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| {{Kala 2}} | | {{Kala 2}} |
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| | <big>'''THIS SECTION IS CURRENTLY BEING UPDATED TO REFLECT A NEW GRAMMAR.'''</big> |
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| The Kala conlang... | | The Kala conlang... |
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| * [[Kala/calendar|calendar]] | | * [[Kala/calendar|calendar]] |
| | * [[Kala/chat|conversations]] |
| | * [[Kala/etymology|etymology]] |
| | ** [[Kala/roots|roots]] |
| * [[Kala/lexicon|lexicon]] | | * [[Kala/lexicon|lexicon]] |
| | ** [[Kala/affixes|affixes]] |
| ** [[Kala/lexicon/theme|thematic lexicon]] | | ** [[Kala/lexicon/theme|thematic lexicon]] |
| | * [[Kala/particles|particles]] |
| * [[Kala/phrases|phrases]] | | * [[Kala/phrases|phrases]] |
| * [[Kala/syllables|syllables]]
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| * [[Kala/affixes|word formation]] | | * [[Kala/affixes|word formation]] |
| * [[Kala/writing|writing]] | | * [[Kala/writing|writing]] |
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| = Introduction =
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| == Word Order ==
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| === Comparisons ===
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| When things being compared have equal characteristics, the comparison of equality is used.
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| * '''mita kue tahi taha''' - <small>dog like boy big</small> - ''The dog is as big as the boy.''
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| * '''mpa'a kue mosa niha''' - <small>movie like book nice</small> - ''The movie is as good as the book.''
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| If two things are not equal, they are unequal.
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| * '''nanku ke manyo itlok''' - <small>1pl.RECP O height same-NEG</small> - ''We are not the same height''.
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| * '''ta kue na manyoha''' - <small>2sg like 1sg height-AUG</small> - ''You are taller than I.''
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| * '''ke no ta'o poku itlok''' - <small>O thing two cost same-NEG</small> - ''The two items do not cost the same.''
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| * '''potonyo kue ninka mpahaka''' - <small>photo-tool as television expensive-AUG</small> - ''The camera is more expensive than the television.''
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| === Questions ===
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| There are two types of questions: Polar, those which may be answered "yes" or "no," and those which require explanations as answers. Any statement can become a polar question by adding the interrogative particle '''ka''' at the end of the sentence.
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| * '''mita ina''' - <small>dog eat</small> - ''The dog eats.''
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| ** '''mita ina ka''' - <small>dog eat Q</small> - ''Does the dog eat?''
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| The other type of question contains a question word and is followed by '''ka''':
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| * '''ke mita ina ka''' - <small>O dog eat Q</small> - ''What does the dog eat?''
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| * '''ko ina ka''' - <small>person eat Q</small> - ''Who eats?''
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| * '''koyo mita ina ka''' - <small>person-POSS dog eat Q</small> - ''Whose dog eats?''
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| * '''to mita ina ka''' - <small>manner dog eat Q</small> - ''How does the dog eat?''
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| * '''mo mita ina ka''' - <small>place dog eat Q</small> - ''Where does the dog eat?''
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| * '''nye mita ina ka''' - <small>reason dog eat Q</small> - ''Why does the dog eat?''
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| * '''ama mita ina ka''' - <small>time dog eat Q</small> - ''When does the dog eat?''
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| * '''uku mita ina ka''' - <small>amount dog eat Q</small> - ''How much/many does the dog eat?''
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| * '''ula mita ina ka''' - <small>any dog eat Q</small> - ''Which dog eats?''
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| == Borrowing ==
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| Kala borrows extensively from various natural languages. This is a very small sample of borrowings:
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| * '''kala''' – ''to speak, talk, converse''; from Arabic [[Wiktionary:تكلم|''takallama'']]
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| * '''na''' – ''I, me''; from Arabic [[Wiktionary:أنا|''ʾanā'']]
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| * '''pato''' – ''duck (Anatidae)''; from Spanish [[Wiktionary:pato|''pato'']]
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| * '''tsenka''' – ''orange''; from Chinese [[Wiktionary:橙|''chéng'']]
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| * '''uasi''' – ''to take, get, acquire''; from Lakota [[Wiktionary:wasi'chu|''wasichu'']]
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| * '''myonta''' – ''to allow, permit''; from Finnish [[Wiktionary:myöntää|''myöntää'']]
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| * '''a''' – ''to be, exist, yes''; from Japanese [[Wiktionary:ある|''aru'']]
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| == Parts of Speech ==
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| '''Kala''' has three parts of speech, each with several subgroups. Nouns and verbs are substantive, while particles tend to be only functional.
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| # '''noma''' - nouns
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| ## '''nkalo''' - personal pronouns
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| ## '''uatse''' - demonstratives
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| # '''uati''' - verbs
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| ## '''pusa''' - adverbials
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| ## '''tatse''' - locative verbs (prepositions)
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| ## '''keyo''' - descriptive verbs (adjectives)
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| # '''peya''' - particles
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| ## '''nita''' - interjections
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| ## '''eka''' - affixes
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| = Morphology =
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| == Nouns ==
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| === Number ===
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| ==== general plural ====
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| Kala does not require the plural be marked if it is understood through context, and only animate pronouns are marked, whereas inanimate nouns need not be marked. General plurals are formed with –'''m''' (or –'''lo''' if the final syllable contains '''m''').
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| * '''mita / mitam''' - dog / dogs
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| * '''kuma / kumalo''' - bear / bears
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| ==== mass nouns ====
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| Mass nouns include liquids, powders, and substances, such as '''maya''' (water), '''hyeka''' (sand), and '''tleno''' (wood). They do not normally require determiners or the plural. However, one may add these to indicate specific examples or different types:
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| * '''tlenom''' – woods (e.g. various kinds)
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| * '''mayam''' - waters (e.g. various locations)
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| ==== collective ====
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| The collective plural is marked by '''tli'''-, derived from '''tatli''', meaning ''group; collection; gathering''. It is mainly used to indicate collectives of animals, but can also indicate groups of flora, geographic features, and various other groupings. This is called the collective plural ('''COL''').
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| * '''mita''' – dog / '''tlimita''' – pack of dogs
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| * '''yama''' – mountain / '''tliyamalo''' – mountain range
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| * '''tsaka''' – house / '''tlitsaka''' – neighborhood
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| * '''puku''' – clothing / '''tlipuku''' – wardrobe
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| ==== other quantifiers ====
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| === Personal Pronouns ===
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| == Particles ==
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| === Conjunctions ===
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| * '''ma''' - and; also; too; as well
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| * '''ehe''' ('''me''') - but; yet; however
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| * '''ua''' - or; either
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| * '''ue''' - either X or Y
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| * '''uenke''' ('''uek''') - neither X nor Y
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| * '''yatli''' - therefore; if X then Y
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| * '''yema''' - both X and Y
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| === Function words ===
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| === Interjections ===
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| [[Category:Conlangs]] | | [[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:Conscripts]][[Category:Kala]] |
