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| __NOTOC__
| | {{Kala 2}} |
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| *'''Kala''' is meant to be a simple and euphonic personal conlang.
| | {{wip}} |
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| *Many lexical entries are inspired and/or influenced by any number of natlangs
| | <big>'''THIS SECTION IS CURRENTLY BEING UPDATED TO REFLECT A NEW GRAMMAR.'''</big> |
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| == Phonology ==
| | The Kala conlang... |
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| === consonants ===
| | * [[Kala/calendar|calendar]] |
| | * [[Kala/chat|conversations]] |
| | * [[Kala/etymology|etymology]] |
| | ** [[Kala/roots|roots]] |
| | * [[Kala/lexicon|lexicon]] |
| | ** [[Kala/affixes|affixes]] |
| | ** [[Kala/lexicon/theme|thematic lexicon]] |
| | * [[Kala/particles|particles]] |
| | * [[Kala/phrases|phrases]] |
| | * [[Kala/affixes|word formation]] |
| | * [[Kala/writing|writing]] |
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| *Plosives
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| :'''p''' - [p~b] | '''t''' - [t~d] | '''k''' - [k~g] | ''' ' ''' - [?]
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| *Nasals
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| :'''m''' - [m] | '''n''' - [n] | '''ny''' - [J]
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| *Fricatives
| | [[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:Conscripts]][[Category:Kala]] |
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| :'''s''' - [s~S] | '''ts''' - [ts~tS] | '''h''' - [h~h\]
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| *Approximants
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| :'''u''' - [w] | '''y''' - [j] | |
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| *Laterals
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| :'''l''' - [l] | '''tl''' - [tK]
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| === clusters ===
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| * '''ky''' - [k~g_j]
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| * '''mp''' - [mp]
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| * '''mh''' - [m_h\]
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| * '''my''' - [m_j]
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| * '''nt''' - [nt~d]
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| * '''nk''' - [Nk]
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| * '''nh''' - [n_h\]
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| * '''lh''' - [l_h\]
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| * '''ly''' - [l_j]
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| === vowels ===
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| * '''a''' - /a~a:/ | '''e''' - /e~e:/ | '''i''' - /i~i:/ | '''o''' - /o~o:/ | '''u''' - /u~u:/
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| ==== diphthongs ====
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| * '''ua''' - /wa:/ | '''ue''' - /we:/
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| === phonotactics ===
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| *'''Kala''' allows only a single consonant at the start or end of a syllable, and up to two consonants word medially across a syllable boundary.
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| :'''l''' cannot appear as an onset.
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| ==== syllable structure ====
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| * (C)V(k, l, m, n, t)
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| ==== syllable stress ====
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| *'''Kala''' stress is penultimate; that is, the next-to-last syllable of the word is stressed.
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| == Grammar ==
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| === word order ===
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| * The usual, declarative formal word order is ''subject noun phrase - (object noun phrase) - verb phrase''.
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| :Example : He/She is preparing food.
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| ::'''ha ina yaso'''
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| :::''3sg food/eat prepare/ready''
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| * The "indirect object" exists only in the form of a prepositional phrase, and follows the object noun phrase.
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| :Example : The woman gives the house to me.
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| ::'''naka ke tsaka ika na yeta'''
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| :::''woman the/a house to/at 1sg give''
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| :* This construction changes when both the subject (agent) and (indirect)/object (patient) are personal pronouns. In this case, the preposition/al (phrase) is unnecessary.
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| :Example : She gives the house to me.
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| ::'''ha'ena ke tsaka yeta'''
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| :::''3sg-TR-part-1sg the/a house give''
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| * A chart of the agent-patient transitivity constructions;
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| {| class="wikitable" border=1
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| |+ '''A-P''' ''construction''
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| ! !! ''1<sup>st</sup> sing'' !! ''2<sup>nd</sup> sing'' !! ''3<sup>rd</sup> sing'' !! ''1<sup>st</sup> plu'' !! ''2<sup>nd</sup> plu'' !! ''3<sup>rd</sup> plu''
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| |- align=center
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| ! ''1<sup>st</sup> sing''
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| || '''-''' || na'eta || na'eha || '''-''' || na'etam || na'ekam
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| |- align=center
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| ! ''2<sup>nd</sup> sing''
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| || ta'ena || '''-''' || ta'eha || ta'enam || '''-''' || ta'ekam
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| |- align=center
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| ! ''3<sup>rd</sup> sing''
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| || ha'ena || ha'eta || '''-''' || ha'enam || ha'etam || ha'ekam
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| |- align=center
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| ! ''1<sup>st</sup> plu''
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| || '''-''' || nameta || nameha || '''-''' || nametam || namekam
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| |- align=center
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| ! ''2<sup>nd</sup> plu''
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| || tamena || '''-''' || tameha || tamenam || '''-''' || tamekam
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| |- align=center
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| ! ''3<sup>rd</sup> plu''
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| || kamena || kameta || kameha || kamenam || kametam || '''-'''
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| |-
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| |}
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| === verbs ===
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| ==== tense ====
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| *The present tense is indicated by the basic form.
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| :'''ha apua'''
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| ::''3SG sing''
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| :::He/She sings.
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| *The simple past tense is indicated by the suffix '''-ye'''.
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| :'''ha apuaye'''
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| ::''3SG sing-PAST''
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| :::He/She sang.
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| *The simple future tense is indicated by the suffix '''-tli'''.
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| :'''ha apuatli'''
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| ::''3SG sing-FUT''
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| :::He/She will sing.
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| *The tense may be left out if it is clearly indicated by another word in the same sentence, or when telling a story (the "historical" tense).
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| :'''ha yomatli apua'''
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| ::''3SG day-FUT sing''
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| :::He/She will sing tomorrow.
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| :'''ha semaye apua'''
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| ::''3SG week-PAST sing''
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| :::He/She sang last week.
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| ==== mood ====
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| *The negative mood is indicated by the suffix '''-k''', it is affixed in all tenses.
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| :'''kam inak'''
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| ::''3PL eat-NEG''
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| :::They are not eating. / They do not eat.
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| :'''kam inayek'''
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| ::''3PL eat-PAST-NEG''
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| :::They did not eat.
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| :'''kam inatlik'''
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| ::''3PL eat-FUT-NEG''
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| :::They will not eat.
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| === degree ===
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| * The diminutive is formed with '''-l''', and the augmentative with '''-t'''.
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| :Example : '''ina''' - food, meal | '''inal''' - snack, morsel | '''inat''' - feast, banquet
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| :Example : '''tsaka''' - house, home, dwelling | '''tsakal''' - shack, hut, cabin | '''tsakat''' - palace, mansion
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| * These are also used to differentiate hue, or shade.
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| :Example : '''yanal''' - light yellow, '''kuyat''' - dark green
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| === plurals ===
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| * To make a noun plural, add '''-m''' to the end, or '''-im''' for words ending in a consonant.
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| :Example : '''kono''' - stone | '''konom''' - stones
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| :Example : '''sukal''' - piglet | '''sukalim''' - piglets
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| * Nouns need not be marked plural if a number is used to show quantity.
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| :Example : '''sahi''' - color, '''sahim''' - colors, '''sahi ya'o''' - five color(s)
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| *Adjectives do not change when they are plural. However, when an adjective is used in place of a noun, it can be pluralized.
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| :Example : '''nyeli''' - pink | '''nyelim''' - (the) pink (ones)
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| === gender ===
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| *In general, nouns do not indicate their gender. To distinguish the sexes, one can use the adjectival endings '''-ta''' and '''-na'''.
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| :Example : '''nikata''' "a male dog", '''nikana''' "a female dog".
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| === articles ===
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| *There is only one article in '''Kala''', '''ke'''. It is used primarily as a "noun marker".
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| *It is ambi-definite, meaning it can be either definite or indefinite. The distinction is made through context.
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| :Example : '''kama''' "village", '''ke kama''' "the/a village", '''ke kamam''' "the villages"
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| :Example : '''inal''' "snack", '''ke inal''' "the/a snack", '''ke inalim''' "the snacks"
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| === questions ===
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| *When asking questions in '''Kala''', the idea, or concept, is the ''subject'', and the entire construction is followed by the interrogative particle '''ka'''.
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| *'''ama...ka''' - when, lit: ''time...INT''
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| *'''ko...ka''' - who, lit: ''person [Agentive]...INT''
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| *'''nye...ka''' - why, lit: ''reason...INT''
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| *'''to...ka''' - what, lit: ''thing [Instrument]...INT''
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| *'''koyo...ka''' - whose, lit: ''person-POSS...INT''
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| *'''mo...ka''' - where, lit: ''place...INT''
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| *'''no...ka''' - how, what manner, lit: ''manner/method...INT''
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| *'''ko'o...ka''' - how much/many, lit: ''number/amount...INT''
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| === pronouns ===
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| ==== personal pronouns ====
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| {| class="wikitable" border=1
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| |-
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| ! !! ''Singular'' !! ''Plural''
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| |-
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| ! ''1<sup>st</sup>''
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| || na || nam
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| |-
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| ! ''2<sup>nd</sup>''
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| || ta || tam
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| |-
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| ! ''3<sup>rd</sup>''
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| || ha || kam
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| |-
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| |}
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| ==== possessive pronouns ====
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| {| class="wikitable" border=1
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| |-
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| ! !! ''Singular'' !! ''Plural''
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| |-
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| ! ''1<sup>st</sup>''
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| || nayo || namyo
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| |-
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| ! ''2<sup>nd</sup>''
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| || tayo || tamyo
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| |-
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| ! ''3<sup>rd</sup>''
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| || hayo || kamyo
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| |-
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| |}
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| ==== reflexive pronouns ====
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| {| class="wikitable" border=1
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| |-
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| ! !! ''Singular'' !! ''Plural''
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| |-
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| ! ''1<sup>st</sup>''
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| || na'i || nami
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| |-
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| ! ''2<sup>nd</sup>''
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| || ta'i || tami
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| |-
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| ! ''3<sup>rd</sup>''
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| || ha'i || kami
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| |-
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| |}
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| == Thematic Lexicon ==
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| === numbers ===
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| * zero / nothing / 0 - '''e'o'''
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| * one / 1 - '''na'o'''
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| * two / 2 - '''ta'o'''
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| * three / 3 - '''ha'o'''
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| * four / 4 - '''ma'o'''
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| * five / 5 - '''ya'o'''
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| * six / 6 - '''tsa'o'''
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| * seven / 7 - '''ka'o'''
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| * eight / 8 - '''pa'o'''
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| * nine / 9 - '''sa'o'''
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| * ten / 10 - '''ue'o'''
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| * hundred / 100 - '''nye'o'''
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| * thousand / 1000 - '''tle'o'''
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| ==== higher numbers ====
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| * eleven / 11 - '''uena'o'''
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| * twenty / 20 - '''taue'o'''
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| * one hundred one / 107 - '''nyeka'o'''
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| * three hundred twenty five / 326 - '''hanyetauetsa'o''' (''long form'') | '''hatatsa'o''' (''short form'')
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| * six thousand and twenty / 6020 - '''tsatletaue'o'''
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| ==== ordinals, fractions etc. ====
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| * '''ki'''- - ordinal/multiple prefix
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| :Example : '''kisa'o''' - ninth, or nine times
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| :Example : '''kiyanyepa'o''' - 508<sup>th</sup>, or 508 times
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| * '''i'''- - fractional prefix
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| :Example : '''isa'o''' - a ninth
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| :Example : '''iha'o pa'o''' - three eighths, ⅜
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| === family ===
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| * family / kin - '''tlika'''
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| * parent - '''onata'''
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| * grandparent - '''onataha'''
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| * spouse - '''tlanata'''
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| * sibling - '''uanata'''
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| * child - '''inata'''
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| * father / uncle - '''ota'''
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| * mother / aunt - '''ona'''
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| * husband - '''tla'ota'''
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| * wife - '''tla'ona'''
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| * grandfather - '''otaha'''
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| * grandmother - '''onaha'''
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| * brother / cousin - '''otaua'''
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| * sister / cousin - '''onaua'''
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| * boy / son - '''ota'i'''
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| * girl / daughter - '''ona'i'''
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| * man / masculine / male - '''tlaka'''
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| * woman / feminine / female - '''naka'''
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| === colors ===
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| * red - '''ketla'''
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| * orange - '''tliyo'''
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| * yellow - '''yana'''
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| * green - '''kuya'''
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| * blue - '''tsuku'''
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| * indigo, violet, purple - '''tlaku'''
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| * white, pale - '''nyahi'''
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| * black, dark - '''oya'''
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| * clear - '''yehi'''
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| === time ===
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| * moment, instant - '''imal'''
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| * occasion | present, now (yet) - '''ima'''
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| * hour, period - '''imat'''
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| * day - '''yoma'''
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| * week (7 days) - '''sema'''
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| * month (~30 days) - '''huama'''
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| * season - '''amal'''
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| * time, year (~365 days) - '''ama'''
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| * era - '''amat'''
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| * past - '''amaye'''
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| * future - '''tli'ama'''
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| * always, forever - '''kuama'''
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| * never - '''amak'''
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| == General Lexica ==
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| *The majority of lexical units in '''Kala''' can have multiple roles.
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| *Most have a primary role, such as verb, noun or adjective, but almost all can serve in at least two roles.
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| *Because of this, this list is sorted alphabetically and not by part of speech or category.
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| {{Template:Kala}}
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| === p ===
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| * '''pameya''' - okra, ladies' fingers
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| * '''pana''' - (to) rain | perspire, moisten | dew
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| * '''petsa''' - mild, soft
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| * '''pila''' - to saw, rip, crush
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| * '''puna''' - dirt, soil | sand
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| === t ===
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| === k ===
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| * '''ka''' - interrogative particle
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| * '''kata''' - nature, universe | essence
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| * '''kama''' - village, town, city
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| * '''kana''' - to lead, command | chief, leader
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| * '''kasuma''' - onion
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| * '''kaua''' - coffee
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| * '''kala''' - to speak, talk, say | language, dialect
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| * '''kalo''' - be difficult | burden | cumbersome
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| * '''ketla''' - red | blood | to bleed
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| * '''kipa''' - tooth | to bite, chew
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| * '''kita''' - to greet, welcome | hello, hi
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| * '''kito''' - symbol | mark | glyph
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| * '''ko''' - person | agentive
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| * '''kopa''' - mushroom | fungi
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| * '''koni''' - skunk
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| * '''kono''' - gray | stone, rock
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| * '''ko'o''' - number, amount, quantity | to count
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| * '''kue'a''' - deer, cervine
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| * '''kuna''' - to expel | to excrete, shit, defecate
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| * '''kulu''' - all, every, each
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| * '''kuya''' - green | grass, foliage
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| === m ===
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| * '''ma''' - and, also, as well | plus | more
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| * '''mata''' - to kill, murder
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| * '''mala''' - bad, unfavorable, negative
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| * '''matla''' - stew, casserole, goulash
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| * '''maya''' - water, fluid | wet
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| * '''metla''' - to whistle | sound of wind | flute
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| * '''mo''' - to locate, place | locative | location [where]
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| === n ===
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| * '''naso''' - wolf, lupine
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| * '''naha''' - river, stream | lake, pond
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| * '''naho''' - to regulate | rule | grammar
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| * '''nika''' - dog, canine
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| * '''no''' - method, manner | way
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| === ny ===
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| * '''nyahi''' - white | snow | to snow
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| * '''nye''' - reason, cause | because
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| * '''nyeli''' - pink
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| === s ===
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| === ts ===
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| === h ===
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| * '''hani''' - land | a country or region
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| * '''hika''' - to stop, halt | wait
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| * '''hina''' - near, close, here
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| === y ===
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| * '''yato''' - finger | hand
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| * '''yaka''' - arm, leg | appendage
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| * '''yama''' - mountain, hill | pile, mound
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| * '''ya'asa''' - wind, breeze | air
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| * '''yesa''' - be quiet, tranquil | peaceful
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| === l ===
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| === tl ===
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| * '''tlayo''' - to wed, marry | marriage, matrimony
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| * '''tlela''' - to wash, bathe | clean, pure
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| === a ===
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| * '''a''' - to be, exist | yes
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| * '''aposi''' - outhouse, toilette
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| * '''ato''' - body, anatomy | corpse
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| * '''ato'a''' - torso | chest, belly
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| * '''ama''' - time, year, season
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| * '''ani''' - wish, hope | to aspire
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| * '''ahi''' - potato
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| * '''ala''' - to be born | to birth
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| * '''aya''' - beauty | to be beautiful
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| === e ===
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| === i ===
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| * '''ito''' - wood
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| * '''itola''' - to fall, drop, plummet
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| * '''ikana''' - friend, ally
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| * '''impa''' - table | desk | flat work surface
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| * '''ina''' - food, sustenance | to eat, consume
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| * '''iso''' - to hit, strike | slap
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| * '''itsa''' - love, affection | to love, care for
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| * '''ila''' - bird, avian | to fly, glide
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| === o ===
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| * '''omo''' - to exchange, trade | commerce, business
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| === u ===
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| == Examples ==
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| * '''mo ta yala ka'''
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| :''place/locale 2sg go/walk/travel INT-part''
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| ::Where are you going?
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| * '''nam tsala inaye'''
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| :''1pl sauce/paste eat-PAST''
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| ::We ate the sauce.
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| * '''ko tayo onatam ka'''
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| :''person 2sg-POSS parent-PL INT-part''
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| ::Who are your parents?
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| * '''na yalaye nye ta talaye'''
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| :''1SG go-PAST because 2SG return-PAST''
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| ::I left because you returned.
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| === Article 1, UDHR ===
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| * '''kuluko ekam ala tsiyaso ma sayoso ma kimaso ma kuelasom'''
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| :''all-person P-PART-they born/birthed free-with and equal-with dignity-with and right-with-PL''
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| ::All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights.
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| == Writing System ==
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| [[Image:Kito nm.GIF]]
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| '''Kito''' is an abugida, or syllabic alphabet, used to represent the '''Kala''' language.
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| === notable features ===
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| *'''Kito''' is written in glyph blocks by vertically stacking the syllable glyphs to form words. The script is written vertically, in columns running from left to right.
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| *The word '''kito''' not only refers to the script but also means "mark, symbol, glyph" in '''Kala'''.
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| *'''Kito''' was inspired by [[Wikipedia:Phagspa_script|Phags-pa]], and the [[Wikipedia:Seal_script|Chinese Seal Script]].
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| *'''Kito''' contains 14 syllable glyphs, 4 cluster glyphs, and 7 vowel diacritics.
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| === consonants ===
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| [[Image:Kito cons.GIF]]
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| === cluster glyphs ===
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| [[Image:Kito clusters.GIF]]
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| === vowel diacritics ===
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| [[Image:Kito vwl.GIF]]
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| === notes ===
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| *The vowels are placed below the syllable they modify.
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| *The labialisation and palatalization are shown by modifying the vowel diacritics as shown above.
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| *The script can also be written horizontally in glyph blocks, but this is only done to save space.
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| === sample ===
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| [[Category:Conlangs]] | |
