|
|
| (334 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown) |
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| {{Kala 2}} | | {{Kala 2}} |
| | |
| | {{wip}} |
| | |
| | <big>'''THIS SECTION IS CURRENTLY BEING UPDATED TO REFLECT A NEW GRAMMAR.'''</big> |
|
| |
|
| The Kala conlang... | | The Kala conlang... |
|
| |
|
| * [[Kala/calendar|calendar]] | | * [[Kala/calendar|calendar]] |
| | * [[Kala/chat|conversations]] |
| * [[Kala/etymology|etymology]] | | * [[Kala/etymology|etymology]] |
| | ** [[Kala/roots|roots]] |
| * [[Kala/lexicon|lexicon]] | | * [[Kala/lexicon|lexicon]] |
| | ** [[Kala/affixes|affixes]] |
| ** [[Kala/lexicon/theme|thematic lexicon]] | | ** [[Kala/lexicon/theme|thematic lexicon]] |
| | * [[Kala/particles|particles]] |
| * [[Kala/phrases|phrases]] | | * [[Kala/phrases|phrases]] |
| * [[Kala/syllables|syllables]]
| |
| * [[Kala/affixes|word formation]] | | * [[Kala/affixes|word formation]] |
| * [[Kala/writing|writing]] | | * [[Kala/writing|writing]] |
|
| |
|
| = introduction =
| |
|
| |
| ...
| |
|
| |
| == characteristics ==
| |
|
| |
| ...
| |
|
| |
| == parts of speech ==
| |
|
| |
| ...
| |
|
| |
| == borrowing ==
| |
|
| |
| ...
| |
|
| |
| = phonology =
| |
|
| |
| ...
| |
|
| |
| = word order =
| |
| ...
| |
|
| |
| = nouns =
| |
|
| |
| ...
| |
|
| |
| = determiners =
| |
|
| |
| ...
| |
|
| |
| = pronouns =
| |
|
| |
| ...
| |
|
| |
| = verbs =
| |
|
| |
| ...
| |
|
| |
| = particles =
| |
|
| |
| == '''ke''' ==
| |
|
| |
| * The [[wp:Patient_(grammar)|patient]], or object ('''O''') marker.
| |
|
| |
| == conjunctions ==
| |
|
| |
| ...
| |
|
| |
| == prepositions ==
| |
|
| |
| ...
| |
|
| |
| = adjectives =
| |
| ...
| |
|
| |
| = adverbs =
| |
|
| |
| Temporal adverbs in Kala precede the verb phrase they modify. Other adverbs follow the verb or adjective they modify and are explicitly marked by '''-n'''.
| |
|
| |
| = questions =
| |
|
| |
| ...
| |
|
| |
| = clauses =
| |
|
| |
| == comparative ==
| |
|
| |
| In [[Kala]] the concepts of comparative and superlative degree of an adjective (verb) are merged into a single form, the [[Wikipedia:Elative_(gradation)|elative]]. How this form is understood or translated depends upon context and definiteness. In the absence of comparison, the elative conveys the notion of “greatest”, “supreme.”
| |
| {{col-begin}}
| |
| {{col-break}}
| |
| * '''tsaka hayo ke nayo tahaka'''
| |
| : <small>house 3sg.POSS O 1sg.POSS big-AUG</small>
| |
| : ''His house is bigger than mine.''
| |
| {{col-break}}
| |
| * '''ke mauam tayo yanaha'''
| |
| : <small>O flower.PL 2sg.POSS yellow-AUG</small>
| |
| : ''Your flowers are the most yellow.''
| |
| {{col-break}}
| |
| * '''iyapo ke tsaka tayo pakoha'''
| |
| : <small>PROX-building O home 2sg new-AUG</small>
| |
| : ''This building is newer than your home.''
| |
| {{col-end}}
| |
|
| |
| == relative ==
| |
|
| |
| In a relative clause, the verb has the suffix '''-tle''' (or '''-le''' if the final syllable contains /tl/) added to it. The order of the words in relative clauses remains the same as in regular clauses. The use of participles in Kala is rather different than in English and at first sight is difficult to understand. This is mainly due to the fact that the relative pronouns ''who, what, which, where'' are not used in Kala as in English.
| |
|
| |
| * '''yalapa''' - ''to be able to walk'' produces: '''yalapatle''' - ''who/which/that can walk''
| |
| * '''yalapak''' - ''not to be able to walk'' produces: '''yalapanketle''' - ''who/which/that can't walk''
| |
|
| |
| This nominalizes the verb in some cases, and makes it possible for it to be either the subject or the object.
| |
|
| |
| * '''na ke tlaka nya inama talatle unya'''
| |
| : <small>1sg O man for eat-time come-REL know</small>
| |
| : ''I know the man who is coming to lunch.''
| |
|
| |
| * '''ke naka patlole pako'''
| |
| : <small>O woman sweep-REL young</small>
| |
| : ''The woman who is sweeping is young.''
| |
|
| |
| The relative suffix is most often in the final position. In some cases, it may be followed by the negative '''-k'''.
| |
|
| |
| * '''itsaka na sutahuetle'''
| |
| : <small>PROX-house 1sg reside-LOC-REL</small>
| |
| : ''This is the house in which I live.''
| |
|
| |
|
| * '''itsaka na sutahueyetle'''
| |
| : <small>PROX-house 1sg reside-LOC-PST-REL</small>
| |
| : ''This is the house in which I lived.''
| |
|
| |
|
| = numbers =
| |
|
| |
|
| ...
| |
|
| |
|
| [[Category:Conlangs]] | | [[Category:Conlangs]][[Category:Conscripts]][[Category:Kala]] |
