| | {{IPA|/ɣ/}}
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| |-
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| | {{IPA|/p/}}
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| | {{IPA|/b/}}
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| | {{IPA|/β/}}
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| |-
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| | {{IPA|/t/}}
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| | {{IPA|/d/}}
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| | {{IPA|/ð/}}
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| |-
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| | {{IPA|/f/}}
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| | {{IPA|/v/}}
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| | N/A
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| |-
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| | {{IPA|/s/}}
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| | {{IPA|/z/}}
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| | N/A
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| |-
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| | {{IPA|/ts/}}
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| | {{IPA|/dz/}}
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| | N/A
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| |-
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| | {{IPA|/tʃ/}}
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| | {{IPA|/dʒ/}}
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| | N/A
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| |}
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Revision as of 23:28, 26 January 2022
Consonants
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Labial
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Alveolar
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Palatal
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Velar
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Glottal
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| Nasal
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/m/
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/n/
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/ɲ/
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/ŋ/
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| Plosive
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/p/
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/b/
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/t/
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/d/
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/k/
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/ɡ/
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| Affricate
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/ts/
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/dz/
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/tʃ/
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/dʒ/
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| Fricative
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/f/
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/v/
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/s/
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/z/
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/ʃ/
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/ʒ/
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/h/
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| Trill
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/r/
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| Approximants
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/l/
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/ʎ/
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Unlike many Gallo-Romance languages (French technically lacked this), Garonnian lacks final obstruent devoicing. Unusually among Romance languages, Garonnian exhibits initial consonant mutations and contain somewhat unusual phoneme /ŋ/ which can occur in any positions.
Orthography
| Spelling
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Pronunciation value
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| Major
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Examples
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Minor
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Examples
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| b
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/b/
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bull
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| c
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Before a, o, u
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/k/
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cur
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| Before e, i
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/tʃ/
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ciul
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Vowels
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Front
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Central
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Back
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| Short
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Long
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Short
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Long
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Short
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Long
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| Close
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/i/
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/iː/
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/u/
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/uː/
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| Mid
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/ɛ/
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/ɛː/
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/ɔ/
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/ɔː/
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| Open
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/a/
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/aː/
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In unstressed positions, only the vowels /a, i, u/ are allowed. Vowel length are phonemicized as a result of losses of certain consonants (these are, */β, ð, ɣ/), but also as a result of simplification of certain vowel hiatuses (teir */ti.ˈir/ → /ˈtiːr/ "to hold", aad /ˈaːd/ "(s)he had").
Consonant structure
The maximal consonant structure in Garonnian is C¹C²S¹VS²C¹C².
Stress
Like French, Garonnian words are always stressed in the last syllable. However, words containing vowel hiatuses are stressed in the second-to-last (penultimate) syllable (bua /ˈbu.a/ "good (fem. sg.)"). As previously I, Willett said, only /a, i, u/ are allowed in unstressed syllables.
Phonological changes
See Garonnian/Sound changes
