Liwadi: List of Prepositions: Difference between revisions
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|- | |- | ||
! Arabic | ! Arabic | ||
| {{Color|red|ح}} | | {{Color|red|ح}}<br>1 | ||
| خ | | خ | ||
| ݗ | | ݗ | ||
|{{Color|red|و}} | | {{Color|red|و}}<br>2 | ||
| | | ۉ | ||
| ۆ | | ۆ | ||
|{{Color|red|ک}} | | {{Color|red|ک}}<br>3 | ||
| ݢ | | ݢ | ||
| گ | | گ | ||
|{{Color|red|ط}} | | {{Color|red|ط}}<br>4 | ||
| ظ | | ظ | ||
| د | | د | ||
| ذ | | ذ | ||
|{{Color|red|ٮ}} | | {{Color|red|ٮ}}<br>5 | ||
| ﺏ | | ﺏ | ||
| ڡ | | ڡ | ||
| ڢ | | ڢ | ||
|{{Color|red|ص}} | | {{Color|red|ص}}<br>6 | ||
| ض | | ض | ||
| ی ې | |||
| ي | | ي | ||
| ه | | {{Color|red|ه}}<br>7 | ||
| | | | ||
| ا | | ا | ||
| ن | |||
| م | | م | ||
| ل | | {{Color|red|ل}}<br>8 | ||
| ر | | ر | ||
| ع | | ع | ||
Line 101: | Line 101: | ||
| Ġa<br>ݗا | | Ġa<br>ݗا | ||
| Wa<br>وا | | Wa<br>وا | ||
| Wo<br> | | Wo<br>وۉ | ||
| Wu<br>وۆ | | Wu<br>وۆ | ||
| Kaf<br> | | Kaf<br>کاڡ | ||
| Gaf<br> | | Gaf<br>ݢاڡ | ||
| Ńaf<br> | | Ńaf<br>گاڡ | ||
| | | Tal<br>طال | ||
| | | Dal<br>ظال | ||
| | | Ṭal<br>رال | ||
| | | Ḍal<br>زال | ||
| Pa<br>ٮا | | Pa<br>ٮا | ||
| Ba<br>با | | Ba<br>با | ||
| Ṗa<br>ڡا | | Ṗa<br>ڡا | ||
| Ḃa<br>ڢا | | Ḃa<br>ڢا | ||
| | | Sad<br>صاط | ||
| | | Zad<br>ضاط | ||
| Ya<br> | | Ya<br>ېا | ||
| Yi<br>ىي | | Yi<br>ىي | ||
| Ye<br>ىه | | Ye<br>ىه | ||
| Yė<br>ىٰ | | Yė<br>ىٰ | ||
| Alif<br> | | Alif<br>ا | ||
| Nun<br>نۆن | | Nun<br>نۆن | ||
| Mim<br>ميم | | Mim<br>ميم | ||
| Lam<br>لام | | Lam<br>لام | ||
| | | Ram<br>رام | ||
| | | ʻam<br>عام | ||
|} | |} | ||
==List of Prepositions== | ==List of Prepositions== | ||
*'''aba''' denotes concern for someone or something: concerning, respecting, in | *'''aba ابا''' denotes concern for someone or something: concerning, respecting, in\with regard to, as regards, regarding, with respect to, with regard for, about, with, on, for, in. | ||
:I know about your illness. | :I know about your illness. | ||
:Em aba sa 'ń dikud tagasa. | :Em aba sa 'ń dikud tagasa. | ||
Line 136: | Line 136: | ||
!Em||aba||sa||'ń||dikud||tagas-a | !Em||aba||sa||'ń||dikud||tagas-a | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |1SG||about||DEF||2POSS||illness||know\PRES-1 | ||
|} | |} | ||
*'''adu''' denotes exception: apart from, beside, besides, but for, except, save, not to-, -speak of, -mention, other than, outside. | *'''adu اظۆ''' denotes exception: apart from, beside, besides, but for, except, save, not to-, -speak of, -mention, other than, outside. | ||
:I have all the ingredients, except for eggs. | :I have all the ingredients, except for eggs. | ||
:'''Adu ya ruzdar, em sa yok lusrur-na awańa:''' | :'''Adu ya ruzdar, em sa yok lusrur-na awańa:''' | ||
Line 145: | Line 145: | ||
!Adu||ya||ruzdar||em||sa||yok||lusrur-na||awań-a | !Adu||ya||ruzdar||em||sa||yok||lusrur-na||awań-a | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Except.for|| | |Except.for||INDF||egg\PL||1SG||DEF||all||ingredient\PL=OBJ||have\NPST-1 | ||
|} | |} | ||
*'''ae''' denotes the indirect object of the verb: for, to; or indicates a relationship to an adjective: to. | *'''ae اي''' denotes the indirect object of the verb: for, to; or indicates a relationship to an adjective: to. | ||
:I will give the banana to my daughter. | :I will give the banana to my daughter. | ||
:'''Em ae su 'm mintikag sa lomed-na mańama.''' | :'''Em ae su 'm mintikag sa lomed-na mańama.''' | ||
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!Em||ae||su||'m||min.tikag||sa||lomed=na||mańam-a | !Em||ae||su||'m||min.tikag||sa||lomed=na||mańam-a | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |1SG||to||DEF||1POSS||F.child||DEF||banana=OBJ||give\NPST-1 | ||
|} | |} | ||
*'''ala''' denotes up to a limit: at the edge of, as far as, as many as, to, till, until, up to. | *'''ala الا''' denotes up to a limit: at the edge of, as far as, as many as, to, till, until, up to. | ||
:We will stay with you until tomorrow. | :We will stay with you until tomorrow. | ||
:'''Emer ala oyinulen lu ń manapa.''' | :'''Emer ala oyinulen lu ń manapa.''' | ||
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!Em-er||ala||oyi.nulen||lu||ń||manap-a | !Em-er||ala||oyi.nulen||lu||ń||manap-a | ||
|- | |- | ||
|1 | |1-PL||until||after.day||with||2POSS||stay\NPST-1 | ||
|} | |} | ||
*'''ańa''' denotes at or to a lower level than something else literally or figuratively: below, behind, beneath, under(neath). | *'''ańa اگا''' denotes at or to a lower level than something else literally or figuratively: below, behind, beneath, under(neath). | ||
:She hid the cup under the bed. | :She hid the cup under the bed. | ||
:'''Es ańa sa litad sa yon-na deraʻu.''' | :'''Es ańa sa litad sa yon-na deraʻu.''' | ||
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!Es||ańa||sa||litad||sa||yon=na||deraʻ-u | !Es||ańa||sa||litad||sa||yon=na||deraʻ-u | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |2SG||under||DEF||bed||DEF||cup=OBJ||hide\PST-3 | ||
|} | |} | ||
*'''apu''' denotes in a parallel direction: along, alongside (of). | *'''apu اٮۆ''' denotes in a parallel direction: along, alongside (of). | ||
:The boy is walking alongside his father. | :The boy is walking alongside his father. | ||
:'''Su tin apu su 's bab dakadu.''' | :'''Su tin apu su 's bab dakadu.''' | ||
::{| | ::{| | ||
!Su||t | !Su||t=in||apu||su||'s||bab||dakad-u | ||
|- | |- | ||
|DEF||DIM | |DEF||DIM=man||alongside||DEF||3POSS||father||walk\NPST-3 | ||
|} | |} | ||
*'''ara''' denotes anterior to in time or space: before, in front of, ahead of, against, in advance of, previous to. | *'''ara ارا''' denotes anterior to in time or space: before, in front of, ahead of, against, in advance of, previous to. | ||
:We left before sunrise. | :We left before sunrise. | ||
:'''Emer ara sa nulen sikud sewara.''' | :'''Emer ara sa nulen sikud sewara.''' | ||
::{| | ::{| | ||
!Em-er||ara||sa||nulen|| | !Em-er||ara||sa||nulen||sikud||sewar-a | ||
|- | |- | ||
|1-PL||before||DEF||sun||rise||leave | |1-PL||before||DEF||sun||rise||leave\PST-1 | ||
|} | |} | ||
*'''asi''' denotes paying no attention to: regardless of, despite, in spite of, for, in face of, notwithstanding, disregarding. | *'''asi اصي''' denotes paying no attention to: regardless of, despite, in spite of, for, in face of, notwithstanding, disregarding. | ||
:Regardless of his pain, he completed the race. | :Regardless of his pain, he completed the race. | ||
:'''Asi sa 's yisur es sa lipez-na netalu.''' | :'''Asi sa 's yisur es sa lipez-na netalu.''' | ||
::{| | ::{| | ||
!Asi||sa||'s||yisur||es||sa||lipez | !Asi||sa||'s||yisur||es||sa||lipez=na||netal-u | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Regardless.of||DEF|| | |Regardless.of||DEF||3POSS||pain||3SG||DEF||race=OBJ||complete\PST-3 | ||
|} | |} | ||
*'''ata''' denotes change to, toward or at a lower place either literally or figuratively: down (through), down from. | *'''ata اطا''' denotes change to, toward or at a lower place either literally or figuratively: down (through), down from. | ||
:The child climbed down the tree. | :The child climbed down the tree. | ||
:'''Su tikag ata sa dokem ńeʻanu'''. | :'''Su tikag ata sa dokem ńeʻanu'''. | ||
::{| | ::{| | ||
!Su||tikag||ata||sa||dokem | !Su||tikag||ata||sa||dokem=na||ńeʻan-u | ||
|- | |- | ||
|DEF||child||down||DEF||tree=OBJ||climb | |DEF||child||down||DEF||tree=OBJ||climb\PST-3 | ||
|} | |} | ||
*'''aya''' denotes position on top of literally or figuratively: atop, over, to, on, upon. | *'''aya اېا''' denotes position on top of literally or figuratively: atop, over, to, on, upon. | ||
:The woman placed the flowers on the table. | :The woman placed the flowers on the table. | ||
:'''Su min aya sa nikem sa ʻiṗyar-na leyalu.''' | :'''Su min aya sa nikem sa ʻiṗyar-na leyalu.''' | ||
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!Su||min||aya||sa||nikem||sa||ʻiṗyar=na||leyal-u | !Su||min||aya||sa||nikem||sa||ʻiṗyar=na||leyal-u | ||
|- | |- | ||
|DEF||woman||on||DEF||table||DEF||flower | |DEF||woman||on||DEF||table||DEF||flower\PL=OBJ||place\PST-3 | ||
|} | |} | ||
*'''ba''' denotes movement or direction from the inside to the outside: (out) of, from (within). | *'''ba با''' denotes movement or direction from the inside to the outside: (out) of, from (within). | ||
:The people ran out of the burning house. | :The people ran out of the burning house. | ||
:'''Su liwad ba sa napuʻ rutiń epazu.''' | :'''Su liwad ba sa napuʻ rutiń epazu.''' | ||
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!Su||liwad||ba||sa||napuʻ||rutiń||epaz-u | !Su||liwad||ba||sa||napuʻ||rutiń||epaz-u | ||
|- | |- | ||
|DEF||people||from||DEF||burn | |DEF||people||from||DEF||burn\AP||house||run\PST-3 | ||
|} | |} | ||
*'''egu''' denotes in opposition to, in contact with: against, contrary to, into, on, opposed to, opposite, up, with: | *'''egu هݢۆ''' denotes in opposition to, in contact with: against, contrary to, into, on, opposed to, opposite, up, with: | ||
:The child ran into the tree. | :The child ran into the tree. | ||
:'''Su tikag egu sa ikam epazu.''' | :'''Su tikag egu sa ikam epazu.''' | ||
Line 235: | Line 235: | ||
!Su||tikag||egu||sa||ikam||epaz-u | !Su||tikag||egu||sa||ikam||epaz-u | ||
|- | |- | ||
|DEF||child||into||DEF||tree||run | |DEF||child||into||DEF||tree||run\PST-3 | ||
|} | |} | ||
*'''elo''' denotes motion towards literally or figuratively: to, toward, at, into, -ward. | *'''elo هلۉ''' denotes motion towards literally or figuratively: to, toward, at, into, -ward. | ||
:The birds are flying seaward. | :The birds are flying seaward. | ||
:'''Su ziʻpor elo sa tal ńanalu.''' | :'''Su ziʻpor elo sa tal ńanalu.''' | ||
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!Su||ziʻpor||elo||sa||tal||ńanal-u | !Su||ziʻpor||elo||sa||tal||ńanal-u | ||
|- | |- | ||
|DEF||bird | |DEF||bird\PL||to||DEF||sea||fly\NPST-3 | ||
|} | |} | ||
*'''ere''' denotes in the course of: during, for, in, in the process-, -course-, -of, on, through, throughout, under. | *'''ere هره''' denotes in the course of: during, for, in, in the process-, -course-, -of, on, through, throughout, under. | ||
:They hid in the cave during the storm. | :They hid in the cave during the storm. | ||
:'''Eter ere sa nuʻad yo sa lisap deraʻu.''' | :'''Eter ere sa nuʻad yo sa lisap deraʻu.''' | ||
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!Et-er||ere||sa||nuʻad||yo||sa||lisap||deraʻ-u | !Et-er||ere||sa||nuʻad||yo||sa||lisap||deraʻ-u | ||
|- | |- | ||
|3-PL||during||DEF||storm||in||DEF||cave||hide | |3-PL||during||DEF||storm||in||DEF||cave||hide\PST-3 | ||
|} | |} | ||
*'''eri''' denotes situation or partition between two or more entities: among, (in) between, through, with. | *'''eri هري''' denotes situation or partition between two or more entities: among, (in) between, through, with. | ||
:The girl is standing between her father and mother. | :The girl is standing between her father and mother. | ||
:'''Su tėmin eri su 's bab he su 's mam salagu.''' | :'''Su tėmin eri su 's bab he su 's mam salagu.''' | ||
::{| | ::{| | ||
!Su||tė | !Su||tė=min||eri||su||'s||bab||he||su||'s||mam||salag-u | ||
|- | |- | ||
|DEF||DIM | |DEF||DIM=woman||between||DEF||3POSS||father||and||DEF||3POSS||mother||stand\NPST-3 | ||
|} | |} | ||
*'''esa''' denotes agency: by. | *'''esa هصا''' denotes agency: by. | ||
:He was bitten by the snakes. | :He was bitten by the snakes. | ||
:'''Es esa ya mesnor gėmebanu.''' | :'''Es esa ya mesnor gėmebanu.''' | ||
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!Es||esa||ya||mesnor||gė=meban-u | !Es||esa||ya||mesnor||gė=meban-u | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |3SG||by||INDF||snake\PL||PASS=bite\PST-3 | ||
|} | |} | ||
*'''eto''' denotes proximity: near, about, beside, by, next to, on, close to, against. | *'''eto هطۉ''' denotes proximity: near, about, beside, by, next to, on, close to, against. | ||
:Our village is near the mountain. | :Our village is near the mountain. | ||
:'''Sa emer yi'up eto sa dap ayadu.''' | :'''Sa emer yi'up eto sa dap ayadu.''' | ||
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!Sa||em-er||yi'up||eto||sa||dap||ayad-u | !Sa||em-er||yi'up||eto||sa||dap||ayad-u | ||
|- | |- | ||
|DEF||1-PL||village||near||DEF||mountain||be | |DEF||1-PL||village||near||DEF||mountain||be\NPST-3 | ||
|} | |} | ||
*'''eya''' denotes from a past time: since. | *'''eya هېا''' denotes from a past time: since. | ||
:She's been sick since yesterday | :She's been sick since yesterday | ||
:'''Es eya olan doked eyadu'''. | :'''Es eya olan doked eyadu'''. | ||
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!Es||eya||olan||doked||eyad-u | !Es||eya||olan||doked||eyad-u | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |3SG||since||yesterday||sick||be\PST-3 | ||
|} | |} | ||
*'''hi''' denotes instrumentality: with, by means of. | *'''hi حې''' denotes instrumentality: with, by means of. | ||
:You can cut that meat with a knife. | :You can cut that meat with a knife. | ||
:'''Eń hi ya niʻom dad rinap-na mėnaʻam tadaki.''' | :'''Eń hi ya niʻom dad rinap-na mėnaʻam tadaki.''' | ||
::{| | ::{| | ||
!Eń||hi||ya||niʻom||dad||rinap | !Eń||hi||ya||niʻom||dad||rinap=na||mė=naʻam||tadak-i | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |2SG||by||INDF||knife||that||meat=OBJ||INF=cut||be.able\NPST-2 | ||
|} | |} | ||
*'''ido''' denotes purpose: for. | *'''ido يظۉ''' denotes purpose: for. | ||
:They're cooking this for the party. | :They're cooking this for the party. | ||
:'''Eter ido sa duʻok wid-na | :'''Eter ido sa duʻok wid-na renaku.''' | ||
::{| | ::{| | ||
!Et-er||ido||sa||duʻok||wid | !Et-er||ido||sa||duʻok||wid=na||ranak-u | ||
|- | |- | ||
|3-PL||for||DEF||party||this | |3-PL||for||DEF||party||this=OBJ||cook\NPST-3 | ||
|} | |} | ||
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:'''Em ido sa nitug wed yimon-na remada.''' | :'''Em ido sa nitug wed yimon-na remada.''' | ||
::{| | ::{| | ||
!Em||ido||sa||nitug||wed||yimon | !Em||ido||sa||nitug||wed||yimon=na||remad-a | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |1SG||for||DEF||hunt||this||spear=OBJ||make\PST-1 | ||
|} | |} | ||
*'''ige''' denotes movement into: into. | *'''ige يݢه''' denotes movement into: into. | ||
:The meat fell into the fire. | :The meat fell into the fire. | ||
:'''Sa rinap ige sa map meʻaku.''' | :'''Sa rinap ige sa map meʻaku.''' | ||
Line 324: | Line 324: | ||
!Sa||rinap||ige||sa||map||meʻak-u | !Sa||rinap||ige||sa||map||meʻak-u | ||
|- | |- | ||
|DEF||meat||into||DEF||fire||fall | |DEF||meat||into||DEF||fire||fall\PST-3 | ||
|} | |} | ||
*'''ila''' denotes to or at a higher level than something else literally or figuratively: above, over. | *'''ila يلا''' denotes to or at a higher level than something else literally or figuratively: above, over. | ||
:The bird flew over the forest. | :The bird flew over the forest. | ||
:'''Su ziʻop ila sa tusip ńenalu.''' | :'''Su ziʻop ila sa tusip ńenalu.''' | ||
Line 333: | Line 333: | ||
!Su||ziʻop||ila||sa||tusip||ńenal-u | !Su||ziʻop||ila||sa||tusip||ńenal-u | ||
|- | |- | ||
|DEF||bird||over||DEF||forest||fly | |DEF||bird||over||DEF||forest||fly\NPST-3 | ||
|} | |} | ||
*'''ilu''' denotes from one side of an opening to another: through. | *'''ilu يلۆ''' denotes from one side of an opening to another: through. | ||
:He hurried home through the rain. | :He hurried home through the rain. | ||
:'''Es elo sa rutiń ilu ta binel ledaru'''. | :'''Es elo sa rutiń ilu ta binel ledaru'''. | ||
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!Es||elo||sa||rutiń||ilu||ta||binel||ledar-u | !Es||elo||sa||rutiń||ilu||ta||binel||ledar-u | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |3SG||to||DEF||house||through||DEF||rain||hurry\PST-3 | ||
|} | |} | ||
*'''ini''' denotes comparison: compared to, than. | *'''ini يني''' denotes comparison: compared to, than. | ||
:He is stronger than I am. | :He is stronger than I am. | ||
:'''Es yodayyoday ini | :'''Es yodayyoday ini em ayadu.''' | ||
::{| | ::{| | ||
!Es||yoday~yoday||ini|| | !Es||yoday~yoday||ini||em||ayad-u | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |3SG||strong~COMP||than||1SG||be\NPST-3 | ||
|} | |} | ||
*'''ińa''' denotes the manner, method, way by which something is done: with, through, in. | *'''ińa يگا''' denotes the manner, method, way by which something is done: with, through, in. | ||
:The man harvested the papayas with a great effort. | :The man harvested the papayas with a great effort. | ||
:'''Su in ińa bigok luliz sa ʻoṭder-na enaʻu.''' | :'''Su in ińa bigok luliz sa ʻoṭder-na enaʻu.''' | ||
::{| | ::{| | ||
!Su||in||ińa||bigok||luliz||sa||ʻoṭder | !Su||in||ińa||bigok||luliz||sa||ʻoṭder=na||enaʻ-u | ||
|- | |- | ||
|DEF||man||with||great||effort||DEF||papaya | |DEF||man||with||great||effort||DEF||papaya\PL=OBJ||harvest\PST-3 | ||
|} | |} | ||
*'''iro''' denotes encirclement or in or to various directions or locations: around. | *'''iro يرۉ''' denotes encirclement or in or to various directions or locations: around. | ||
:The animal ran around the lake. | :The animal ran around the lake. | ||
:'''Sa tehom iro sa obul epazu.''' | :'''Sa tehom iro sa obul epazu.''' | ||
Line 369: | Line 369: | ||
!Sa||tehom||iro||sa||obul||epaz-u | !Sa||tehom||iro||sa||obul||epaz-u | ||
|- | |- | ||
|DEF||animal||around||DEF||lake||run | |DEF||animal||around||DEF||lake||run\PST-3 | ||
|} | |} | ||
*'''isi''' denotes having a lack of something: without. | *'''isi يصي''' denotes having a lack of something: without. | ||
:You will have to do this without my help. | :You will have to do this without my help. | ||
:'''Eń isi sa 'm sitop wed-na mėsanad zapayi.''' | :'''Eń isi sa 'm sitop wed-na mėsanad zapayi.''' | ||
::{| | ::{| | ||
!Eń||isi||sa||'m||sitop||wed | !Eń||isi||sa||'m||sitop||wed=na||mė=sanad||zapay-i | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |2SG||without||DEF||1POSS||help||this=OBJ||INF=do||have.to\NPST-2 | ||
|} | |} | ||
*'''ize''' denotes the in the middle: middle. | *'''ize يضه''' denotes the in the middle: middle. | ||
:The islands are in the middle of the ocean. | :The islands are in the middle of the ocean. | ||
:'''Sa bunper ize sa tal ayadu.''' | :'''Sa bunper ize sa tal ayadu.''' | ||
Line 387: | Line 387: | ||
!Sa||bunper||ize||sa||tal||ayad-u | !Sa||bunper||ize||sa||tal||ayad-u | ||
|- | |- | ||
|DEF||island | |DEF||island\PL||in.middle.of||DEF||sea||be-3 | ||
|} | |} | ||
*'''iʻe''' denotes relating to someone or something: toward, in relation to. | *'''iʻe يعه''' denotes relating to someone or something: toward, in relation to. | ||
:What are your feelings towards him? | :What are your feelings towards him? | ||
:'''La sa 'ń puben iʻe 's ayadu ha.''' | :'''La sa 'ń puben iʻe 's ayadu ha.''' | ||
::{| | ::{| | ||
!La||sa||'ń||puben||iʻe||'s||ayad-u||ha | !La||sa||'ń||puben||iʻe||'-s||ayad-u||ha | ||
|- | |- | ||
|what||DEF|| | |what||DEF||2POSS||feelings||toward||ELIS-3||be\NPST-3||Q | ||
|} | |} | ||
*'''lu''' denotes accompaniment in time or space; in company with, along with. | *'''lu لۆ''' denotes accompaniment in time or space; in company with, along with. | ||
:He came with his sister. | |||
:'''Es lu su 's minsad relanu.''' | :'''Es lu su 's minsad relanu.''' | ||
::{| | ::{| | ||
!Es||lu||su||'s||minsad||relan-u | !Es||lu||su||'s||minsad||relan-u | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |3SG||with||DEF||3POSS||sister||come\PST-3 | ||
|} | |} | ||
*'''ne''' denotes possession: of. | *'''ne نه''' denotes possession: of. | ||
: The man's house is on the mountain. | : The man's house is on the mountain. | ||
:'''Sa rutiń ne su in aya sa dap ayadu.''' | :'''Sa rutiń ne su in aya sa dap ayadu.''' | ||
Line 414: | Line 414: | ||
!Sa||rutiń||ne||su||in||aya||sa||dap||ayad-u | !Sa||rutiń||ne||su||in||aya||sa||dap||ayad-u | ||
|- | |- | ||
|DEF||house||of||DEF||man||on||DEF||mountain||be-3 | |DEF||house||of||DEF||man||on||DEF||mountain||be\NPST-3 | ||
|} | |} | ||
*'''odu''' denotes motion from one side to the other: across, on the other side of, over. | *'''odu ۉظۆ''' denotes motion from one side to the other: across, on the other side of, over. | ||
:The child ran across the beach. | :The child ran across the beach. | ||
:'''Su tikag odu sa nipap epazu.''' | :'''Su tikag odu sa nipap epazu.''' | ||
Line 423: | Line 423: | ||
!Su||tikag||odu||sa||nipap||epaz-u | !Su||tikag||odu||sa||nipap||epaz-u | ||
|- | |- | ||
|DEF||child||across||DEF||beach||run | |DEF||child||across||DEF||beach||run\PST-3 | ||
|} | |} | ||
*'''ola''' denotes having the front in the direction of something else: facing. | *'''ola ۉلا''' denotes having the front in the direction of something else: facing. | ||
:'''Su in ola sa nutas menapu .''' | :'''Su in ola sa nutas menapu .''' | ||
:The man remained facing the danger. | :The man remained facing the danger. | ||
Line 432: | Line 432: | ||
!Su||in||ola||sa||nutas||menap-u | !Su||in||ola||sa||nutas||menap-u | ||
|- | |- | ||
|DEF||man||facing||DEF||danger||remain | |DEF||man||facing||DEF||danger||remain\PST-3 | ||
|} | |} | ||
*'''ono''' denotes to or on the side of a person or thing toward the north when facing the rising sun: on-, to-, -the left. | *'''ono ۉنۉ''' denotes to or on the side of a person or thing toward the north when facing the rising sun: on-, to-, -the left. | ||
:The girl stood to the left of her father. | :The girl stood to the left of her father. | ||
:'''Su tėmin ono su 's bab | :'''Su tėmin ono su 's bab selagu.''' | ||
::{| | ::{| | ||
!Su||tė | !Su||tė=min||ono||su||'s||bab||selag-u | ||
|- | |- | ||
|DEF||DIM | |DEF||DIM=woman||to.the.left||DEF||3POSS||father||stand\PST-3 | ||
|} | |} | ||
*'''ore''' denotes in exchange for, literally or figuratively: (in-, -exchange-, -return-) -for. | *'''ore ۉره''' denotes in exchange for, literally or figuratively: (in-, -exchange-, -return-) -for. | ||
:I will give you eight coconuts for that raft. | :I will give you eight coconuts for that raft. | ||
:'''Em ore dad nugem ae eń miz yoṭnur | :'''Em ore dad nugem ae eń miz yoṭnur=na mańama.''' | ||
::{| | ::{| | ||
!Em||ore||dad||nugem||ae||eń||miz||yoṭnur | !Em||ore||dad||nugem||ae||eń||miz||yoṭnur=na||mańam-a | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |1SG||for||that||raft||to||2SG||eight||coconut\PL=OBJ||give\NPST-1 | ||
|} | |} | ||
*'''oyi''' denotes posterior to in time or space literally or figuratively: after, around, behind, beyond, by, on the other side of, outside, past, following. | *'''oyi ۉېي''' denotes posterior to in time or space literally or figuratively: after, around, behind, beyond, by, on the other side of, outside, past, following. | ||
:The people returned after the fire. | :The people returned after the fire. | ||
:'''Su | :'''Su liwad oyi sa pub yewapa.''' | ||
::{| | ::{| | ||
!Su||liwad||oyi||sa||pub||yewap-a | !Su||liwad||oyi||sa||pub||yewap-a | ||
|- | |- | ||
|DEF||people||after||DEF||fire||return | |DEF||people||after||DEF||fire||return\PST-3 | ||
|} | |} | ||
Line 465: | Line 465: | ||
:'''Seń su tin oyi su 's bab dakadu.''' | :'''Seń su tin oyi su 's bab dakadu.''' | ||
::{| | ::{| | ||
!Seń||su||t | !Seń||su||t=in||oyi||su||'s||bab||dakad-u | ||
|- | |- | ||
|now||DEF||DIM | |now||DEF||DIM=man||behind||DEF||3POSS||father||walk\NPST-3 | ||
|} | |} | ||
Line 475: | Line 475: | ||
!Su||nulen||oyi||sa||nuʻad||wepay-u | !Su||nulen||oyi||sa||nuʻad||wepay-u | ||
|- | |- | ||
|DEF||sun||after||DEF||storm||shine | |DEF||sun||after||DEF||storm||shine\PST-3 | ||
|} | |} | ||
*'''ugo''' denotes in place of, replacement or preference: for, instead of, in lieu of, rather than. | *'''ugo ۆݢۉ''' denotes in place of, replacement or preference: for, instead of, in lieu of, rather than. | ||
:'''Su 's mam ae 's ugo ya uban ńeʻom-na meńamu.''' | :'''Su 's mam ae 's ugo ya uban ńeʻom-na meńamu.''' | ||
:His mother gave him an apple instead of a pear. | :His mother gave him an apple instead of a pear. | ||
::{| | ::{| | ||
!Su||'s||mam||ae||'s||ugo||ya||uban||ńeʻom | !Su||'s||mam||ae||'-s||ugo||ya||uban||ńeʻom=na||meńam-u | ||
|- | |- | ||
|DEF|| | |DEF||3POSS||mother||to||ELIS-3||instead.of||INDF||pear||apple=OBJ||give\PST-3 | ||
|} | |} | ||
*'''uli''' denotes removal from or location at a certain place or time either literally or figuratively, away from, or separation from support, attachment or position: from, off (of), of. | *'''uli ۆلي''' denotes removal from or location at a certain place or time either literally or figuratively, away from, or separation from support, attachment or position: from, off (of), of. | ||
:The child ran away from her mother. | :The child ran away from her mother. | ||
:'''Su tikag uli su 'ń mam-na epazu.''' | :'''Su tikag uli su 'ń mam-na epazu.''' | ||
::{| | ::{| | ||
!Su||tikag||uli||su||'ń||mam | !Su||tikag||uli||su||'ń||mam=na||epaz-u | ||
|- | |- | ||
|DEF||child||away.from||DEF|| | |DEF||child||away.from||DEF||2POSS||mother=OBJ||run\PST-3 | ||
|} | |} | ||
Line 501: | Line 501: | ||
!Em||uli||ya||Amerika||ayad-a | !Em||uli||ya||Amerika||ayad-a | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |1SG||from||INDF||America||be\NPST-1 | ||
|} | |} | ||
Line 509: | Line 509: | ||
!Ayap||es||uli||sa||kisob||meʻak-u | !Ayap||es||uli||sa||kisob||meʻak-u | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Then|| | |Then||3SG||off||DEF||log||fall\PST-3 | ||
|} | |} | ||
*'''uma''' denotes possessing a special characteristic: with. | *'''uma ۆما''' denotes possessing a special characteristic: with. | ||
:My father is the man with the spear. | :My father is the man with the spear. | ||
:'''Su 'm bab su in uma sa yimon ayadu.''' | :'''Su 'm bab su in uma sa yimon ayadu.''' | ||
Line 518: | Line 518: | ||
!Su||'m||bab||su||in||uma||sa||yimon||ayad-u | !Su||'m||bab||su||in||uma||sa||yimon||ayad-u | ||
|- | |- | ||
|DEF|| | |DEF||1POSS||father||DEF||man||with||DEF||spear||be\NPST-3 | ||
|} | |} | ||
*'''uńu''' denotes duration or extension through space literally or figuratively: (all) over, through(out). | *'''uńu ۆگۆ''' denotes duration or extension through space literally or figuratively: (all) over, through(out). | ||
:She spilled the water all over the floor. | :She spilled the water all over the floor. | ||
:'''Es uńu sa zeʻid sa lutol-na gekayu.''' | :'''Es uńu sa zeʻid sa lutol-na gekayu.''' | ||
::{| | ::{| | ||
!Es||uńu||sa||zeʻid||sa||lutol | !Es||uńu||sa||zeʻid||sa||lutol=na||gekay-u | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |3SG||over||DEF||floor||DEF||water=OBJ||spill\PST-3 | ||
|} | |} | ||
*'''ura''' denotes done on behalf of, for the benefit, sake, or interest of someone: for. | *'''ura ۆرا''' denotes done on behalf of, for the benefit, sake, or interest of someone: for. | ||
:Let's cook supper for the family. | :Let's cook supper for the family. | ||
:'''Ura su sudok epir pidod-na emer-na | :'''Ura su sudok epir pidod-na emer-na ranika'''. | ||
::{| | ::{| | ||
!Ura||su||sudok||epir||pidod | !Ura||su||sudok||epir||pidod=na||em-er=na||ranik-a | ||
|- | |- | ||
|for||DEF||family||evening||meal | |for||DEF||family||evening||meal=OBJ||1-PL=OBJ||cook\IMP-3 | ||
|} | |} | ||
*'''uto''' denotes to or on the side of a person or thing toward the south when facing the rising sun: on, to-, -the right of. | *'''uto ۆطۉ''' denotes to or on the side of a person or thing toward the south when facing the rising sun: on, to-, -the right of. | ||
:You'll see the oven to the right of the house. | :You'll see the oven to the right of the house. | ||
:'''Eń uto sa rutiń sa ńamul-na asadi.''' | :'''Eń uto sa rutiń sa ńamul-na asadi.''' | ||
::{| | ::{| | ||
!Eń||uto||sa||retoz||sa||ńamul | !Eń||uto||sa||retoz||sa||ńamul=na||asad-i | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |2SG||to.right.of||DEF||house||DEF||oven=OBJ||see\NPST-2 | ||
|} | |} | ||
*'''uʻa''' denotes change to, toward, or at an elevated place literally or figuratively: up, up to. | *'''uʻa ۆعا''' denotes change to, toward, or at an elevated place literally or figuratively: up, up to. | ||
:The child climbed up the tree. | :The child climbed up the tree. | ||
:'''Su tikag uʻa sa dokem ńeʻanu.''' | :'''Su tikag uʻa sa dokem ńeʻanu.''' | ||
Line 554: | Line 554: | ||
!Su||tikag||uʻa||sa||dokem||ńeʻan-u | !Su||tikag||uʻa||sa||dokem||ńeʻan-u | ||
|- | |- | ||
|DEF||child||up||DEF||tree||climb | |DEF||child||up||DEF||tree||climb\PST-3 | ||
|} | |} | ||
*'''ye''' denotes cause: because of, due to. | *'''ye يه''' denotes cause: because of, due to. | ||
:Because of the rain, we stayed home. | :Because of the rain, we stayed home. | ||
:'''Ye sa binel emer zu sa rutiń menapa.''' | :'''Ye sa binel emer zu sa rutiń menapa.''' | ||
Line 563: | Line 563: | ||
!Ye||sa||binel||em-er||zu||sa||rutiń||menap-a | !Ye||sa||binel||em-er||zu||sa||rutiń||menap-a | ||
|- | |- | ||
|because.of||DEF||rain||1-PL||at||DEF||house||stay | |because.of||DEF||rain||1-PL||at||DEF||house||stay\PST-1 | ||
|} | |} | ||
*'''yi''' denotes similarity or likeness: as like, similar to. | *'''yi يې''' denotes similarity or likeness: as like, similar to. | ||
:Your hands smell like roses. | :Your hands smell like roses. | ||
:'''Sa 'ń tagar yi ya riṗgir dapayu.''' | :'''Sa 'ń tagar yi ya riṗgir dapayu.''' | ||
Line 572: | Line 572: | ||
!Sa||'ń||tagar||yi||ya||riṗgir||dapay-u | !Sa||'ń||tagar||yi||ya||riṗgir||dapay-u | ||
|- | |- | ||
|DEF|| | |DEF||2POSS||hand\PL||like||INDF||rose\PL||smell\NPST-3 | ||
|} | |} | ||
*'''yo''' denotes interiority: in, within, inside. | *'''yo يۉ''' denotes interiority: in, within, inside. | ||
:The woman is in her house. | :The woman is in her house. | ||
:'''Su min yo sa 's rutiń ayadu.''' | :'''Su min yo sa 's rutiń ayadu.''' | ||
Line 581: | Line 581: | ||
!Su||min||yo||sa||'s||rutiń||ayad-u | !Su||min||yo||sa||'s||rutiń||ayad-u | ||
|- | |- | ||
|DEF||woman||in||DEF|| | |DEF||woman||in||DEF||3POSS||house||be\NPST-3 | ||
|} | |} | ||
*'''za''' denotes on or toward the exterior of: outside, without. | *'''za ضا''' denotes on or toward the exterior of: outside, without. | ||
:Their father stood outside the cave calling the boys. | :Their father stood outside the cave calling the boys. | ||
:'''Su 'ser bab za sa lisap su tinir-na yapus selagu.''' | :'''Su 'ser bab za sa lisap su tinir-na yapus selagu.''' | ||
::{| | ::{| | ||
!Su|| | !Su||es-er||bab||za||sa||lisap||su||t=inir=na||yapus||selag-u | ||
|- | |- | ||
|DEF||3 | |DEF||3-PL\POSS||father||outside||DEF||cave||DEF||DIM=man\PL=OBJ||call\AP||stood\PST-3 | ||
|} | |} | ||
*'''zu''' denotes stationary position or location in time or space: at, in, on, to. | *'''zu ضۆ''' denotes stationary position or location in time or space: at, in, on, to. | ||
:He and his wife stood at the door. | :He and his wife stood at the door. | ||
:'''Es he su 's wolib zu sa ńupas selagu.''' | :'''Es he su 's wolib zu sa ńupas selagu.''' | ||
Line 599: | Line 599: | ||
!Es||he||su||'s||wolib||zu||sa||ńupas||selag-u | !Es||he||su||'s||wolib||zu||sa||ńupas||selag-u | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |3SG||and||DEF||3POSS||wife||at||DEF||door||stand\PST-3 | ||
|} | |} |
Latest revision as of 18:39, 22 November 2021
Table of Phonemes
IPA | /h/ | /χ/ | /ɣ/ | /w/ | /o/ | /u/ | /k/ | /g/ | /ŋ/ | /t/ | /d/ | /θ/ | /ð/ | /p/ | /b/ | /ɸ/ | /β/ | /s/ | /z/ | /j/ | /i/ | /e/ | /ɛ/ | /ä/ | /n/ | /m/ | /l/ | /ɾ/ | /ʔ/ |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Latin | H h | ḳ | ġ | W w | O o | U u | K k | G g | Ń ń | T t | D d | ṭ | ḍ | P p | B b | ṗ | ḃ | S s | Z z | Y y | I i | E e | ė | A a | N n | M m | L l | R r | ʻ |
Arabic | ح 1 |
خ | ݗ | و 2 |
ۉ | ۆ | ک 3 |
ݢ | گ | ط 4 |
ظ | د | ذ | ٮ 5 |
ﺏ | ڡ | ڢ | ص 6 |
ض | ی ې | ي | ه 7 |
ا | ن | م | ل 8 |
ر | ع | |
Name | Ha حا |
Ḳa خا |
Ġa ݗا |
Wa وا |
Wo وۉ |
Wu وۆ |
Kaf کاڡ |
Gaf ݢاڡ |
Ńaf گاڡ |
Tal طال |
Dal ظال |
Ṭal رال |
Ḍal زال |
Pa ٮا |
Ba با |
Ṗa ڡا |
Ḃa ڢا |
Sad صاط |
Zad ضاط |
Ya ېا |
Yi ىي |
Ye ىه |
Yė ىٰ |
Alif ا |
Nun نۆن |
Mim ميم |
Lam لام |
Ram رام |
ʻam عام |
List of Prepositions
- aba ابا denotes concern for someone or something: concerning, respecting, in\with regard to, as regards, regarding, with respect to, with regard for, about, with, on, for, in.
- I know about your illness.
- Em aba sa 'ń dikud tagasa.
Em aba sa 'ń dikud tagas-a 1SG about DEF 2POSS illness know\PRES-1
- adu اظۆ denotes exception: apart from, beside, besides, but for, except, save, not to-, -speak of, -mention, other than, outside.
- I have all the ingredients, except for eggs.
- Adu ya ruzdar, em sa yok lusrur-na awańa:
Adu ya ruzdar em sa yok lusrur-na awań-a Except.for INDF egg\PL 1SG DEF all ingredient\PL=OBJ have\NPST-1
- ae اي denotes the indirect object of the verb: for, to; or indicates a relationship to an adjective: to.
- I will give the banana to my daughter.
- Em ae su 'm mintikag sa lomed-na mańama.
Em ae su 'm min.tikag sa lomed=na mańam-a 1SG to DEF 1POSS F.child DEF banana=OBJ give\NPST-1
- ala الا denotes up to a limit: at the edge of, as far as, as many as, to, till, until, up to.
- We will stay with you until tomorrow.
- Emer ala oyinulen lu ń manapa.
Em-er ala oyi.nulen lu ń manap-a 1-PL until after.day with 2POSS stay\NPST-1
- ańa اگا denotes at or to a lower level than something else literally or figuratively: below, behind, beneath, under(neath).
- She hid the cup under the bed.
- Es ańa sa litad sa yon-na deraʻu.
Es ańa sa litad sa yon=na deraʻ-u 2SG under DEF bed DEF cup=OBJ hide\PST-3
- apu اٮۆ denotes in a parallel direction: along, alongside (of).
- The boy is walking alongside his father.
- Su tin apu su 's bab dakadu.
Su t=in apu su 's bab dakad-u DEF DIM=man alongside DEF 3POSS father walk\NPST-3
- ara ارا denotes anterior to in time or space: before, in front of, ahead of, against, in advance of, previous to.
- We left before sunrise.
- Emer ara sa nulen sikud sewara.
Em-er ara sa nulen sikud sewar-a 1-PL before DEF sun rise leave\PST-1
- asi اصي denotes paying no attention to: regardless of, despite, in spite of, for, in face of, notwithstanding, disregarding.
- Regardless of his pain, he completed the race.
- Asi sa 's yisur es sa lipez-na netalu.
Asi sa 's yisur es sa lipez=na netal-u Regardless.of DEF 3POSS pain 3SG DEF race=OBJ complete\PST-3
- ata اطا denotes change to, toward or at a lower place either literally or figuratively: down (through), down from.
- The child climbed down the tree.
- Su tikag ata sa dokem ńeʻanu.
Su tikag ata sa dokem=na ńeʻan-u DEF child down DEF tree=OBJ climb\PST-3
- aya اېا denotes position on top of literally or figuratively: atop, over, to, on, upon.
- The woman placed the flowers on the table.
- Su min aya sa nikem sa ʻiṗyar-na leyalu.
Su min aya sa nikem sa ʻiṗyar=na leyal-u DEF woman on DEF table DEF flower\PL=OBJ place\PST-3
- ba با denotes movement or direction from the inside to the outside: (out) of, from (within).
- The people ran out of the burning house.
- Su liwad ba sa napuʻ rutiń epazu.
Su liwad ba sa napuʻ rutiń epaz-u DEF people from DEF burn\AP house run\PST-3
- egu هݢۆ denotes in opposition to, in contact with: against, contrary to, into, on, opposed to, opposite, up, with:
- The child ran into the tree.
- Su tikag egu sa ikam epazu.
Su tikag egu sa ikam epaz-u DEF child into DEF tree run\PST-3
- elo هلۉ denotes motion towards literally or figuratively: to, toward, at, into, -ward.
- The birds are flying seaward.
- Su ziʻpor elo sa tal ńanalu.
Su ziʻpor elo sa tal ńanal-u DEF bird\PL to DEF sea fly\NPST-3
- ere هره denotes in the course of: during, for, in, in the process-, -course-, -of, on, through, throughout, under.
- They hid in the cave during the storm.
- Eter ere sa nuʻad yo sa lisap deraʻu.
Et-er ere sa nuʻad yo sa lisap deraʻ-u 3-PL during DEF storm in DEF cave hide\PST-3
- eri هري denotes situation or partition between two or more entities: among, (in) between, through, with.
- The girl is standing between her father and mother.
- Su tėmin eri su 's bab he su 's mam salagu.
Su tė=min eri su 's bab he su 's mam salag-u DEF DIM=woman between DEF 3POSS father and DEF 3POSS mother stand\NPST-3
- esa هصا denotes agency: by.
- He was bitten by the snakes.
- Es esa ya mesnor gėmebanu.
Es esa ya mesnor gė=meban-u 3SG by INDF snake\PL PASS=bite\PST-3
- eto هطۉ denotes proximity: near, about, beside, by, next to, on, close to, against.
- Our village is near the mountain.
- Sa emer yi'up eto sa dap ayadu.
Sa em-er yi'up eto sa dap ayad-u DEF 1-PL village near DEF mountain be\NPST-3
- eya هېا denotes from a past time: since.
- She's been sick since yesterday
- Es eya olan doked eyadu.
Es eya olan doked eyad-u 3SG since yesterday sick be\PST-3
- hi حې denotes instrumentality: with, by means of.
- You can cut that meat with a knife.
- Eń hi ya niʻom dad rinap-na mėnaʻam tadaki.
Eń hi ya niʻom dad rinap=na mė=naʻam tadak-i 2SG by INDF knife that meat=OBJ INF=cut be.able\NPST-2
- ido يظۉ denotes purpose: for.
- They're cooking this for the party.
- Eter ido sa duʻok wid-na renaku.
Et-er ido sa duʻok wid=na ranak-u 3-PL for DEF party this=OBJ cook\NPST-3
- I made this spear for the hunt.
- Em ido sa nitug wed yimon-na remada.
Em ido sa nitug wed yimon=na remad-a 1SG for DEF hunt this spear=OBJ make\PST-1
- ige يݢه denotes movement into: into.
- The meat fell into the fire.
- Sa rinap ige sa map meʻaku.
Sa rinap ige sa map meʻak-u DEF meat into DEF fire fall\PST-3
- ila يلا denotes to or at a higher level than something else literally or figuratively: above, over.
- The bird flew over the forest.
- Su ziʻop ila sa tusip ńenalu.
Su ziʻop ila sa tusip ńenal-u DEF bird over DEF forest fly\NPST-3
- ilu يلۆ denotes from one side of an opening to another: through.
- He hurried home through the rain.
- Es elo sa rutiń ilu ta binel ledaru.
Es elo sa rutiń ilu ta binel ledar-u 3SG to DEF house through DEF rain hurry\PST-3
- ini يني denotes comparison: compared to, than.
- He is stronger than I am.
- Es yodayyoday ini em ayadu.
Es yoday~yoday ini em ayad-u 3SG strong~COMP than 1SG be\NPST-3
- ińa يگا denotes the manner, method, way by which something is done: with, through, in.
- The man harvested the papayas with a great effort.
- Su in ińa bigok luliz sa ʻoṭder-na enaʻu.
Su in ińa bigok luliz sa ʻoṭder=na enaʻ-u DEF man with great effort DEF papaya\PL=OBJ harvest\PST-3
- iro يرۉ denotes encirclement or in or to various directions or locations: around.
- The animal ran around the lake.
- Sa tehom iro sa obul epazu.
Sa tehom iro sa obul epaz-u DEF animal around DEF lake run\PST-3
- isi يصي denotes having a lack of something: without.
- You will have to do this without my help.
- Eń isi sa 'm sitop wed-na mėsanad zapayi.
Eń isi sa 'm sitop wed=na mė=sanad zapay-i 2SG without DEF 1POSS help this=OBJ INF=do have.to\NPST-2
- ize يضه denotes the in the middle: middle.
- The islands are in the middle of the ocean.
- Sa bunper ize sa tal ayadu.
Sa bunper ize sa tal ayad-u DEF island\PL in.middle.of DEF sea be-3
- iʻe يعه denotes relating to someone or something: toward, in relation to.
- What are your feelings towards him?
- La sa 'ń puben iʻe 's ayadu ha.
La sa 'ń puben iʻe '-s ayad-u ha what DEF 2POSS feelings toward ELIS-3 be\NPST-3 Q
- lu لۆ denotes accompaniment in time or space; in company with, along with.
- He came with his sister.
- Es lu su 's minsad relanu.
Es lu su 's minsad relan-u 3SG with DEF 3POSS sister come\PST-3
- ne نه denotes possession: of.
- The man's house is on the mountain.
- Sa rutiń ne su in aya sa dap ayadu.
Sa rutiń ne su in aya sa dap ayad-u DEF house of DEF man on DEF mountain be\NPST-3
- odu ۉظۆ denotes motion from one side to the other: across, on the other side of, over.
- The child ran across the beach.
- Su tikag odu sa nipap epazu.
Su tikag odu sa nipap epaz-u DEF child across DEF beach run\PST-3
- ola ۉلا denotes having the front in the direction of something else: facing.
- Su in ola sa nutas menapu .
- The man remained facing the danger.
Su in ola sa nutas menap-u DEF man facing DEF danger remain\PST-3
- ono ۉنۉ denotes to or on the side of a person or thing toward the north when facing the rising sun: on-, to-, -the left.
- The girl stood to the left of her father.
- Su tėmin ono su 's bab selagu.
Su tė=min ono su 's bab selag-u DEF DIM=woman to.the.left DEF 3POSS father stand\PST-3
- ore ۉره denotes in exchange for, literally or figuratively: (in-, -exchange-, -return-) -for.
- I will give you eight coconuts for that raft.
- Em ore dad nugem ae eń miz yoṭnur=na mańama.
Em ore dad nugem ae eń miz yoṭnur=na mańam-a 1SG for that raft to 2SG eight coconut\PL=OBJ give\NPST-1
- oyi ۉېي denotes posterior to in time or space literally or figuratively: after, around, behind, beyond, by, on the other side of, outside, past, following.
- The people returned after the fire.
- Su liwad oyi sa pub yewapa.
Su liwad oyi sa pub yewap-a DEF people after DEF fire return\PST-3
- Now the boy is walking behind his father.
- Seń su tin oyi su 's bab dakadu.
Seń su t=in oyi su 's bab dakad-u now DEF DIM=man behind DEF 3POSS father walk\NPST-3
- The sun shone after the storm.
- Su nulen oyi sa nuʻad wepayu.
Su nulen oyi sa nuʻad wepay-u DEF sun after DEF storm shine\PST-3
- ugo ۆݢۉ denotes in place of, replacement or preference: for, instead of, in lieu of, rather than.
- Su 's mam ae 's ugo ya uban ńeʻom-na meńamu.
- His mother gave him an apple instead of a pear.
Su 's mam ae '-s ugo ya uban ńeʻom=na meńam-u DEF 3POSS mother to ELIS-3 instead.of INDF pear apple=OBJ give\PST-3
- uli ۆلي denotes removal from or location at a certain place or time either literally or figuratively, away from, or separation from support, attachment or position: from, off (of), of.
- The child ran away from her mother.
- Su tikag uli su 'ń mam-na epazu.
Su tikag uli su 'ń mam=na epaz-u DEF child away.from DEF 2POSS mother=OBJ run\PST-3
- I am from America.
- Em uli ya Amerika ayada.
Em uli ya Amerika ayad-a 1SG from INDF America be\NPST-1
- Then he fell off the log.
- Ayap es uli sa kisob meʻaku.
Ayap es uli sa kisob meʻak-u Then 3SG off DEF log fall\PST-3
- uma ۆما denotes possessing a special characteristic: with.
- My father is the man with the spear.
- Su 'm bab su in uma sa yimon ayadu.
Su 'm bab su in uma sa yimon ayad-u DEF 1POSS father DEF man with DEF spear be\NPST-3
- uńu ۆگۆ denotes duration or extension through space literally or figuratively: (all) over, through(out).
- She spilled the water all over the floor.
- Es uńu sa zeʻid sa lutol-na gekayu.
Es uńu sa zeʻid sa lutol=na gekay-u 3SG over DEF floor DEF water=OBJ spill\PST-3
- ura ۆرا denotes done on behalf of, for the benefit, sake, or interest of someone: for.
- Let's cook supper for the family.
- Ura su sudok epir pidod-na emer-na ranika.
Ura su sudok epir pidod=na em-er=na ranik-a for DEF family evening meal=OBJ 1-PL=OBJ cook\IMP-3
- uto ۆطۉ denotes to or on the side of a person or thing toward the south when facing the rising sun: on, to-, -the right of.
- You'll see the oven to the right of the house.
- Eń uto sa rutiń sa ńamul-na asadi.
Eń uto sa retoz sa ńamul=na asad-i 2SG to.right.of DEF house DEF oven=OBJ see\NPST-2
- uʻa ۆعا denotes change to, toward, or at an elevated place literally or figuratively: up, up to.
- The child climbed up the tree.
- Su tikag uʻa sa dokem ńeʻanu.
Su tikag uʻa sa dokem ńeʻan-u DEF child up DEF tree climb\PST-3
- ye يه denotes cause: because of, due to.
- Because of the rain, we stayed home.
- Ye sa binel emer zu sa rutiń menapa.
Ye sa binel em-er zu sa rutiń menap-a because.of DEF rain 1-PL at DEF house stay\PST-1
- yi يې denotes similarity or likeness: as like, similar to.
- Your hands smell like roses.
- Sa 'ń tagar yi ya riṗgir dapayu.
Sa 'ń tagar yi ya riṗgir dapay-u DEF 2POSS hand\PL like INDF rose\PL smell\NPST-3
- yo يۉ denotes interiority: in, within, inside.
- The woman is in her house.
- Su min yo sa 's rutiń ayadu.
Su min yo sa 's rutiń ayad-u DEF woman in DEF 3POSS house be\NPST-3
- za ضا denotes on or toward the exterior of: outside, without.
- Their father stood outside the cave calling the boys.
- Su 'ser bab za sa lisap su tinir-na yapus selagu.
Su es-er bab za sa lisap su t=inir=na yapus selag-u DEF 3-PL\POSS father outside DEF cave DEF DIM=man\PL=OBJ call\AP stood\PST-3
- zu ضۆ denotes stationary position or location in time or space: at, in, on, to.
- He and his wife stood at the door.
- Es he su 's wolib zu sa ńupas selagu.
Es he su 's wolib zu sa ńupas selag-u 3SG and DEF 3POSS wife at DEF door stand\PST-3