Liwadi: List of Prepositions
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Table of Phonemes
IPA | /h/ | /χ/ | /ɣ/ | /w/ | /o/ | /u/ | /k/ | /g/ | /ŋ/ | /t/ | /d/ | /θ/ | /ð/ | /p/ | /b/ | /ɸ/ | /β/ | /s/ | /z/ | /j/ | /i/ | /e/ | /ɛ/ | /ä/ | /n/ | /m/ | /l/ | /ɾ/ | /ʔ/ |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Latin | H h | ḳ | ġ | W w | O o | U u | K k | G g | Ń ń | T t | D d | ṭ | ḍ | P p | B b | ṗ | ḃ | S s | Z z | Y y | I i | E e | ė | A a | N n | M m | L l | R r | ʻ |
Arabic | ح 1 |
خ | ݗ | و 2 |
ۉ | ۆ | ک 3 |
ݢ | گ | ط 4 |
ظ | د | ذ | ٮ 5 |
ﺏ | ڡ | ڢ | ص 6 |
ض | ی ې | ي | ه 7 |
ا | ن | م | ل 8 |
ر | ع | |
Name | Ha حا |
Ḳa خا |
Ġa ݗا |
Wa وا |
Wo وۉ |
Wu وۆ |
Kaf کاڡ |
Gaf ݢاڡ |
Ńaf گاڡ |
Tal طال |
Dal ظال |
Ṭal رال |
Ḍal زال |
Pa ٮا |
Ba با |
Ṗa ڡا |
Ḃa ڢا |
Sad صاط |
Zad ضاط |
Ya ېا |
Yi ىي |
Ye ىه |
Yė ىٰ |
Alif ا |
Nun نۆن |
Mim ميم |
Lam لام |
Ram رام |
ʻam عام |
List of Prepositions
- aba ابا denotes concern for someone or something: concerning, respecting, in\with regard to, as regards, regarding, with respect to, with regard for, about, with, on, for, in.
- I know about your illness.
- Em aba sa 'ń dikud tagasa.
Em aba sa 'ń dikud tagas-a 1SG about DEF 2POSS illness know\PRES-1
- adu اظۆ denotes exception: apart from, beside, besides, but for, except, save, not to-, -speak of, -mention, other than, outside.
- I have all the ingredients, except for eggs.
- Adu ya ruzdar, em sa yok lusrur-na awańa:
Adu ya ruzdar em sa yok lusrur-na awań-a Except.for INDF egg\PL 1SG DEF all ingredient\PL=OBJ have\NPST-1
- ae اي denotes the indirect object of the verb: for, to; or indicates a relationship to an adjective: to.
- I will give the banana to my daughter.
- Em ae su 'm mintikag sa lomed-na mańama.
Em ae su 'm min.tikag sa lomed=na mańam-a 1SG to DEF 1POSS F.child DEF banana=OBJ give\NPST-1
- ala الا denotes up to a limit: at the edge of, as far as, as many as, to, till, until, up to.
- We will stay with you until tomorrow.
- Emer ala oyinulen lu ń manapa.
Em-er ala oyi.nulen lu ń manap-a 1-PL until after.day with 2POSS stay\NPST-1
- ańa اگا denotes at or to a lower level than something else literally or figuratively: below, behind, beneath, under(neath).
- She hid the cup under the bed.
- Es ańa sa litad sa yon-na deraʻu.
Es ańa sa litad sa yon=na deraʻ-u 2SG under DEF bed DEF cup=OBJ hide\PST-3
- apu اٮۆ denotes in a parallel direction: along, alongside (of).
- The boy is walking alongside his father.
- Su tin apu su 's bab dakadu.
Su t=in apu su 's bab dakad-u DEF DIM=man alongside DEF 3POSS father walk\NPST-3
- ara ارا denotes anterior to in time or space: before, in front of, ahead of, against, in advance of, previous to.
- We left before sunrise.
- Emer ara sa nulen sikud sewara.
Em-er ara sa nulen sikud sewar-a 1-PL before DEF sun rise leave\PST-1
- asi اصي denotes paying no attention to: regardless of, despite, in spite of, for, in face of, notwithstanding, disregarding.
- Regardless of his pain, he completed the race.
- Asi sa 's yisur es sa lipez-na netalu.
Asi sa 's yisur es sa lipez=na netal-u Regardless.of DEF 3POSS pain 3SG DEF race=OBJ complete\PST-3
- ata اطا denotes change to, toward or at a lower place either literally or figuratively: down (through), down from.
- The child climbed down the tree.
- Su tikag ata sa dokem ńeʻanu.
Su tikag ata sa dokem=na ńeʻan-u DEF child down DEF tree=OBJ climb\PST-3
- aya اېا denotes position on top of literally or figuratively: atop, over, to, on, upon.
- The woman placed the flowers on the table.
- Su min aya sa nikem sa ʻiṗyar-na leyalu.
Su min aya sa nikem sa ʻiṗyar=na leyal-u DEF woman on DEF table DEF flower\PL=OBJ place\PST-3
- ba با denotes movement or direction from the inside to the outside: (out) of, from (within).
- The people ran out of the burning house.
- Su liwad ba sa napuʻ rutiń epazu.
Su liwad ba sa napuʻ rutiń epaz-u DEF people from DEF burn\AP house run\PST-3
- egu هݢۆ denotes in opposition to, in contact with: against, contrary to, into, on, opposed to, opposite, up, with:
- The child ran into the tree.
- Su tikag egu sa ikam epazu.
Su tikag egu sa ikam epaz-u DEF child into DEF tree run\PST-3
- elo هلۉ denotes motion towards literally or figuratively: to, toward, at, into, -ward.
- The birds are flying seaward.
- Su ziʻpor elo sa tal ńanalu.
Su ziʻpor elo sa tal ńanal-u DEF bird\PL to DEF sea fly\NPST-3
- ere هره denotes in the course of: during, for, in, in the process-, -course-, -of, on, through, throughout, under.
- They hid in the cave during the storm.
- Eter ere sa nuʻad yo sa lisap deraʻu.
Et-er ere sa nuʻad yo sa lisap deraʻ-u 3-PL during DEF storm in DEF cave hide\PST-3
- eri هري denotes situation or partition between two or more entities: among, (in) between, through, with.
- The girl is standing between her father and mother.
- Su tėmin eri su 's bab he su 's mam salagu.
Su tė=min eri su 's bab he su 's mam salag-u DEF DIM=woman between DEF 3POSS father and DEF 3POSS mother stand\NPST-3
- esa هصا denotes agency: by.
- He was bitten by the snakes.
- Es esa ya mesnor gėmebanu.
Es esa ya mesnor gė=meban-u 3SG by INDF snake\PL PASS=bite\PST-3
- eto هطۉ denotes proximity: near, about, beside, by, next to, on, close to, against.
- Our village is near the mountain.
- Sa emer yi'up eto sa dap ayadu.
Sa em-er yi'up eto sa dap ayad-u DEF 1-PL village near DEF mountain be\NPST-3
- eya هېا denotes from a past time: since.
- She's been sick since yesterday
- Es eya olan doked eyadu.
Es eya olan doked eyad-u 3SG since yesterday sick be\PST-3
- hi حې denotes instrumentality: with, by means of.
- You can cut that meat with a knife.
- Eń hi ya niʻom dad rinap-na mėnaʻam tadaki.
Eń hi ya niʻom dad rinap=na mė=naʻam tadak-i 2SG by INDF knife that meat=OBJ INF=cut be.able\NPST-2
- ido يظۉ denotes purpose: for.
- They're cooking this for the party.
- Eter ido sa duʻok wid-na renaku.
Et-er ido sa duʻok wid=na ranak-u 3-PL for DEF party this=OBJ cook\NPST-3
- I made this spear for the hunt.
- Em ido sa nitug wed yimon-na remada.
Em ido sa nitug wed yimon=na remad-a 1SG for DEF hunt this spear=OBJ make\PST-1
- ige يݢه denotes movement into: into.
- The meat fell into the fire.
- Sa rinap ige sa map meʻaku.
Sa rinap ige sa map meʻak-u DEF meat into DEF fire fall\PST-3
- ila يلا denotes to or at a higher level than something else literally or figuratively: above, over.
- The bird flew over the forest.
- Su ziʻop ila sa tusip ńenalu.
Su ziʻop ila sa tusip ńenal-u DEF bird over DEF forest fly\NPST-3
- ilu يلۆ denotes from one side of an opening to another: through.
- He hurried home through the rain.
- Es elo sa rutiń ilu ta binel ledaru.
Es elo sa rutiń ilu ta binel ledar-u 3SG to DEF house through DEF rain hurry\PST-3
- ini يني denotes comparison: compared to, than.
- He is stronger than I am.
- Es yodayyoday ini em ayadu.
Es yoday~yoday ini em ayad-u 3SG strong~COMP than 1SG be\NPST-3
- ińa يگا denotes the manner, method, way by which something is done: with, through, in.
- The man harvested the papayas with a great effort.
- Su in ińa bigok luliz sa ʻoṭder-na enaʻu.
Su in ińa bigok luliz sa ʻoṭder=na enaʻ-u DEF man with great effort DEF papaya\PL=OBJ harvest\PST-3
- iro يرۉ denotes encirclement or in or to various directions or locations: around.
- The animal ran around the lake.
- Sa tehom iro sa obul epazu.
Sa tehom iro sa obul epaz-u DEF animal around DEF lake run\PST-3
- isi يصي denotes having a lack of something: without.
- You will have to do this without my help.
- Eń isi sa 'm sitop wed-na mėsanad zapayi.
Eń isi sa 'm sitop wed=na mė=sanad zapay-i 2SG without DEF 1POSS help this=OBJ INF=do have.to\NPST-2
- ize يضه denotes the in the middle: middle.
- The islands are in the middle of the ocean.
- Sa bunper ize sa tal ayadu.
Sa bunper ize sa tal ayad-u DEF island\PL in.middle.of DEF sea be-3
- iʻe يعه denotes relating to someone or something: toward, in relation to.
- What are your feelings towards him?
- La sa 'ń puben iʻe 's ayadu ha.
La sa 'ń puben iʻe '-s ayad-u ha what DEF 2POSS feelings toward ELIS-3 be\NPST-3 Q
- lu لۆ denotes accompaniment in time or space; in company with, along with.
- He came with his sister.
- Es lu su 's minsad relanu.
Es lu su 's minsad relan-u 3SG with DEF 3POSS sister come\PST-3
- ne نه denotes possession: of.
- The man's house is on the mountain.
- Sa rutiń ne su in aya sa dap ayadu.
Sa rutiń ne su in aya sa dap ayad-u DEF house of DEF man on DEF mountain be\NPST-3
- odu ۉظۆ denotes motion from one side to the other: across, on the other side of, over.
- The child ran across the beach.
- Su tikag odu sa nipap epazu.
Su tikag odu sa nipap epaz-u DEF child across DEF beach run\PST-3
- ola ۉلا denotes having the front in the direction of something else: facing.
- Su in ola sa nutas menapu .
- The man remained facing the danger.
Su in ola sa nutas menap-u DEF man facing DEF danger remain\PST-3
- ono ۉنۉ denotes to or on the side of a person or thing toward the north when facing the rising sun: on-, to-, -the left.
- The girl stood to the left of her father.
- Su tėmin ono su 's bab selagu.
Su tė=min ono su 's bab selag-u DEF DIM=woman to.the.left DEF 3POSS father stand\PST-3
- ore ۉره denotes in exchange for, literally or figuratively: (in-, -exchange-, -return-) -for.
- I will give you eight coconuts for that raft.
- Em ore dad nugem ae eń miz yoṭnur=na mańama.
Em ore dad nugem ae eń miz yoṭnur=na mańam-a 1SG for that raft to 2SG eight coconut\PL=OBJ give\NPST-1
- oyi ۉېي denotes posterior to in time or space literally or figuratively: after, around, behind, beyond, by, on the other side of, outside, past, following.
- The people returned after the fire.
- Su liwad oyi sa pub yewapa.
Su liwad oyi sa pub yewap-a DEF people after DEF fire return\PST-3
- Now the boy is walking behind his father.
- Seń su tin oyi su 's bab dakadu.
Seń su t=in oyi su 's bab dakad-u now DEF DIM=man behind DEF 3POSS father walk\NPST-3
- The sun shone after the storm.
- Su nulen oyi sa nuʻad wepayu.
Su nulen oyi sa nuʻad wepay-u DEF sun after DEF storm shine\PST-3
- ugo ۆݢۉ denotes in place of, replacement or preference: for, instead of, in lieu of, rather than.
- Su 's mam ae 's ugo ya uban ńeʻom-na meńamu.
- His mother gave him an apple instead of a pear.
Su 's mam ae '-s ugo ya uban ńeʻom=na meńam-u DEF 3POSS mother to ELIS-3 instead.of INDF pear apple=OBJ give\PST-3
- uli ۆلي denotes removal from or location at a certain place or time either literally or figuratively, away from, or separation from support, attachment or position: from, off (of), of.
- The child ran away from her mother.
- Su tikag uli su 'ń mam-na epazu.
Su tikag uli su 'ń mam=na epaz-u DEF child away.from DEF 2POSS mother=OBJ run\PST-3
- I am from America.
- Em uli ya Amerika ayada.
Em uli ya Amerika ayad-a 1SG from INDF America be\NPST-1
- Then he fell off the log.
- Ayap es uli sa kisob meʻaku.
Ayap es uli sa kisob meʻak-u Then 3SG off DEF log fall\PST-3
- uma ۆما denotes possessing a special characteristic: with.
- My father is the man with the spear.
- Su 'm bab su in uma sa yimon ayadu.
Su 'm bab su in uma sa yimon ayad-u DEF 1POSS father DEF man with DEF spear be\NPST-3
- uńu ۆگۆ denotes duration or extension through space literally or figuratively: (all) over, through(out).
- She spilled the water all over the floor.
- Es uńu sa zeʻid sa lutol-na gekayu.
Es uńu sa zeʻid sa lutol=na gekay-u 3SG over DEF floor DEF water=OBJ spill\PST-3
- ura ۆرا denotes done on behalf of, for the benefit, sake, or interest of someone: for.
- Let's cook supper for the family.
- Ura su sudok epir pidod-na emer-na ranika.
Ura su sudok epir pidod=na em-er=na ranik-a for DEF family evening meal=OBJ 1-PL=OBJ cook\IMP-3
- uto ۆطۉ denotes to or on the side of a person or thing toward the south when facing the rising sun: on, to-, -the right of.
- You'll see the oven to the right of the house.
- Eń uto sa rutiń sa ńamul-na asadi.
Eń uto sa retoz sa ńamul=na asad-i 2SG to.right.of DEF house DEF oven=OBJ see\NPST-2
- uʻa ۆعا denotes change to, toward, or at an elevated place literally or figuratively: up, up to.
- The child climbed up the tree.
- Su tikag uʻa sa dokem ńeʻanu.
Su tikag uʻa sa dokem ńeʻan-u DEF child up DEF tree climb\PST-3
- ye يه denotes cause: because of, due to.
- Because of the rain, we stayed home.
- Ye sa binel emer zu sa rutiń menapa.
Ye sa binel em-er zu sa rutiń menap-a because.of DEF rain 1-PL at DEF house stay\PST-1
- yi يې denotes similarity or likeness: as like, similar to.
- Your hands smell like roses.
- Sa 'ń tagar yi ya riṗgir dapayu.
Sa 'ń tagar yi ya riṗgir dapay-u DEF 2POSS hand\PL like INDF rose\PL smell\NPST-3
- yo يۉ denotes interiority: in, within, inside.
- The woman is in her house.
- Su min yo sa 's rutiń ayadu.
Su min yo sa 's rutiń ayad-u DEF woman in DEF 3POSS house be\NPST-3
- za ضا denotes on or toward the exterior of: outside, without.
- Their father stood outside the cave calling the boys.
- Su 'ser bab za sa lisap su tinir-na yapus selagu.
Su es-er bab za sa lisap su t=inir=na yapus selag-u DEF 3-PL\POSS father outside DEF cave DEF DIM=man\PL=OBJ call\AP stood\PST-3
- zu ضۆ denotes stationary position or location in time or space: at, in, on, to.
- He and his wife stood at the door.
- Es he su 's wolib zu sa ńupas selagu.
Es he su 's wolib zu sa ńupas selag-u 3SG and DEF 3POSS wife at DEF door stand\PST-3