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{{Kala 2}}
{{Kala 2}}


__NOTOC__
{{wip}}


== pronunciation ==
<big>'''THIS SECTION IS CURRENTLY BEING UPDATED TO REFLECT A NEW GRAMMAR.'''</big>


* Where '''~''' appears, it indicates [[wp:Free_variation|free variation]] between phonemes.
The Kala conlang...


=== vowels ===
* [[Kala/calendar|calendar]]
* [[Kala/chat|conversations]]
* [[Kala/etymology|etymology]]
** [[Kala/roots|roots]]
* [[Kala/lexicon|lexicon]]
** [[Kala/affixes|affixes]]
** [[Kala/lexicon/theme|thematic lexicon]]
* [[Kala/particles|particles]]
* [[Kala/phrases|phrases]]
* [[Kala/affixes|word formation]]
* [[Kala/writing|writing]]


{| class="wikitable"
|-
!
!'''Front'''
!'''Central'''
!'''Back'''
|-align=center
!'''Close'''
|{{IPA|i~i:}} '''(i)'''  || || {{IPA|u~u:}} '''(u)'''
|-align=center
!'''Mid'''
|{{IPA|e~e:}} '''(e)''' || || {{IPA|o~o:}} '''(o)'''
|-align=center
!'''Open'''
| || {{IPA|a~a:}} '''(a)''' ||
|}


==== diphthongs ====


* Both of the falling [[wp:Diphthong|diphthongs]] as well as '''uai''' and '''yao''' only occur word finally.


===== falling =====


*{{IPA|[aɪ~aɪ:]}} - '''ai'''
[[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:Conscripts]][[Category:Kala]]
*{{IPA|[aʊ~aʊ:]}} - '''ao'''
 
===== rising =====
 
*{{IPA|[wa~wa:]}} - '''ua'''
*{{IPA|[waɪ~waɪ:]}} - '''uai'''
*{{IPA|[ja~ja:]}} - '''ya'''
*{{IPA|[jaʊ~jaʊ:]}} - '''yao'''
*{{IPA|[je~je:]}} - '''ye'''
*{{IPA|[jo~jo:]}} - '''yo'''
 
=== consonants ===
 
{| class="IPA wikitable"
! rowspan="2"|
! rowspan="2"|Labial
! colspan="2"|Dental
! rowspan="2"|Palatal
! colspan="2"|Velar
! rowspan="2"|Glottal
|-align=center
!<small>central</small>
!<small>lateral</small>
!<small>plain</small>
!<small>labial</small>
|-align=center
! Nasal
| {{IPA|m}} '''(m)'''
| {{IPA|n}} '''(n)'''
|
| {{IPA|ɲ}} '''(ny)'''
|
|
|
|-align=center
!Plosive
| {{IPA|p~b}} '''(p)'''
| {{IPA|t~d}} '''(t)'''
|
|
| {{IPA|k~g}} '''(k)'''
| {{IPA|ʔ}} '''(')'''
|-align=center
!Fricative
|
| {{IPA|s}} '''(s)'''
|
| {{IPA|ʃ}} '''(s)'''
|
|
| {{IPA|h~ɦ}} '''(h)'''
|-align=center
!Affricate
|
| {{IPA|ts}} '''(ts)'''
| {{IPA|tɬ}} '''(tl)'''
| {{IPA|tʃ}} '''(ts)'''
|
|
|
|-align=center
! Approximant
|
|
| {{IPA|l~r}} '''(l)'''
| {{IPA|j}} '''(y)'''
|
| {{IPA|w}} '''(u)'''
|
|}
 
==== allophony ====
 
* /h/ > /ɦ/ when preceded or followed by a front vowel.
* The [[wp:Glottal_stop|glottal stop]] is not phonemic but is included in the chart above. It is pronounced between two vowels and/or diphthongs that are not connected.
* <'''s'''> & <'''ts'''> are /ʃ/ and /tʃ/ respectively, unless immediately preceded or followed by one another, then <'''s'''> is always /s/ and <'''ts'''> is always /tʃ/.
* However, one could pronounce them either way (e.g. always /s/ & /ts/) and still be understood.
 
*Example:
 
:'''sitsa''' - /'si:.tʃa/ - warmth, heat / warm, hot / to heat up
:'''tsasu''' - /'tʃa:.su/ - cursive writing; having successive letters joined together
 
==== phonotactics ====
 
* Kala phonotactics does not allow the onsets of adjacent syllables to be identical, nor both to be [[wp:Labialization|labialized]] or [[wp:Palatalization|palatalized]].
** There are a few exceptions to this, such as '''tata''' for the informal/familiar form of father, etc.
* Syllables beginning with /l/ do not occur as the first syllable of a headword.
 
==== syllable structure ====
 
* ''See also'': [[Kala/syllables|Syllables]]
 
*(N)(C)V/D(F)
**N - nasal; prenasal; /n/ or /m/
**C - consonant
**V - vowel
**D - diphthong
**F - final; coda
 
*The three codas are /k/, /m/, and /n/; these only occur as a final codas to negate, pluralize or adverbialize verbs and nouns, respectively.
 
==== stress ====
 
* In Kala stress falls on the [[wp:Stress_(linguistics)|penultimate]] syllable with the exceptions of negatives and words that end with a syllable onset palatal approximant, in which case stress is [[wp:Stress_(linguistics)|ultimate]].
 
==== prenasalized consonants ====
 
* In Kala, almost every consonant can be [[wp:Prenasalized_consonant|prenasalized]], but primarily the plosives /p/, /t/ and /k/ can be analyzed as prenasalized,while most other instances could be easily analyzed as cases  of [[wp:Syllabic_consonant|syllabic]] /n/ or /m/.
 
* '''mp''' /ᵐp~ᵐb/
:Example: '''mpaka''' /ˈᵐpa.ka/ - ''n'' - boundary / border / line
* '''nt''' /ⁿt~ⁿd/
:Example: '''ntama''' /ˈⁿta.ma/ - ''n'' - calf (a young cow or bull)
* '''nk''' /ᵑk~ᵑ/
:Example: '''nkapa''' /ˈᵑka.pa/ - ''n'' - alcohol / grog
 
== sentence structure ==
 
''See also'': [[Kala Sentences]]
 
* Most sentences in [[Kala]] contain a verb phrase, typically denoting the occurrence of an action. A verb phrase consists of a verb plus any modifiers.
 
* Most sentences also contain at least one noun phrase, typically denoting a person or thing. A noun phrase consists of a noun plus any modifiers.
 
* The two most important noun phrases are the subject and the object. Their exact meaning depends on the choice of verb, but
:loosely speaking, the subject is the person or thing that carries out the action, and the object is the person or thing that is directly affected by the action.
 
* [[Kala]] has an extremely regular grammar, with very few exceptions to its rules. Sentences are made up of one or more phrases. Each phrase consists of a subject (optionally followed by modifying particles) and a verb (optionally followed by modifying particles).
 
=== word order ===
 
* [[Kala]] phrase structure can be represented as follows:
 
: ''(temporal adverb) subject-(modifier) (particle) ((object)-(modifier)) verb-(modifier) (particle)''
: or, more simply '''SOV'''
 
== parts of speech ==
 
=== verbs ===
 
* A typical verb denotes the occurrence or abandonment of an action (run, stop), a relationship (have, lose), or a state (stand, melt). Most verbs can be reused without change as a noun.
 
==== tense ====
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:500px;"
! tense || suffix || gloss || example
|-
| remote past || '''-yeha''' || REM || '''nam inayeha'''<br>We ate a long while ago.
|-
| recent past || '''-yehi''' || REC || '''nam inayehi'''<br>We just ate.
|-
| past || '''-ye''' || PST || '''nam inaye'''<br>We ate.
|-
| present || ''not marked''  ||  || '''nam ina'''<br>We eat. / We are eating. / We do eat.
|-
| future || '''-tli''' || FUT || '''nam inatli'''<br>We will eat.
|-
| immediate future || '''-tlihi''' || IMM || '''nam inatlihi'''<br>We will eat soon/now.
|-
| distant future || '''-tliha''' || DIS || '''nam inatliha'''<br>We will eat a long while from now.
|}
* Kala does not distinguish perfect and imperfect aspects of the verb (e.g. "I ate", "I used to eat", "I have eaten", "I had eaten").
* If a temporal adverb is used, the tense suffix may be omitted.
:''Example'': We ate yesterday.
::{|
|'''yomaye'''  ||'''nam'''  ||'''ina''' 
|-
|day-{{sc|pst}}  ||1{{sc|pl}}  ||eat 
|}
 
==== modifiers ====
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:600px;"
! usage || suffix || from || example
|-
| ability, can || '''-pa''' || '''pala'''<br>to be able, can || '''na yalapa'''<br>I am able to go.
|-
| attempt, try || '''-pya''' || '''upya'''<br>to attempt; to try || '''na yalapya'''<br>I am trying to leave.
|-
| negation || '''-k''' || '''nke'''<br>no, not; negative || '''na yalak'''<br>I am not going.
|-
| beginning, initiate || '''-mu''' || '''mula'''<br>start; begin || '''na yalamu'''<br>I begin to go. / I'm starting to leave.
|-
| permission; allow || '''-myo''' || '''myonta'''<br>to allow; permit || '''na yalamyo'''<br>I am allowed to go.
|-
| should, ought to || '''-ne''' || '''neya'''<br>should, to ought to || '''na yalane'''<br>I should go.
|-
| need, necessity || '''-he''' || '''heya'''<br>to need; require || '''na yalahe'''<br>I need to go.
|-
| deintensify || '''-hi''' || '''ahi'''<br>small; little || '''na inahi'''<br>I am snacking.
|-
| appear, seem || '''-tse''' || '''tse'e'''<br>to seem; appearance || '''ha yalatse'''<br>He seems to be going.
|-
| want, desire || '''-ue''' || '''ueha'''<br>to want; desire || '''na yalaue'''<br>I want to go.
|-
| intention, volition || '''-ue''' || '''ueyo'''<br>to intend to || '''na yalaue'''<br>I intend to go.
|}
 
=== nouns ===
 
* Nouns include [[wp:Pronoun|pronouns]], [[wp:Adjective|adjectives]] (nouns of quality), and [[wp:Determiner_(linguistics)|determiners]].
 
==== plurality ====
* A countable noun (or "count noun") can be modified by a number, and can accept the plural. Typical countable nouns represent objects that are clearly individual entities, such as houses, cats, and thoughts. For example:
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:400px;"
! || root || usage || example
|-
| '''-m''' || '''ma''' || general plural || '''tsakam'''<br>houses
|-
| '''-mha''' || '''ma''' + '''-ha''' || indefinite abundance || '''tsakamha'''<br>many/a lot houses
|-
| '''-mi''' || '''ma''' + '''-hi''' || indefinite insufficiency || '''tsakami'''<br>few houses
|-
| '''tli-''' || '''tatli'''  || collective plural || '''tlikuma'''<br>sleuth of bears
|-
| '''-lo''' || '''ma''' || alternative to '''-m''' || '''yamalo'''<br>mountains
|}
 
* When modified by a number, general plurals need not be marked. Example:
: '''tsaka ta'o''' - Two houses.
 
==== affect / degree ====
 
* The diminutive is formed with '''-hi''', and the augmentative with '''-ha'''.
These are respectively realized as '''-ki''' and '''-ka''' when attached to a word that has a final syllable onset of /h/.
:Example : '''ina''' - food, meal | '''inahi''' - snack, morsel | '''inaha''' - feast, banquet
:Example : '''tsaka''' - house, home, dwelling | '''tsakahi''' - shack, hut, cabin | '''tsakaha''' - palace, mansion
 
* These are also used to differentiate hue, or shade.
:Example : '''yanahi''' - light yellow, '''kuyaha''' - dark green
 
==== comparative / superlative ====
 
* In [[Kala]] the concepts of comparative and superlative degree of an adjective (verb) are merged into a single form, the elative. How this form is understood or translated depends upon context and definiteness. In the absence of comparison, the elative conveys the notion of “greatest”, “supreme.”
 
*Example
: '''tahaka'''
: bigger/biggest
::'''tsaka hayo ke nayo tahaka'''
:: house {{sc|3sg-poss}} {{sc|obj}} {{sc|1sg-poss}} big-{{sc|aug}}
:: ''His house is bigger than mine.''
*Example
: '''yanaha'''
: more yellow/most yellow
::'''ke mauam tayo yanaha'''
:: {{sc|obj}} flower.{{sc|pl}} {{sc|2sg-poss}} yellow-{{sc|aug}}
:: ''Your flowers are the most yellow.''
 
==== gender ====
* Nouns do not normally indicate their gender. To distinguish the sexes, the suffixes '''-ta''' and '''-na''' are used:
 
* '''uma''' - horse
: '''umata''' - a male horse, a stallion
: '''umana''' - a female horse, a mare
 
==== pronouns ====
 
* [[Kala]] generally distinguishes four persons, the fourth person indicating abstract and inanimate nouns – both in the singular and plural numbers.
* There is also a distinction between inclusive (I/we and you) and exclusive (we but not you) forms of the first person plural.
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:500px;"
|-
! || Nominative || Accusative || Possessive || Reflexive || Reciprocal
|-
| {{sc|1sg}}
|| '''na''' || '''ena''' || '''nayo''' || '''na'i''' || ''' '''
|-
| {{sc|2sg}}
|| '''ta''' || '''eta''' || '''tayo''' || '''ta'i''' || ''' '''
|-
| {{sc|3sg}}
|| '''ha''' || '''eha''' || '''hayo''' || '''ha'i''' || ''' '''
|-
| {{sc|4sg}}
|| '''tla''' || '''etla''' || '''tlayo''' || '''tla'i''' || ''' '''
|-
| {{sc|1pl}}
|| '''nam''' || '''enam''' || '''namyo''' || '''nami''' || '''nanku'''
|-
| {{sc|1pl.excl}}
|| '''na'am''' || '''ena'am''' || '''na'amyo''' || '''na'ami''' || '''na'anku'''
|-
| {{sc|2pl}}
|| '''tam''' || '''etam''' || '''tamyo''' || '''tami''' || '''tanku'''
|-
| {{sc|3pl}}
|| '''kam''' || '''ekam''' || '''kamyo''' || '''kami''' || '''kanku'''
|-
| {{sc|4pl}}
|| '''tlam''' || '''etlam''' || '''tlamyo''' || '''tlami''' || '''tlanku'''
|-
|}
 
*Example:
:{|
|'''eta'''||'''nahe'''||'''tsaka'''||'''hayo'''||'''a'''
|-
|{{sc|acc}}-2sg||inside||house||3sg-{{sc|poss}}||be
|}
 
==== correlative pronouns ====
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:900px;"
! || ''query'' || ''proximal'' || ''medial'' || ''distal'' || ''indefinite'' || ''negative'' || ''ambiguous'' || ''universal'' || ''generalized''
|-
| ''adjective'' || '''ote'''<br>which || '''itla'''<br>this || '''uatla'''<br>that || '''yetla'''<br>that (there) || '''iha'''<br>some || '''-k'''<br>none || '''ula'''<br>any || '''kua'''<br>every || '''ote'''<br>whichever
|-
| ''person'' || '''ko'''<br>who || '''iko'''<br>this person || '''uako'''<br>that person || '''yeko'''<br>that person (there) || '''hyako'''<br>someone || '''tlok'''<br>no one || '''kola'''<br>anyone || '''tlokua'''<br>everyone || '''teko'''<br>who(m)ever
|-
| ''thing'' || '''ke'''<br>what || '''itla'''<br>this || '''uatla'''<br>that || '''yetla'''<br>that (there) || '''hyano'''<br>something || '''nok'''<br>no thing || '''nola'''<br>anything || '''nokua'''<br>everything || '''ote'''<br>whatever
|-
| ''time'' || '''ama'''<br>when || '''ima'''<br>now || '''uama'''<br>then || '''yeme'''<br>then (yon) || '''hyama'''<br>sometime || '''amak'''<br>never || '''tlama'''<br>anytime || '''kuama'''<br>always || '''tema'''<br>whenever
|-
| ''place'' || '''mo'''<br>where || '''hina'''<br>here || '''uana'''<br>there || '''yemo'''<br>there (away) || '''hyamo'''<br>somewhere || '''mok'''<br>nowhere || '''mola'''<br>anywhere || '''mokua'''<br>everywhere || '''temo'''<br>wherever
|-
| ''way'' || '''to'''<br>how || '''yoto'''<br>thus || ''' ''' || ''' ''' || '''hyato'''<br>somehow || '''tok'''<br>no way || ''' ''' || ''' ''' || '''heto'''<br>however
|-
| ''amount'' || '''uku'''<br>how many || ''' ''' || ''' ''' || ''' ''' || ''' ''' || '''ok'''<br>none || ''' ''' || ''' ''' || '''teku'''<br>however much/many
|-
| ''reason'' || '''nye'''<br>why || ''' ''' || ''' ''' || ''' ''' || ''' ''' || ''' ''' || ''' ''' || ''' ''' || '''tenye'''<br>whyever
|}
 
* To form a question, the queries are placed at the begining of a phrase and [[Kala_lexicon#ka|'''ka''']] is placed at the end. Example:
 
* '''tam yala''' - ''{{sc|2pl}} go'' - You all are going.
: '''ama tam yala ka''' - ''time {{sc|2pl}} go {{sc|q}}'' - When are you all going?
 
==  compound sentences (subordinate clauses)==
 
* While he was spearing mudbugs, he heard a dog singing.
 
* If you want good beer, you should make your own beer.
 
* While looking for tubers, I saw a nun in a clearing.
 
* If you ate the toad (which you might have), you might get sick.
 
* If you ate the toad (which you didn't), you would be dead.
 
== adjectives ==
 
* [[Kala]] uses verbs instead of having proper adjectives. For example;
 
* '''na nyota'''
: {{sc|1sg}} thirst
: ''I am thirsty.''
 
* '''tla kiha'''
: {{sc|4sg}} be.tall
: ''It is tall.'' (lit: it talls)
 
* '''nam ke punka ketla inaye'''
: {{sc|1pl}} {{sc|obj}} fruit be.red eat-{{sc|pst}}
: ''We ate the red fruit.''
 
== adverbs ==
 
* An adverbial precedes the clause it modifies.
 
* ''I drank thirstily.''
:{|
|'''nyotan'''  ||'''na''' ||'''inuye''' 
|-
|thirst.{{sc|adv}}  ||1{{sc|sg}}  ||drink-{{sc|pst}} 
|}
 
* ''She will sleep quietly.''
:{|
|'''kyo'an'''  ||'''ha''' ||'''mokutli''' 
|-
|quiet.{{sc|adv}}  ||3{{sc|sg}}  ||sleep-{{sc|fut}} 
|}
 
== prepositions & conjunctions ==
 
=== prepositions ===
 
* relational
# '''taye''' - pertaining to; regarding; about; a matter of
# '''te''' - of; from [{{sc|gen}}]
# '''mahe''' - approximately; around; close to
# '''ma'a''' - with [accompanied by; furnished with]; together
# '''ma'ak''' - without; with no ...
# '''nya''' - for [benefit; purpose of], [{{sc|ben}}]; by [actor; author]
# '''atse''' - opposite; the other side
 
* spatial
# '''pue''' - back; behind; rear
# '''tahe''' - below; under; beneath; underneath
# '''kaye''' - around; encircling; surrounding
# '''ka'e''' - to; towards; at [moving toward]
# '''maye''' - between; among
# '''ma'e''' - before; ahead of; in front of
# '''nahe''' - into; within; in [located inside of]
# '''saye''' - along; following [a line]
# '''hue''' - at [in the same location as]
# '''tsa'e''' - across ; through; beyond; past
# '''atse''' - across; opposite; the other side
# '''enye''' - outside of; exterior to
# '''uaye''' - from [moving out of or away from]
# '''ua'e''' - above; over [space]
# '''yane''' - beside; by; next to; near; close to
 
* temporal
# '''pue''' - afterwards; after; later
# '''ma'e''' - before; earlier
# '''naye''' - during; hence
# '''tsaye''' - since; until
 
=== conjunctions ===
 
* '''ma'''  -  and; also; too; as well
* '''me'''  -  but, however, and not
* '''ua'''  -  or
* ''' ''' -  so, therefore
* '''ke''' -  that, whether
* '''ama''' -  when (temporal)
* '''naye''' -  while, during, as
* '''iya''' -  if (conditional)
* '''nye''' -  because, since
* ''' ''' -  in order that (purpose)
* ''' ''' -  even when, even if, albeit, still
* ''' ''' -  anyway, although, on the other hand
 
== relative clauses ==
 
* ''He broke the bone which I gave him.''
: '''ha ke ueso na'eha yetaye tanyaye'''
: 3{{sc|sg}} {{sc|p}} bone 1{{sc|sg}}-{{sc|a.p}}-3{{sc|sg}} give-{{sc|pst}} break-{{sc|pst}}
 
* ''I saw the car that he bought.''
: '''na ke nkale ha tsumpaye anyaye'''
: 1{{sc|sg}} {{sc|p}} car 3{{sc|sg}} buy-{{sc|pst}} see-{{sc|pst}}
 
== interjections ==
 
* '''a''' - yes
* '''ak''' - no
** '''nka''' - no! {{sc|emp.neg}}
* '''yata''' - hello / goodbye
** '''hala''' - hey, hi (on the phone)
* '''tsepa''' - please
* '''nyasa''' - thank you
* '''hako''' - you're welcome
* '''niha''' - fine, OK, great
 
=== cursing ===
 
# '''katse''' - epithet; similar to "bastard", "bitch" or "asshole."
# '''kuna''' - shit (''lit'': to defecate)
# '''kyosa''' - fornicate; have sex
# '''nanka''' - general invective; "Damn it!"
# '''tsaya''' (-'''tsa''') - general invective; "Fuck!" or "Shit!"
 
* '''eta kuna'''
: {{sc|p}}.2{{sc|sg}} shit
: ''You are shat. / You are shit.''
 
* '''kya ta'i kyosa'''
: {{sc|imp}} 2{{sc|sg}}.{{sc|refl}} fornicate
: ''Fuck yourself!''
 
* '''onatsa tayo'''
: mother.damned 2{{sc|sg}}.{{sc|poss}}
: ''mother fucker'' / ''your damned mother''
 
== numbers ==
 
=== cardinal numbers ===
 
*'''e'o''' - zero; null
*'''na'o''' - one
*'''ta'o''' - two
*'''ha'o''' - three
*'''ma'o''' - four
*'''ya'o''' - five
*'''tsa'o''' - six
*'''ka'o''' - seven
*'''pa'o''' - eight
*'''sa'o''' - nine
*'''ue'o''' - ten
-
*'''nye'o''' - (one) hundred; 10<sup>2</sup>
*'''nya'o''' - five hundred
*'''tle'o''' - (one) thousand; 10<sup>3</sup>
*'''mue'o''' - ten thousand; 10<sup>4</sup>
*'''kye'o''' - (one) hundred thousand; 10<sup>5</sup>
*'''nte'o''' - (one) million; 10<sup>6</sup>
*'''hue'o''' - (one) billion; 10<sup>9</sup>
 
=== higher numbers ===
 
* '''uena'o''' - eleven / 11
* '''taue'o''' - twenty / 20
* '''nyeka'o''' - one hundred seven / 107
* '''hanyetauetsa'o''' (''long form'') | '''hatatsa'o''' (''short form'') - three hundred twenty six / 326
* '''tsatletauema'o''' - six thousand and twenty four / 6024
 
== expressions of time ==
 
* Tense markers are often replaced by time expressions. Here are a few of the more common ones:
 
* '''iyoma''' - today
* '''iyohua''' - tonight
* '''yomaye''' - yesterday
* '''yomatli''' - tomorrow
* '''yomua''' - morning
* '''puama''' - evening
* '''yomuatli''' - tomorrow morning
* '''yohuaye''' - last night
* '''sayo''' - month
* '''anyo''' - year
* '''anyotlipua''' - end of next year
* '''anyoye ue'o''' - ten years ago
* '''sayotli ta'o''' - in two months
 
== ordering of phrases ==
 
* I will eat pig.
* It is pig that I will eat.
* He broke the bone.
* The bone broke/was broken.
* I was bitten.
* He wants to be beaten.
* The broken bone.
* I gave the fruit to the child.
* I gave (it) to the child.
* I gave the fruit.
* The fruit was given to the child.
* Give (me) the big bone now.
 
== causative constructions ==
 
* Constructions with '''-mya''' (from [[Kala_lexicon#ma|'''muya''']]), to do, make:
 
* I am making the beer.
* I am keeping him from eating.
* I will kill him.
* What did you kill?
 
* Note: In English, verbs can be transitive or intransitive, as in "The house burned" or "I burned the house". In Kala, a causative construction is used:
 
* The house is burning.
* I am burning the house.
 
== compounding ==
 
* Kala compounding is right-branching. Kala also reduces redundant syllables.
 
* '''nyepana''' - raincloud
# '''nyepa''' - cloud
# '''pana''' - rain
 
* '''ilamo''' - airport
# '''ila''' - fly; hover
# '''mo''' - place; locale
 
== creating nouns from verbs ==
 
* A noun can be created from a verb root, as with [[Kala_lexicon#a|'''ina''']], to eat:
 
* '''inako''' - eater
* '''inano''' - food, thing eaten
* '''inama''' - eating-time
* '''inamo''' - eating-place
* '''inamya''' - act of eating
* '''inanyoo''' - eating instrument
* '''inape''' - portion of food, meal
* '''inato''' - manner of eating
 
== Index ==
 
{{Kala index}}
 
[[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:Kala]]

Latest revision as of 10:58, 7 December 2021


THIS SECTION IS CURRENTLY BEING UPDATED TO REFLECT A NEW GRAMMAR.

The Kala conlang...