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{{Kala 2}}
{{Kala 2}}


__NOTOC__
{{wip}}


*'''Kala''' is meant to be a simple and euphonic personal conlang.
<big>'''THIS SECTION IS CURRENTLY BEING UPDATED TO REFLECT A NEW GRAMMAR.'''</big>


*Many lexical entries are inspired/influenced/borrowed by/from any number of natlangs
The Kala conlang...


==Pronunciation==
* [[Kala/calendar|calendar]]
* [[Kala/chat|conversations]]
* [[Kala/etymology|etymology]]
** [[Kala/roots|roots]]
* [[Kala/lexicon|lexicon]]
** [[Kala/affixes|affixes]]
** [[Kala/lexicon/theme|thematic lexicon]]
* [[Kala/particles|particles]]
* [[Kala/phrases|phrases]]
* [[Kala/affixes|word formation]]
* [[Kala/writing|writing]]


* Where '''~''' appears, it indicates [[Wikipedia:Free_variation|free variation]] between phonemes.


===Vowels===


{| class="wikitable"
|-
!
!'''Front'''
!'''Central'''
!'''Back'''
|-align=center
!'''Close'''
|{{IPA|i~i:}} '''(i)'''  || || {{IPA|u~u:}} '''(u)'''
|-align=center
!'''Mid'''
|{{IPA|e~e:}} '''(e)''' || || {{IPA|o~o:}} '''(o)'''
|-align=center
!'''Open'''
| || {{IPA|a~a:}} '''(a)''' ||
|}


====Diphthongs====


* Both of the falling [[Wikipedia:Diphthong|diphthongs]] as well as '''uai''' and '''yao''' only occur word finally.
[[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:Conscripts]][[Category:Kala]]
 
=====falling=====
 
*{{IPA|[aɪ~aɪ:]}} - '''ai'''
*{{IPA|[aʊ~aʊ:]}} - '''ao'''
 
=====rising=====
 
*{{IPA|[wa~wa:]}} - '''ua'''
*{{IPA|[waɪ~waɪ:]}} - '''uai'''
*{{IPA|[ja~ja:]}} - '''ya'''
*{{IPA|[jaʊ~jaʊ:]}} - '''yao'''
*{{IPA|[je~je:]}} - '''ye'''
*{{IPA|[jo~jo:]}} - '''yo'''
 
===Consonants===
 
{| class="IPA wikitable"
! rowspan="2"|
! rowspan="2"|Labial
! colspan="2"|Dental
! rowspan="2"|Palatal
! colspan="2"|Velar
! rowspan="2"|Glottal
|-align=center
!<small>central</small>
!<small>lateral</small>
!<small>plain</small>
!<small>labial</small>
|-align=center
! Nasal
| {{IPA|m}} '''(m)''' [[File:Naua ma.png]]
| {{IPA|n}} '''(n)''' [[File:Naua na.png]]
|
| {{IPA|ɲ}} '''(ny)''' [[File:Naua nya.png]]
|
|
|
|-align=center
!Plosive
| {{IPA|p~b}} '''(p)''' [[File:Naua pa.png]]
| {{IPA|t~d}} '''(t)''' [[File:Naua ta.png]]
|
|
| {{IPA|k~g}} '''(k)''' [[File:Naua ka.png]]
| {{IPA|kʷ~gʷ}} '''(ku)''' [[File:Naua kua.png]]
| {{IPA|ʔ}} '''(')'''
|-align=center
!Fricative
|
| {{IPA|s}} '''(s)''' [[File:Naua sa2.png]]
|
| {{IPA|ʃ}} '''(s)''' [[File:Naua sa2.png]]
|
|
| {{IPA|h~ɦ}} '''(h)''' [[File:Naua ha.png]]
|-align=center
!Affricate
|
| {{IPA|ts}} '''(ts)''' [[File:Naua tsa.png]]
| {{IPA|tɬ}} '''(tl)''' [[File:Naua tla.png]]
| {{IPA|tʃ}} '''(ts)''' [[File:Naua tsa.png]]
|
|
|
|-align=center
! Approximant
|
|
| {{IPA|l~r}} '''(l)''' [[File:Naua la.png]]
| {{IPA|j}} '''(y)''' [[File:Naua ya.png]]
|
| {{IPA|w}} '''(u)''' [[File:Naua ua.png]]
|
|}
 
* <'''s'''> & <'''ts'''> are /ʃ/ and /tʃ/ respectively, unless immediately preceded or followed by one another, then <'''s'''> is always /s/ and <'''ts'''> is always /tʃ/.
* However, one could pronounce them either way (e.g. always /s/ & /ts/) and still be understood.
 
*Example:
 
:'''sitsa''' - /'si:.tʃa/ - warmth, heat / warm, hot / to heat up
:'''tsasu''' - /'tʃa:.su/ - cursive writing; having successive letters joined together
 
==== Phonotactics ====
 
* Kala phonotactics does not allow the onsets of adjacent syllables to be identical, nor both to be labialised or palatalised.
* Syllables beginning with /l/ do not occur as the first syllable of a morpheme.
 
==== Syllable Structure ====
 
*(N)(C)V/D(F)
**N - nasal; prenasal; /n/ or /m/
**C - consonant
**V - vowel
**D - diphthong
**F - final; coda
 
*The three codas are /k/, /m/, and /n/; these only occur as a final codas to negate, pluralize or adverbialize verbs and nouns, respectively.
 
====Prenasalized consonants====
 
* In Kala, almost every consonant can be [[Wikipedia:Prenasalized_consonant|prenasalized]], but primarily the plosives /p/, /t/ and /k/ can be analyzed as prenasalized,
:while most other instances could be easily analyzed as cases  of [[Wikipedia:Syllabic_consonant|syllabic]] /n/ or /m/.
 
*mp /ᵐp~ᵐb/
:Example: '''mpaka''' /ˈᵐpa.ka/ - n - boundary / border / line
 
*nt /ⁿt~ⁿd/
:Example: '''ntama''' /ˈⁿta.ma/ - n - calf (a young cow or bull)
 
*nk /ᵑk~ᵑ/
:Example: '''nkapa''' /ˈᵑka.pa/ - n - alcohol / grog
 
==Writing System==
 
''See'': [[Kala writing|Moya]]
 
==Grammatical Principles==
 
* The grammar of [[Kala]] should be regarded as a guide indicating how grammatical distinctions of gender, number, tense/aspect, noun, verb and particles are made. I have adopted the Arab grammarian's division into three categories (1) Noun ['''no / ata'''] [[File:Naua no.png]] / [[File:Naua ata.png]], (2) Particle ['''peya'''] [[File:Naua peya.png]], (3) Verb ['''uati'''] [[File:Naua uati.png]]. [[Kala]] does not always follow European models. It discards all redundancies. In English we say “two boys came yesterday”; in [[Kala]] “two boy come yesterday” ['''ta’o tahi yomaye tala'''] it is clear that more than one boy is already indicated by ‘two,’ while ‘yesterday’ shows the time, or tense of the verb.
 
== Sentences ==
 
''See'': [[Kala Sentences]]
 
==Nouns==
 
''See'': [[Kala Nouns]]
 
==Verbs==
 
''See'': [[Kala Verbs]]
 
==Particles==
 
===Prepositions===
 
===Conjunctions===
 
==Questions==
 
''See'': [[Kala Questions]]
 
===Clauses===
 
==Numbers==
 
===Cardinal Numbers===
 
*'''e'o''' - zero / nothing
*'''na'o''' - one
*'''ta'o''' - two
*'''ha'o''' - three
*'''ma'o''' - four
*'''ya'o''' - five
*'''tsa'o''' - six
*'''ka'o''' - seven
*'''pa'o''' - eight
*'''sa'o''' - nine
*'''ue'o''' - ten
*'''nye'o''' - (one) hundred
*'''tle'o''' - (one) thousand
*'''mue'o''' - ten thousand
*'''kye'o''' - (one) hundred thousand
*'''nte'o''' - (one) million
 
=== Higher Numbers ===
 
* '''uena'o''' - eleven / 11
 
* '''taue'o''' - twenty / 20
 
* '''nyeka'o''' - one hundred seven / 107
 
* '''hanyetauetsa'o''' (''long form'') | '''hatatsa'o''' (''short form'') - three hundred twenty six / 326
 
* '''tsatletauema'o''' - six thousand and twenty four / 6024
 
===Ordinal Numbers===
 
* '''ki'''- - ordinal prefix
:Example : '''kisa'o''' - ninth (in a sequence)
:Example : '''kiyanyepa'o''' - 508<sup>th</sup>
 
===Fractions===
 
* '''i'''- - fractional prefix
:Example : '''isa'o''' - a ninth, 1/9
:Example : '''iha'o te pa'o''' - three eighths, 3/8 [lit: a third of eight]
 
== word formation ==
 
=== noun modifiers ===
 
{| class="wikitable" border=1 style="text-align:center; width:700px; height:100px;"
! affix || derived from || definition || example
|-
| -'''pyo''' || [[Kala_lexicon#pa|'''pyoki''']] || illness; sickness; ailment || '''tsinipyo'''<br>diabetes
|-
|}
 
=== verb modifiers ===
 
{| class="wikitable" border=1 style="text-align:center; width:700px; height:100px;"
! affix || derived from || definition || example
|-
| -'''pa''' || [[Kala_lexicon#pa|'''pala''']] || can; able to; capable || '''ta yalapa'''<br>you are able to leave
|-
|}
 
==Punctuation==
 
''See'': [[Kala_writing#punctuation|Moya]]
 
== Index ==
 
{{Kala index}}
 
[[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:Kala]]

Latest revision as of 10:58, 7 December 2021

This article is a work in progress.
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THIS SECTION IS CURRENTLY BEING UPDATED TO REFLECT A NEW GRAMMAR.

The Kala conlang...

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