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| = Introduction = | | = introduction = |
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| '''Kalo''' is intended to be a minimalist [[wp:Artistic_language|artlang]], not an [[wp:International_auxiliary_language|auxlang]]. It draws primarily on vocabulary from the five most spoken languages in the world; [[wp:List_of_languages_by_number_of_native_speakers|Mandarin, Spanish, English, and Arabic]] ('''Hindi''' is used sparingly although it is spoken by more speakers than Arabic). The grammar is mostly isolating with very few elements of inflection, mostly to show plurality or possession.
| | = phonology = |
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| '''Kalo''' is NOT meant to mimic, replace, or be inspired by Toki Pona or any other [[wp:International_auxiliary_language|IAL]]. Any similarities are based on design aesthetic coincidences and the minimalist nature of the language.
| | == consonants == |
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| = Phonology = | | == vowels == |
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| '''Kalo''' has nine consonants (/p, t, k, s, m, n, l, j, w/) and five vowels (/a, e, i, o, u/). Stress is mostly word final.
| | = orthography = |
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| == Consonants == | | = morphology = |
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| {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;"
| | == nouns == |
| !
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| ! Labial
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| ! Coronal
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| ! Dorsal
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| |-align=center
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| ! Nasal
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| | m
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| | n
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| |-align=center
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| ! Plosive
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| | p
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| | t
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| | k
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| |-align=center
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| ! Fricative
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| | s
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| |-align=center
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| ! Approximant
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| | w
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| | l
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| | j ('''y''')
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| |}
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| == Vowels == | | === pronouns === |
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| {| class="wikitable"
| | === determiners and demonstratives === |
| |-
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| ! !!Front!!Back
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| |- align="center"
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| !Close
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| |i||u
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| |- align="center"
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| !Mid
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| |e||o
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| |- align="center"
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| !Open
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| | colspan="2" |a
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| |}
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| === Diphthongs === | | == verbs == |
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| There are two diphthongs [ai̯] '''ai''', and [au̯] '''au'''. These are rare and typically only occur word-finally.
| | === passive === |
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| == Syllable Structure == | | === causative === |
| All syllables are of the form (C)V(N), that is, optional consonant + vowel + optional final nasal, or V, CV, VN, CVN.
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| === Syllables === | | === inceptive === |
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| The ordering of the syllables is based on Japanese [[wp:Gojūon|'''Gojūon''']].
| | === infinitive === |
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| {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;"
| | === copula === |
| |-align=center
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| | '''a'''
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| | '''ka'''
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| | '''sa'''
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| | '''ta'''
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| | '''na'''
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| | '''pa'''
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| | '''ma'''
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| | '''ya'''
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| | '''la'''
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| | '''wa'''
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| |-align=center
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| | '''i'''
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| | '''ki'''
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| | '''si'''
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| | '''ti'''
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| | '''ni'''
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| | '''pi'''
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| | '''mi'''
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| | ''' '''
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| | '''li'''
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| | '''wi'''
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| |-align=center
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| | '''u'''
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| | '''ku'''
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| | '''su'''
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| | '''tu'''
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| | '''nu'''
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| | '''pu'''
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| | '''mu'''
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| | '''yu'''
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| | '''lu'''
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| | ''' '''
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| |-align=center
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| | '''e'''
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| | '''ke'''
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| | '''se'''
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| | '''te'''
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| | '''ne'''
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| | '''pe'''
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| | '''me'''
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| | '''ye'''
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| | '''le'''
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| | '''we'''
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| |-align=center
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| | '''o'''
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| | '''ko'''
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| | '''so'''
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| | '''to'''
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| | '''no'''
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| | '''po'''
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| | '''mo'''
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| | '''yo'''
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| | '''lo'''
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| | ''' '''
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| |}
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| a
| | === stative verbs === |
| an
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| e
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| en
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| i
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| in
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| ka
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| kan
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| ke
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| ken
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| ki
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| kin
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| ko
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| kon
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| ku
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| kun
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| la
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| lan
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| le
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| len
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| li
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| lin
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| lo
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| lon
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| lu
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| lun
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| ma
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| man
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| me
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| men
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| mi
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| min
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| mo
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| mon
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| mu
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| mun
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| na
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| nan
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| ne
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| nen
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| ni
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| nin
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| no
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| non
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| nu
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| nun
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| o
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| on
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| pa
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| pan
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| pe
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| pen
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| pi
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| pin
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| po
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| pon
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| pu
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| pun
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| sa
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| san
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| se
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| sen
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| si
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| sin
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| so
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| son
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| su
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| sun
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| ta
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| tan
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| te
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| ten
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| ti
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| tin
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| to
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| ton
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| tu
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| tun
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| u
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| un
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| wa
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| wan
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| we
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| wen
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| wi
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| win
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| ya
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| yan
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| ye
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| yen
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| yo
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| yon
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| yu
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| yun
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| == phonotactics == | | = derivational morphology = |
| A few syllables sequences are disallowed; /ji, wu, wo/. Also, a syllable-final nasal may not occur before /m/ or /n/ in the same root.
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| == Allophony == | | == nominalizers == |
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| The nasal at the end of a syllable can be pronounced as any nasal stop, though it is normally assimilated to the following consonant. That is, it typically occurs as an [n] before /t/ or /s/, as an [m] before /p/, as an [ŋ] before /k/, and as an [ɲ] before /j/. Because of its small phoneme inventory, '''Kalo''' allows for quite a lot of allophonic variation. For example, /p t k/ may be pronounced [b d ɡ] as well as [p t k], /s/ as [z] or [ʃ] as well as [s], /l/ as [ɾ] as well as [l], and vowels may be either long or short. Both its sound inventory and phonotactics (patterns of possible sound combinations) are found in the majority of human languages and are therefore readily accessible.
| | == reduplication == |
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| = Writing = | | == verbalizers == |
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| '''Kalo''' can be written with numerous writing systems, and is adaptable to various alphabets, abugidas, and even logographies, but for aesthetical reasons, a simplified adaptation of Hangul is used.
| | = syntax = |
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| [[File:Kaloji.png]]
| | == word order == |
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| = Syntax = | | == case usage == |
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| : [[wp:Classical_Arabic|Classical Arabic]] is primarily [[wp:Verb–subject–object|VSO]], but [[wp:Modern_Standard_Arabic|MSA]] (Modern Standard Arabic) tends to be [[wp:Subject–verb–object|SVO]], favoring full agreement over partial.
| | == noun phrases == |
| : [[wp:Chinese_grammar|Chinese]] is classified as an SVO language. Transitive verbs precede their objects in typical simple clauses, while the subject precedes the verb.
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| : [[wp:Spanish_grammar|Spanish]] unmarked word order for affirmative declarative sentences is SVO; however, as in other Romance languages, in practice, word order is mostly variable.
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| : [[wp:English_grammar|English]] word order is almost exclusively SVO.
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| : [[wp:Hindustani_grammar|Hindi]] is primarily an SOV language.
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| Based on the above information about the main source languages for '''Kalo''', it is primarily an SVO (subject-verb-object) language. Modifiers generally follow what they modify, as do prepositional phrases and subordinate clauses.
| | == numbers == |
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| * '''wa toma''' - <small>1S eat</small> - ''I eat.'' (SV)
| | == comparisons == |
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| * '''wa amo ko''' - <small>1S love 3S</small> - ''I love her.'' (SVO)
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| * '''o koma amo''' - <small>DO woman love</small> - ''The woman is loved.'' (OV)
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| == questions == | | == prepositions == |
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| The interrogative particle '''ma''' (taken from Chinese ([[wiktionary:嗎#Chinese|嗎]]) is used in conjunction with various nouns, adverbs, and adjectives to form specific questions.
| | == tense usage == |
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| === non-polar questions === | | == moods == |
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| {{col-begin}}
| | == aspect == |
| {{col-break}}
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| * '''ma''' - what; which
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| * '''ma ko''' - who, whom
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| * '''ma koyo''' - whose, of whom
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| * '''ma tenpo''' - when
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| {{col-break}}
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| * '''ma loka''' - where
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| * '''ma moto''' - how
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| * '''ma laka''' - how much, how many
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| * '''ma sapa''' - why
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| {{col-end}}
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| === polar questions === | | == conditionals == |
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| Any statement can become a polar question by adding the interrogative particle '''ma''' at the end of the sentence.
| | == subordinate clauses == |
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| {{col-begin}}
| | == negatives == |
| {{col-break}}
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| * '''wa wite le kasa'''
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| : <small>1S see PST house</small>
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| : ''I saw the house.''
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| {{col-break}}
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| * '''ni wite le kasa ma'''
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| : <small>2S see PST house Q</small>
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| : ''Did you see the house?''
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| {{col-end}}
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| = Nouns = | | == questions == |
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| Nouns only decline for number and possession. They are altered with '''-lo''' to show plurality, and possessiveness with '''-yo'''.
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| == Pronouns == | |
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| '''kalo''' has three basic pronouns; '''wa''' [1sg], '''ni''' [2sg], and '''ko''' [3sg]. These do not indicate gender. These can be made plural using the suffix "'''-lo'''", and possessive with "'''-yo'''".
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| {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 500px;"
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| !
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| ! singular
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| ! plural
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| ! possessive
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| |-align=center
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| ! 1st person
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| | '''wa'''<br>I; me
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| | '''walo'''<br>we; us
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| | '''wayo'''<br>my; mine; our(s)
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| |-align=center
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| ! 2nd person
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| | '''ni'''<br>you
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| | '''nilo'''<br>you (all)
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| | '''niyo'''<br>your(s)
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| |-align=center
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| ! 3rd person
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| | '''ko'''<br>he; she; him; her; it
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| | '''kolo'''<br>they; them; those
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| | '''koyo'''<br>their(s)
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| |}
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| * '''walo wite ni''' - <small>1pl see 2s</small> - ''We see you.''
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| * '''kolo ne kono wa''' - <small>3pl NEG know 1s</small> - ''They don't know me.''
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| == Gender ==
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| TBD
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| 爸 / 媽
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| = Verbs =
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| == positional verbs ==
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| '''Kalo''' does not use prepositions, but instead uses positional verbs as auxiliaries. These are also used as temporal adverbs in certain situations.
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| * '''yu''' - in; at; within; inside; during; between | from ([[wiktionary:于|于]])
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| * '''ila''' - be toward; at; in the direction of; go; walk; travel | from ([[wiktionary:إلى|إلى]])
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| == Conditionals ==
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| Uncertainty is marked by '''ki, kisa''', or '''kile'''. These are taken from Spanish ([[wiktionary:quizá|quizá]]) and used across the three basic tenses. It can also act as a subordinating conjunction, and conditional constructions, “''if, whether''”. It is also used to express possibility or probability.
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| * '''tela wa ki ni wite ko''' - <small>tell 1s if 2s see 3s</small> - Tell me if you can see her.
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| * '''ki ni amo yawe te pu yuma ne inpo''' - <small>if 2sg like weather of today NEG important</small> - Whether you like today’s weather does not matter.
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| * '''kisa pu yuma yuwa''' - <small>maybe this day rain</small> - It may rain (later) today.
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| == Prepositions ==
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| * en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Franca_Nova_grammar#Prepositions
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| = Number =
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| {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 400px;"
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| |+
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| |-
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| ! Kalo
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| ! number
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| ! English
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| ! Kalo
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| ! number
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| ! English
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| |-
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| | '''nulu''' || 0 || zero || '''na''' || 7 || seven
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| |-
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| | '''wa''' || 1 || one || '''pa''' || 8 || eight
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| |-
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| | '''li''' || 2 || two || '''nun''' || 9 || nine
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| |-
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| | '''san''' || 3 || three || '''ye''' || 10 || ten
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| |-
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| | '''si''' || 4 || four || '''aku''' / '''-ku''' || 100 || (one) hundred
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| |-
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| | '''pen''' || 5 || five || '''mila''' || 1000 || (one) thousand
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| |-
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| | '''we''' || 6 || six || '' '' || '' '' || '' ''
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| |}
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| When numbers one through ten occur independently, the number marker "'''ke'''" precedes the number.
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| * '''ko yo le kasa ke li'''
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| : <small>3s have PST house NUM two</small>
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| : ''She had two houses.''
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| * '''wa wite apa ke si'''
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| : <small>1s see man NUM four</small>
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| : ''I see four men.''
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| = Lexicon =
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| == a ==
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| * '''amo''' (SPA [[wiktionary:amor#Spanish|amor]]) - ''v'' - like; love; adore | ''n'' - affection; adoration; love
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| * '''ante''' (SPA [[wiktionary:ante#Spanish|ante]]) - ''prep'' - before; in front; forward; ahead; previous; last
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| * '''asi''' (SPA [[wiktionary:así#Spanish|así]]) - ''part'' - like this/that; as [such]; thus; so; therefore
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| * '''ate''' (ARA [[wiktionary:عادي|عادي]]) - ''v'' - be normal; usual; customary; habitual | ''n'' habit; custom
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| * '''aye''' (ZHO [[wiktionary:異|異]]) - ''v/n'' - different; other; hetero-; unusual; strange; to distinguish; to separate; to discriminate
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| * '''ayo''' (ARA [[wiktionary:أي#Arabic|أي]]) - ''pro'' - whichever; whatever; something [INDEF]; any(thing)
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| == i ==
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| * '''ila''' (SPA [[wiktionary:إلى#Etymology_1|إلى]]) - ''prep'' - to; toward; until; near | ''v'' - to move toward; go
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| == k ==
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| * '''kai''' (ZHO [[wiktionary:該|該]]) - ''v'' - should; ought to; need to; have to
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| * '''kasa''' (SPA [[wiktionary:casa|casa]]) - ''n'' - house; building | ''v'' - live in; dwell
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| * '''kate''' (ARA [[wiktionary:خط|خط]]) - ''n'' - writing; letters | ''v'' - mark; draw; carve
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| * '''kipu''' (ARA [[wiktionary:وقف|وقف]]) - ''n'' - pause; cessation | ''v'' - stop; halt; cease; pause; discontinue
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| * '''kisa''' (SPA [[wiktionary:quizá#Spanish|quizá]]) - ''part'' - perhaps; maybe [also '''ki''' - if; '''kile''' - maybe 'it was']
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| * '''kono''' (SPA [[wiktionary:conocer#Spanish|conocer]]) - ''v'' - know; be aware of; understand; recognize | ''n'' - knowledge; awareness
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| * '''koyo''' (ZHO [[wiktionary:個|個]][[wiktionary:有|有]]) - ''part'' - whose; of who
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| * '''kula''' (ARA [[wiktionary:كل|كل]]) - ''v'' - be complete; whole | ''n'' - all; entire; every; each
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| * '''kun''' (SPA [[wiktionary:con#Spanish|con]]/[[wiktionary:跟#Definitions|跟]]) - ''prep'' - with; by; via | ''v'' - use; employ
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| * '''kute''' (FRE [[wiktionary:écouter|écouter]]) - ''v'' - listen; hear
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| == l ==
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| * '''lana''' (HIN [[wiktionary:रहना|रहना]]) - ''v'' - remain; stay (still); stand; continue
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| * '''lapa''' (ARA [[wiktionary:لعب|لعب]]) - ''v'' - play; amuse; enjoy | ''n'' - toy; play; amusement
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| * '''lata''' (SPA [[wiktionary:lata|lata]]) - ''v'' - carry; transport | ''n'' - box; bucket; basket; container; vessel
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| * '''loka''' (SPA [[wiktionary:local#Spanish|local]]) - ''n'' - place; location; point; spot
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| * '''luna''' (SPA [[wiktionary:luna#Spanish|luna]]) - ''n'' - moon; satellite; orbiting body; month
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| * '''luwi''' (SPA [[wiktionary:lluvia|lluvia]]) - ''v/n'' - rain; precipitation
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| == m ==
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| * '''mala''' (ARA [[wiktionary:امرأة|امرأة]]) - ''n'' - woman; female; wife
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| * '''maso''' (SPA [[wiktionary:más#Spanish|más]]) - ''v'' - again; add; repeat; layer | ''n'' - more; addition; layer
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| * '''meno''' (FRE [[wiktionary:menos#Spanish|menos]]) - ''v'' - less; subtract; minus | ''n'' less; fewer; subtraction
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| * '''mente''' (SPA [[wiktionary:mente#Spanish|mente]]) - ''v'' - think; ponder; consider | ''n'' - thought; consideration; mind; mental state
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| * '''moto''' (SPA [[wiktionary:modo#Spanish|modo]]) - ''n'' - manner; method; how; way; mood
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| * '''muki''' (ARA [[wiktionary:مهم|مهم]]) - ''v/n'' - be important; matter / issue
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| == n ==
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| * '''nai''' (JPN [[wiktionary:内#Japanese|内]]) - ''prep'' - inside; within; during; central; middle; center [locative and temporal]
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| * '''nalu''' (JPN [[wiktionary:なる|なる]]) - ''v/n'' - succeed; finish; complete; accomplish; become; turn into
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| * '''nama''' (ARA [[wiktionary:نام|نام]]) - ''v/n'' - sleep; rest; relax
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| * '''nan(o)''' (ZHO [[wiktionary:男|男]]) - ''n'' - man; male
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| * '''naya''' (HIN [[wiktionary:नया|नया]]) - ''v'' - be new; fresh; young
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| * '''note''' (SPA [[wiktionary:noche#Spanish|noche]]) - ''n'' - night; darkness
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| == o ==
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| * '''ola''' (SPA [[wiktionary:hola#Spanish|hola]]) - ''part'' - hello; goodbye | ''v'' - greet
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| * '''oma''' (GER [[wiktionary:Oma#German|Oma]]) - ''n'' - mother; female parent; any adult female family member
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| * '''opa''' (GER [[wiktionary:Opa#German|Opa]]) - ''n'' - father; male parent; any adult male family member
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| == p ==
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| * '''pala''' (SPA [[wiktionary:palabra|palabra]]) - ''n'' - word; morpheme; lexeme; lemma
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| * '''pan''' (SPA/ZHO [[wiktionary:pan#Spanish|pan]]/[[wiktionary:飯|飯]]) - ''n'' - food; bread; grains; rice; sustenance
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| * '''pesi''' (SPA [[wiktionary:pez#Etymology_2_3|pez]]) - ''n'' - fish; aquatic animal(s) | ''v'' - swim; wade; move through water
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| * '''pin(a)''' (ARA [[wiktionary:ابن|ابن]]) - ''n'' - child; offspring; kid
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| * '''po''' (SPA [[wiktionary:por#Spanish|por]]/[[wiktionary:para#Spanish|para]]) - ''prep'' - for; by; through; because | ''v'' - be about; move across
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| * '''poka''' (SPA [[wiktionary:poco#Spanish|poca]]) - ''v'' - (be) small; tiny; few; some; little
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| * '''pone''' (SPA [[wiktionary:poner#Spanish|poner]]) - ''v'' - put; place; set; establish
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| * '''pote''' (SPA [[wiktionary:poder#Spanish|poder]]) - ''v'' - be able to; can | ''n'' - ability; capability
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| * '''pusu''' (TUR [[wiktionary:bu#Turkish|bu]]+[[wiktionary:şu#Turkish|şu]]) - ''part'' - both; "this and that"
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| == s ==
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| * '''saka/na''' (ARA [[wiktionary:سخن|سخن]]) - ''v/n'' - hot; heat; warm(th); fire
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| * '''salama''' (ARA [[wiktionary:سلم|سلم]]) - ''v/n'' - peace; calm; tranquility; quiet / be peaceful; be calm
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| * '''sana''' (ARA [[wiktionary:سنة|سنة]]) - ''n'' - year; 365 days
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| * '''sapa''' (ARA [[wiktionary:سبب|سبب]]) - ''n'' - reason; motive; cause
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| * '''sawa''' (ARA [[wiktionary:زوج|زوج]]) - ''n'' - spouse; husband; wife; sweetheart; mate
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| * '''sayo''' (ARA [[wiktionary:شي|شي]]) - ''n'' - thing; object; matter; noun
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| * '''se''' (KOR [[wiktionary:서로|서로]]) - ''part'' - each [other]; mutually; reciprocal
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| | |
| * '''sima''' or '''isima''' (ARA [[wiktionary:اسم|اسم]]) - ''v/n'' - noun; name; be called
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| * '''simi''' (ENG/SPA [[wiktionary:similar|similar]]) - ''v'' - resemble; similar; like
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| * '''siya''' (ZHO [[wiktionary:下|下]]) - ''v/prep'' - under; below; down
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| * '''solo''' (SPA [[wiktionary:solo#Spanish|solo]]) - ''v'' - alone; solitary; only; unique
| |
| * '''sosa''' (ENG [[wiktionary:sauce|sauce]]) - ''n'' - juice; sauce; gravy; dressing
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| | |
| * '''suku''' (ZHO [[wiktionary:足夠|足夠]]) - ''v'' - be enough; adequate; sufficient; ample
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| * '''sula''' (HIN [[wiktionary:सुलभ|सुलभ]]) - ''v/n'' - light; easy; convenient; gentle; soft
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| | |
| == t ==
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| | |
| * '''ta''' (ZHO [[wiktionary:大#Definitions|大]]) - ''v'' - (be) big; large; heavy; long; tall | ''part'' very (much/many); extremely
| |
| * '''tali''' (ARA [[wiktionary:تال|تال]]) - ''v/n'' - order; sequence; be next; subsequent
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| * '''tanka''' (ENG/GER [[wiktionary:thank|thank]]/[[wiktionary:danke|danke]]) - ''v/part'' - thank; show appreciation; express gratitude
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| * '''tapo''' (ZHO [[wiktionary:打破|打破]]) - ''v/n'' - destruction; damage; wreck; break; destroy
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| * '''te''' (SPA/ZHO [[wiktionary:de#Spanish|de]]/[[wiktionary:的#Etymology_2|的]]) - ''prep'' - of; from
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| * '''tela''' or '''talo''' (PIE [[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/talō|del]]) - ''v'' - talk; speak; discuss; say; tell | ''n'' - language; discussion; conversation
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| * '''tenpo''' (SPA [[wiktionary:tiempo#Spanish|tiempo]]) - ''n'' - time; hour; period; age
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| * '''tiya''' (SPA [[wiktionary:tía#Spanish|tía]]) - ''n'' - aunt/uncle
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| * '''toma''' (SPA [[wiktionary:tomar#Spanish|tomar]]) - ''v'' - eat; drink; ingest | ''n'' - eating; drinking
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| * '''tonpa''' (ZHO [[wiktionary:同胞|同胞]]) - ''n'' - sibling; compatriot; friend
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| * '''tonye''' (ZHO [[wiktionary:同一|同一]]) - ''part'' - same; replicate; duplicate
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| * '''tonye''' (ZHO [[wiktionary:讀書|讀書]]) - ''v/n'' - discern; find out; learn
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| == u ==
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| | |
| == w ==
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| * '''wa''' (ZHO [[wiktionary:我|我]]) - ''pro'' - I; me [1sg]
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| * '''waya''' (HIN [[wiktionary:वयस्क|वयस्क]]) - ''v'' - grow; mature; develop | ''n'' - adult; mature thing
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| * '''weko''' (SPA [[wiktionary:hueco|hueco]]) - ''n'' - door, hole, orifice, window; port
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| * '''wela''' (SPA [[wiktionary:fuera|fuera]]) - ''v/prep'' - (be/go) outside; exterior; surface
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| * '''wenta''' (SPA [[wiktionary:viento|viento]]) - ''v/n'' - air; wind; void; essence; spirit
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| * '''wika''' (HIN [[wiktionary:विकट#Hindi|विकट]]) - ''v/n'' - difficult; hard; arduous; uncomfortable; problem
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| * '''wino''' (SPA [[wiktionary:vino#Spanish|vino]]) - ''v/n'' - (drink) alcohol; beer; wine
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| * '''wite''' (PIE [[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/weyd-|weyd]]) - ''v'' - look; see; observe; watch; read
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| == y ==
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| | |
| * '''ya''' (ARA [[wiktionary:يا#Arabic|يا]]) - ''part'' - vocative marker [VOC]; hey; let's ~
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| * '''yame''' (ARA [[wiktionary:جمع#Arabic|جمع]]) - ''v'' - gather; group; collect | ''n'' - gathering; group; collection; set
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| * '''yati''' (ARA [[wiktionary:يد#Arabic|يد]]) - ''n'' - arm, hand, tactile organ
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| | |
| * '''yeko''' (ZHO [[wiktionary:以後#Chinese|以後]]) - ''prep'' - after; afterward(s); later | ''n'' - back; behind; rear
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| * '''yo''' (ZHO [[wiktionary:有#Chinese|有]]) - ''v'' - have; possess; hold
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| * '''yu''' (ZHO [[wiktionary:於#Etymology|於]]) - ''prep'' - in; at; to; by; than; out of [strictly locative]
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| * '''yuma''' (ARA [[wiktionary:يوم#Arabic|يوم]]) - ''n'' - day; daylight; 24 hour period
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| | |
| == zzz ==
| |
| | |
| 121 early
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| 122 late
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| 123 important
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| 124 interesting
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| 125 fun
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| 126 boring
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| 127 beautiful
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| 128 big
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| 129 small
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| 130 happy
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| 131 sad
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| 132 busy
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| 133 excited
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| 134 tired
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| 135 ready
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| 136 favorite
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| 137 new
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| 138 right (meaning “correct”)
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| 139 wrong
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| 140 true
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| 141 Pronouns
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| 142
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| 143 I / me / my
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| 144
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| 145 I
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| 146 you
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| 147 she
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| 148 he
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| 149 it
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| 150 we
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| 151 you (plural)
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| 152 they
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| 153 Nouns
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| 154
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| 155
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| 156
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| 157 everything
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| 158 something
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| 159 nothing
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| 160 everyone
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| 161 someone
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| 162 no one
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| 163 (name of the language you’re studying)
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| 164 English
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| 165 thing
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| 166 person
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| 167 place
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| 168 time (as in “a long time”)
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| 169 time (as in “I did it 3 times”)
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| 170 friend
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| 171 woman
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| 172 man
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| 173 money
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| 174 country
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| 175 (name of your home country)
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| 176 city
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| 177 language
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| 178 word
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| 179 food
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| 180 house
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| 181 store
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| 182 office
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| 183 company
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| 184 manager
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| 185 coworker
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| 186 job
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| 187 work (as in “I have a lot of work to do”)
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| 188 problem
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| 189 question
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| 190 idea
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| 191 life
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| 192 world
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| 193 day
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| 194 year
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| 195 week
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| 196 month
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| 197 hour
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| 198 mother, father, parent
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| 199 daughter, son, child
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| 200 wife, husband
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| 201 girlfriend, boyfriend
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| 202 More Verbs
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| 203
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| 204 work (as in a person working)
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| 205 work (meaning “to function”, e.g. “the TV works”)
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| 206 see
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| 207 use
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| 208 should
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| 209 believe
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| 210 practice
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| 211 seem
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| 212 come
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| 213 leave
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| 214 return
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| 215 give
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| 216 take
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| 217 bring
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| 218 look for
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| 219 find
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| 220 get (meaning “obtain”)
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| 221 receive
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| 222 buy
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| 223 try
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| 224 start
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| 225 stop (doing something)
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| 226 finish
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| 227 continue
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| 228 wake up
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| 229 get up
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| 230 eat
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| 231 eat breakfast (in several languages, this is a verb)
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| 232 eat lunch
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| 233 eat dinner
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| 234 happen
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| 235 feel
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| 236 create (aka “make”)
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| 237 cause (aka “make”)
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| 238 meet (meeting someone for the first time)
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| 239 meet (meaning “to bump into”)
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| 240 meet (an arranged meeting)
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| 241 ask (a question)
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| 242 ask for (aka “request”)
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| 243 wonder
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| 244 reply
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| 245 mean
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| 246 read
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| 247 write
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| 248 listen
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| 249 hear
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| 250 remember
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| 251 forget
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| 252 choose
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| 253 decide
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| 254 be born
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| 255 die
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| 256 kill
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| 257 live
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| 258 stay
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| 259 change
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| 260 help
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| 261 send
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| 262 study
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| 263 improve
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| 264 hope
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| 265 care
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| 266 Phrases
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| 267
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| 268 hello
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| 269 goodbye
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| 270 thank you
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| 271 you’re welcome
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| 272 excuse me (to get someone’s attention)
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| 273 sorry
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| 274 it’s fine (response to an apology)
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| 275 please
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| 276 yes
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| 277 no
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| 278 okay
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| 279 My name is
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| 280 What’s your name?
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| 281 Nice to meet you.
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| 282 How are you?
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| 283 I’m doing well, how about you?
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| 284 Sorry? / What? (if you didn’t hear something)
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| 285 How do you say ______?
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| 286 What does ______ mean?
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| 287 I don’t understand.
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| 288 Could you repeat that?
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| 289 Could you speak more slowly, please?
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| 290 Well (as in “well, I think…”)
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| 291 Really?
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| 292 I guess that
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| 293 It’s hot. (talking about the weather)
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| 294 It’s cold. (talking about the weather)
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