Liwadi: List of Prepositions: Difference between revisions

From FrathWiki
Jump to navigationJump to search
(Revisions.)
 
m (Revisions.)
 
(3 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
Line 66: Line 66:
|-
|-
! Arabic
! Arabic
| {{Color|blue|ح}}
| {{Color|red|ح}}<br>1
| خ
| خ
| ݗ
| ݗ
|{{Color|blue|و}}
| {{Color|red|و}}<br>2
| ۄ
| ۉ
| ۆ
| ۆ
|{{Color|blue|ک}}
| {{Color|red|ک}}<br>3
| ݢ
| ݢ
| گ
| گ
|{{Color|blue|ط}}
| {{Color|red|ط}}<br>4
| ظ
| ظ
| د  
| د  
| ذ
| ذ
|{{Color|blue|ٮ}}
| {{Color|red|ٮ}}<br>5
| ﺏ
| ﺏ
| ڡ
| ڡ
| ڢ
| ڢ
|{{Color|blue|ص}}
| {{Color|red|ص}}<br>6
| ض
| ض
|{{Color|blue}}
| ی   ې
| ي
| ي
| ه
| {{Color|red}}<br>7
|  
|  
| ا
| ا
|{{Color|blue}}
| ن
| م
| م
| ل
| {{Color|red}}<br>8
| ر
| ر
| ع
| ع
Line 101: Line 101:
| Ġa<br>ݗا
| Ġa<br>ݗا
| Wa<br>وا
| Wa<br>وا
| Wo<br>وۄ
| Wo<br>وۉ
| Wu<br>وۆ
| Wu<br>وۆ
| Kaf<br>کا
| Kaf<br>کاڡ
| Gaf<br>ݢا
| Gaf<br>ݢاڡ
| Ńaf<br>گا
| Ńaf<br>گاڡ
| Ta<br>طا
| Tal<br>طال
| Da<br>ظا
| Dal<br>ظال
| Ṭa<br>دا
| Ṭal<br>رال
| Ḍa<br>ذا
| Ḍal<br>زال
| Pa<br>ٮا
| Pa<br>ٮا
| Ba<br>با
| Ba<br>با
| Ṗa<br>ڡا
| Ṗa<br>ڡا
| Ḃa<br>ڢا
| Ḃa<br>ڢا
| Sa<br>صا
| Sad<br>صاط
| Za<br>ضا
| Zad<br>ضاط
| Ya<br>ىا
| Ya<br>ېا
| Yi<br>ىي
| Yi<br>ىي
| Ye<br>ىه
| Ye<br>ىه
Line 124: Line 124:
| Mim<br>ميم
| Mim<br>ميم
| Lam<br>لام
| Lam<br>لام
| Ra<br>را
| Ram<br>رام
| ʻan<br>عان
| ʻam<br>عام
|}
|}




==List of Prepositions==
==List of Prepositions==
*'''aba''' denotes concern for someone or something: concerning, respecting, in/with regard to, as regards, regarding, with respect to, with regard for, about, with, on, for, in.
*'''aba ابا''' denotes concern for someone or something: concerning, respecting, in\with regard to, as regards, regarding, with respect to, with regard for, about, with, on, for, in.
::'''Em aba sa 'ń dikud tagasa.'''
:I know about your illness.
::I know about your illness.
:Em aba sa 'ń dikud tagasa.
::{|
!Em||aba||sa||'ń||dikud||tagas-a
|-
|1SG||about||DEF||2POSS||illness||know\PRES-1
|}


*'''adu''' denotes exception: apart from, beside, besides, but for, except, save, not to-, -speak of, -mention, other than, outside.
*'''adu اظۆ''' denotes exception: apart from, beside, besides, but for, except, save, not to-, -speak of, -mention, other than, outside.
::'''Adu ya ruzdar, em sa yok lusrur-na awańa:'''
:I have all the ingredients, except for eggs.
::I have all the ingredients, except for eggs.
:'''Adu ya ruzdar, em sa yok lusrur-na awańa:'''
::{|
!Adu||ya||ruzdar||em||sa||yok||lusrur-na||awań-a
|-
|Except.for||INDF||egg\PL||1SG||DEF||all||ingredient\PL=OBJ||have\NPST-1
|}


*'''ae''' denotes the indirect object of the verb: for, to; or indicates a relationship to an adjective: to.
*'''ae اي''' denotes the indirect object of the verb: for, to; or indicates a relationship to an adjective: to.
::'''Em ae su 'm mintikag sa lomed-na mańama.'''
:I will give the banana to my daughter.
::I will give the banana to my daughter.
:'''Em ae su 'm mintikag sa lomed-na mańama.'''
::{|
!Em||ae||su||'m||min.tikag||sa||lomed=na||mańam-a
|-
|1SG||to||DEF||1POSS||F.child||DEF||banana=OBJ||give\NPST-1
|}


*'''ala''' denotes up to a limit: at the edge of, as far as, as many as, to, till, until, up to.
*'''ala الا''' denotes up to a limit: at the edge of, as far as, as many as, to, till, until, up to.
::'''Emer ala oyinulen lu ń manapa.'''
:We will stay with you until tomorrow.
::We will stay with you until tomorrow.
:'''Emer ala oyinulen lu ń manapa.'''
::{|
!Em-er||ala||oyi.nulen||lu||ń||manap-a
|-
|1-PL||until||after.day||with||2POSS||stay\NPST-1
|}


*'''ańa''' denotes at or to a lower level than something else literally or figuratively: below, behind, beneath, under(neath).
*'''ańa اگا''' denotes at or to a lower level than something else literally or figuratively: below, behind, beneath, under(neath).
::'''Es ańa sa litad sa yon-na deraʻu.'''
:She hid the cup under the bed.
::She hid the cup under the bed.
:'''Es ańa sa litad sa yon-na deraʻu.'''
::{|
!Es||ańa||sa||litad||sa||yon=na||deraʻ-u
|-
|2SG||under||DEF||bed||DEF||cup=OBJ||hide\PST-3
|}


*'''apu''' denotes in a parallel direction: along, alongside (of).
*'''apu اٮۆ''' denotes in a parallel direction: along, alongside (of).
::'''Su tin apu su 's bab dakadu.'''
:The boy is walking alongside his father.
::The boy is walking alongside his father.
:'''Su tin apu su 's bab dakadu.'''
::{|
!Su||t=in||apu||su||'s||bab||dakad-u
|-
|DEF||DIM=man||alongside||DEF||3POSS||father||walk\NPST-3
|}


*'''ara''' denotes anterior to in time or space: before, in front of, ahead of, against, in advance of, previous to.
*'''ara ارا''' denotes anterior to in time or space: before, in front of, ahead of, against, in advance of, previous to.
::'''Emer ara sa nulen ńisup sewaru.'''
:We left before sunrise.
::We left before sunrise.
:'''Emer ara sa nulen sikud sewara.'''
::{|
!Em-er||ara||sa||nulen||sikud||sewar-a
|-
|1-PL||before||DEF||sun||rise||leave\PST-1
|}


*'''asi''' denotes paying no attention to: regardless of, despite, in spite of, for, in face of, notwithstanding, disregarding.
*'''asi اصي''' denotes paying no attention to: regardless of, despite, in spite of, for, in face of, notwithstanding, disregarding.
::'''Asi sa 's yisur es sa lipez-na netal.'''
:Regardless of his pain, he completed the race.
::Regardless of his pain, he completed the race.
:'''Asi sa 's yisur es sa lipez-na netalu.'''
::{|
!Asi||sa||'s||yisur||es||sa||lipez=na||netal-u
|-
|Regardless.of||DEF||3POSS||pain||3SG||DEF||race=OBJ||complete\PST-3
|}


*'''ata''' denotes change to, toward or at a lower place either literally or figuratively: down (through), down from.
*'''ata اطا''' denotes change to, toward or at a lower place either literally or figuratively: down (through), down from.
::'''Su tikag ata sa dokem ńeʻanu'''.
:The child climbed down the tree.
::The child climbed down the tree.
:'''Su tikag ata sa dokem ńeʻanu'''.
::{|
!Su||tikag||ata||sa||dokem=na||ńeʻan-u
|-
|DEF||child||down||DEF||tree=OBJ||climb\PST-3
|}


*'''aya''' denotes position on top of literally or figuratively: atop, over, to, on, upon.
*'''aya اېا''' denotes position on top of literally or figuratively: atop, over, to, on, upon.
::'''Su min aya sa nikem sa ʻiṗyar-na leyal.'''
:The woman placed the flowers on the table.
::The woman placed the flowers on the table.
:'''Su min aya sa nikem sa ʻiṗyar-na leyalu.'''
::{|
!Su||min||aya||sa||nikem||sa||ʻiṗyar=na||leyal-u
|-
|DEF||woman||on||DEF||table||DEF||flower\PL=OBJ||place\PST-3
|}


*'''ba''' denotes movement or direction from the inside to the outside: (out) of, from (within).
*'''ba با''' denotes movement or direction from the inside to the outside: (out) of, from (within).
::'''Su limad ba sa napuʻ rutiń epazu.'''
:The people ran out of the burning house.
::The people ran out of the burning house.
:'''Su liwad ba sa napuʻ rutiń epazu.'''
::{|
!Su||liwad||ba||sa||napuʻ||rutiń||epaz-u
|-
|DEF||people||from||DEF||burn\AP||house||run\PST-3
|}


*'''egu''' denotes in opposition to, in contact with: against, contrary to, into, on, opposed to, opposite, up, with:
*'''egu هݢۆ''' denotes in opposition to, in contact with: against, contrary to, into, on, opposed to, opposite, up, with:
::'''Su tikag egu sa ikam epazu.'''
:The child ran into the tree.
::The child ran into the tree.
:'''Su tikag egu sa ikam epazu.'''
::{|
!Su||tikag||egu||sa||ikam||epaz-u
|-
|DEF||child||into||DEF||tree||run\PST-3
|}


*'''elo''' denotes motion towards literally or figuratively: to, toward, at, into, -ward.
*'''elo هلۉ''' denotes motion towards literally or figuratively: to, toward, at, into, -ward.
::'''Su ziʻpor elo sa yam ńanalu.'''
:The birds are flying seaward.
::The birds are flying seaward.
:'''Su ziʻpor elo sa tal ńanalu.'''
::{|
!Su||ziʻpor||elo||sa||tal||ńanal-u
|-
|DEF||bird\PL||to||DEF||sea||fly\NPST-3
|}


*'''ere''' denotes in the course of: during, for, in, in the process-, -course-, -of, on, through, throughout, under.
*'''ere هره''' denotes in the course of: during, for, in, in the process-, -course-, -of, on, through, throughout, under.
::'''Eter ere sa nuʻad yo sa lisap deraʻ.'''
:They hid in the cave during the storm.
::They hid in the cave during the storm.
:'''Eter ere sa nuʻad yo sa lisap deraʻu.'''
::{|
!Et-er||ere||sa||nuʻad||yo||sa||lisap||deraʻ-u
|-
|3-PL||during||DEF||storm||in||DEF||cave||hide\PST-3
|}


*'''eri''' denotes situation or partition between two or more entities: among, (in) between, through, with.
*'''eri هري''' denotes situation or partition between two or more entities: among, (in) between, through, with.
::'''Su tėmin eri su 's bab he su 's mam salagu.'''
:The girl is standing between her father and mother.
::The girl is standing between her father and mother.
:'''Su tėmin eri su 's bab he su 's mam salagu.'''
::{|
!Su||tė=min||eri||su||'s||bab||he||su||'s||mam||salag-u
|-
|DEF||DIM=woman||between||DEF||3POSS||father||and||DEF||3POSS||mother||stand\NPST-3
|}


*'''esa''' denotes agency: by.
*'''esa هصا''' denotes agency: by.
::'''Es esa ya mesnor gėmeban.'''
:He was bitten by the snakes.
::He was bitten by the snakes.
:'''Es esa ya mesnor gėmebanu.'''
::{|
!Es||esa||ya||mesnor||gė=meban-u
|-
|3SG||by||INDF||snake\PL||PASS=bite\PST-3
|}


*'''eto''' denotes proximity: near, about, beside, by, next to, on, close to, against.
*'''eto هطۉ''' denotes proximity: near, about, beside, by, next to, on, close to, against.
::'''Sa emer yi'up eto sa dap ayadu.'''
:Our village is near the mountain.
::Our village is near the mountain.
:'''Sa emer yi'up eto sa dap ayadu.'''
::{|
!Sa||em-er||yi'up||eto||sa||dap||ayad-u
|-
|DEF||1-PL||village||near||DEF||mountain||be\NPST-3
|}


*'''eya''' denotes from a past time: since.
*'''eya هېا''' denotes from a past time: since.
::'''Es eya olan doked eyadu'''.
:She's been sick since yesterday
::She's been sick since yesterday
:'''Es eya olan doked eyadu'''.
::{|
!Es||eya||olan||doked||eyad-u
|-
|3SG||since||yesterday||sick||be\PST-3
|}


*'''hi''' denotes instrumentality: with, by means of.
*'''hi حې''' denotes instrumentality: with, by means of.
::'''Eń hi ya niʻom dad rinap-na mėnaʻam tadaki.'''
:You can cut that meat with a knife.
::You can cut that meat with a knife.
:'''Eń hi ya niʻom dad rinap-na mėnaʻam tadaki.'''
::{|
!Eń||hi||ya||niʻom||dad||rinap=na||mė=naʻam||tadak-i
|-
|2SG||by||INDF||knife||that||meat=OBJ||INF=cut||be.able\NPST-2
|}


*'''ido''' denotes purpose: for.
*'''ido يظۉ''' denotes purpose: for.
::'''Eter ido sa duʻok wid-na renaka.'''
:They're cooking this for the party.
::They're cooking this for the party.
:'''Eter ido sa duʻok wid-na renaku.'''
::{|
!Et-er||ido||sa||duʻok||wid=na||ranak-u
|-
|3-PL||for||DEF||party||this=OBJ||cook\NPST-3
|}


::'''Em ido sa nitug wed yimon-na remada.'''
:I made this spear for the hunt.
::I made this spear for the hunt.
:'''Em ido sa nitug wed yimon-na remada.'''
::{|
!Em||ido||sa||nitug||wed||yimon=na||remad-a
|-
|1SG||for||DEF||hunt||this||spear=OBJ||make\PST-1
|}


*'''ige''' denotes movement into: into.
*'''ige يݢه''' denotes movement into: into.
::'''Sa rinap ige sa map meʻak.'''
:The meat fell into the fire.
::The meat fell into the fire.
:'''Sa rinap ige sa map meʻaku.'''
::{|
!Sa||rinap||ige||sa||map||meʻak-u
|-
|DEF||meat||into||DEF||fire||fall\PST-3
|}
 
*'''ila يلا''' denotes to or at a higher level than something else literally or figuratively: above, over.
:The bird flew over the forest.
:'''Su ziʻop ila sa tusip ńenalu.'''
::{|
!Su||ziʻop||ila||sa||tusip||ńenal-u
|-
|DEF||bird||over||DEF||forest||fly\NPST-3
|}
 
*'''ilu يلۆ''' denotes from one side of an opening to another: through.
:He hurried home through the rain.
:'''Es elo sa rutiń ilu ta binel ledaru'''.
::{|
!Es||elo||sa||rutiń||ilu||ta||binel||ledar-u
|-
|3SG||to||DEF||house||through||DEF||rain||hurry\PST-3
|}
 
*'''ini يني''' denotes comparison: compared to, than.
:He is stronger than I am.
:'''Es yodayyoday ini em ayadu.'''
::{|
!Es||yoday~yoday||ini||em||ayad-u
|-
|3SG||strong~COMP||than||1SG||be\NPST-3
|}
 
*'''ińa يگا''' denotes the manner, method, way by which something is done: with, through, in.
:The man harvested the papayas with a great effort.
:'''Su in ińa bigok luliz sa ʻoṭder-na enaʻu.'''
::{|
!Su||in||ińa||bigok||luliz||sa||ʻoṭder=na||enaʻ-u
|-
|DEF||man||with||great||effort||DEF||papaya\PL=OBJ||harvest\PST-3
|}


*'''ila''' denotes to or at a higher level than something else literally or figuratively: above, over.
*'''iro يرۉ''' denotes encirclement or in or to various directions or locations: around.
::'''Su ziʻop ela sa tusip ńanalu.'''
:The animal ran around the lake.
::The bird flew over the forest.
:'''Sa tehom iro sa obul epazu.'''
::{|
!Sa||tehom||iro||sa||obul||epaz-u
|-
|DEF||animal||around||DEF||lake||run\PST-3
|}


*'''ilu''' denotes from one side of an opening to another: through.
*'''isi يصي''' denotes having a lack of something: without.
::'''Es ata sa rutiń yik ta binel ledaru'''.
:You will have to do this without my help.
::He hurried home through the rain.
:'''Eń isi sa 'm sitop wed-na mėsanad zapayi.'''
::{|
!Eń||isi||sa||'m||sitop||wed=na||mė=sanad||zapay-i
|-
|2SG||without||DEF||1POSS||help||this=OBJ||INF=do||have.to\NPST-2
|}


*'''ini''' denotes comparison: compared to, than.
*'''ize يضه''' denotes the in the middle: middle.
::'''Et yodayyoday ini m ayadu.'''
:The islands are in the middle of the ocean.
::He is stronger than I am.
:'''Sa bunper ize sa tal ayadu.'''
::{|
!Sa||bunper||ize||sa||tal||ayad-u
|-
|DEF||island\PL||in.middle.of||DEF||sea||be-3
|}


*'''ińa''' denotes the manner, method, way by which something is done: with, through, in.
*'''iʻe يعه''' denotes relating to someone or something: toward, in relation to.
::'''Su in ińa bigok luliz sa ʻoṭder-na enaʻu.'''
:What are your feelings towards him?
::The man harvested the papayas with a great effort.
:'''La sa 'ń puben iʻe 's ayadu ha.'''
::{|
!La||sa||'ń||puben||iʻe||'-s||ayad-u||ha
|-
|what||DEF||2POSS||feelings||toward||ELIS-3||be\NPST-3||Q
|}


*'''iro''' denotes encirclement or in or to various directions or locations: around.
*'''lu لۆ''' denotes accompaniment in time or space; in company with, along with.
::'''Sa tehom iro sa obul epazu.'''
:He came with his sister.
::The animal ran around the lake.
:'''Es lu su 's minsad relanu.'''
::{|
!Es||lu||su||'s||minsad||relan-u
|-
|3SG||with||DEF||3POSS||sister||come\PST-3
|}


*'''isi''' denotes having a lack of something: without.
*'''ne نه''' denotes possession: of.
::'''Eń isi sa 'm sitop wed-na mėsanad zapayi.'''
: The man's house is on the mountain.
::You will have to do this without my help.
:'''Sa rutiń ne su in aya sa dap ayadu.'''
::{|
!Sa||rutiń||ne||su||in||aya||sa||dap||ayad-u
|-
|DEF||house||of||DEF||man||on||DEF||mountain||be\NPST-3
|}


*'''ize''' denotes the in the middle: middle.
*'''odu ۉظۆ''' denotes motion from one side to the other: across, on the other side of, over.
::'''Sa bunper ize sa tal ayadu.'''
:The child ran across the beach.
::The islands are in the middle of the ocean.
:'''Su tikag odu sa nipap epazu.'''
::{|
!Su||tikag||odu||sa||nipap||epaz-u
|-
|DEF||child||across||DEF||beach||run\PST-3
|}


*'''iʻe''' denotes relating to someone or something: toward, in relation to.
*'''ola ۉلا''' denotes having the front in the direction of something else: facing.
::'''La sa 'ń puben iʻe 's ayadu ha.'''
:'''Su in ola sa nutas menapu .'''
::What are your feelings towards him?
:The man remained facing the danger.
::{|
!Su||in||ola||sa||nutas||menap-u
|-
|DEF||man||facing||DEF||danger||remain\PST-3
|}


*'''lu''' denotes accompaniment in time or space; in company with, along with.
*'''ono ۉنۉ''' denotes to or on the side of a person or thing toward the north when facing the rising sun: on-, to-, -the left.
::'''Es lu su 's minsad relanu.'''
:The girl stood to the left of her father.
::He came with his sister.
:'''Su tėmin ono su 's bab selagu.'''
::{|
!Su||tė=min||ono||su||'s||bab||selag-u
|-
|DEF||DIM=woman||to.the.left||DEF||3POSS||father||stand\PST-3
|}


*'''ne''' denotes possession: of.
*'''ore ۉره''' denotes in exchange for, literally or figuratively: (in-, -exchange-, -return-) -for.
::'''Sa rutiń ne su in aya sa dap ayadu.'''
:I will give you eight coconuts for that raft.
:: man's house is on the mountain.
:'''Em ore dad nugem ae eń miz yoṭnur=na mańama.'''
::{|
!Em||ore||dad||nugem||ae||eń||miz||yoṭnur=na||mańam-a
|-
|1SG||for||that||raft||to||2SG||eight||coconut\PL=OBJ||give\NPST-1
|}


*'''odu''' denotes motion from one side to the other: across, on the other side of, over.
*'''oyi ۉېي''' denotes posterior to in time or space literally or figuratively: after, around, behind, beyond, by, on the other side of, outside, past, following.
::'''Su tikag odu sa nipap epazu.'''
:The people returned after the fire.
::The child ran across the beach.
:'''Su liwad oyi sa pub yewapa.'''
::{|
!Su||liwad||oyi||sa||pub||yewap-a
|-
|DEF||people||after||DEF||fire||return\PST-3
|}


*'''ola''' denotes having the front in the direction of something else: facing.
:Now the boy is walking behind his father.
::'''Su in ola sa nutas menapu.'''
:'''Seń su tin oyi su 's bab dakadu.'''
::The man remained facing the danger.
::{|
!Seń||su||t=in||oyi||su||'s||bab||dakad-u
|-
|now||DEF||DIM=man||behind||DEF||3POSS||father||walk\NPST-3
|}


*'''ono''' denotes to or on the side of a person or thing toward the north when facing the rising sun: on-, to-, -the left.
:The sun shone after the storm.
::'''Su tėmin ono su 's bab salagu.'''
:'''Su nulen oyi sa nuʻad wepayu.'''
::The girl stood to the left of her father.
::{|
!Su||nulen||oyi||sa||nuʻad||wepay-u
|-
|DEF||sun||after||DEF||storm||shine\PST-3
|}


*'''ore''' denotes in exchange for, literally or figuratively: (in-, -exchange-, -return-) -for.
*'''ugo ۆݢۉ''' denotes in place of, replacement or preference: for, instead of, in lieu of, rather than.
::'''Em ore dad nugem keń miz yoṭnur-na mańama.'''
:'''Su 's mam ae 's ugo ya uban ńeʻom-na meńamu.'''
::I will give you eight coconuts for that raft.
:His mother gave him an apple instead of a pear.
::{|
!Su||'s||mam||ae||'-s||ugo||ya||uban||ńeʻom=na||meńam-u
|-
|DEF||3POSS||mother||to||ELIS-3||instead.of||INDF||pear||apple=OBJ||give\PST-3
|}


*'''oyi''' denotes posterior to in time or space literally or figuratively: after, around, behind, beyond, by, on the other side of, outside, past, following.
*'''uli ۆلي''' denotes removal from or location at a certain place or time either literally or figuratively, away from, or separation from support, attachment or position: from, off (of), of.
::'''Su limad oyi sa pub yewapa.'''
:The child ran away from her mother.
::The people returned after the fire.
:'''Su tikag uli su 'ń mam-na epazu.'''
::'''Seń su tin oyi su 's bab dakadu.'''
::{|
::Now the boy is walking behind his father.
!Su||tikag||uli||su||'ń||mam=na||epaz-u
::'''Su nulen oyi sa nuʻad wepayu.'''
|-
::The sun shone after the storm.
|DEF||child||away.from||DEF||2POSS||mother=OBJ||run\PST-3
|}


*'''ugo''' denotes in place of, replacement or preference: for, instead of, in lieu of, rather than.
:I am from America.
::'''Su 's mam ae 's ugo ya uban ńeʻom-na meńamu.'''
:'''Em uli ya Amerika ayada.'''
::His mother gave him an apple instead of a pear.
::{|
!Em||uli||ya||Amerika||ayad-a
|-
|1SG||from||INDF||America||be\NPST-1
|}


*'''uli''' denotes removal from or location at a certain place or time either literally or figuratively, away from, or separation from support, attachment or position: from, off (of), of.
:Then he fell off the log.
::'''Su tikag uli su 'ń mam-na epazu.'''
:'''Ayap es uli sa kisob meʻaku'''.
::The child ran away from her mother.
::{|
::'''Em uli ya Amerika ayada.'''
!Ayap||es||uli||sa||kisob||meʻak-u
::I am from America.
|-
::'''Ayap es uli sa kisob meʻaku'''.
|Then||3SG||off||DEF||log||fall\PST-3
::Then he fell off the log.
|}


*'''uma''' denotes possessing a special characteristic: with.
*'''uma ۆما''' denotes possessing a special characteristic: with.
::'''Su 'm bab su in uma sa yimon ayadu.'''
:My father is the man with the spear.
::My father is the man with the spear.
:'''Su 'm bab su in uma sa yimon ayadu.'''
::{|
!Su||'m||bab||su||in||uma||sa||yimon||ayad-u
|-
|DEF||1POSS||father||DEF||man||with||DEF||spear||be\NPST-3
|}


*'''uńu''' denotes duration or extension through space literally or figuratively: (all) over, through(out).
*'''uńu ۆگۆ''' denotes duration or extension through space literally or figuratively: (all) over, through(out).
::'''Es uńu sa zeʻid sa lutol gekayu.'''
:She spilled the water all over the floor.
::She spilled the water all over the floor.
:'''Es uńu sa zeʻid sa lutol-na gekayu.'''
::{|
!Es||uńu||sa||zeʻid||sa||lutol=na||gekay-u
|-
|3SG||over||DEF||floor||DEF||water=OBJ||spill\PST-3
|}


*'''ura''' denotes done on behalf of, for the benefit, sake, or interest of someone: for.
*'''ura ۆرا''' denotes done on behalf of, for the benefit, sake, or interest of someone: for.
::'''Ura su sudok epir uruk emer-na renika'''.
:Let's cook supper for the family.
::Let's cook supper for the family.
:'''Ura su sudok epir pidod-na emer-na ranika'''.
::{|
!Ura||su||sudok||epir||pidod=na||em-er=na||ranik-a
|-
|for||DEF||family||evening||meal=OBJ||1-PL=OBJ||cook\IMP-3
|}


*'''uto''' denotes to or on the side of a person or thing toward the south when facing the rising sun: on, to-, -the right of.
*'''uto ۆطۉ''' denotes to or on the side of a person or thing toward the south when facing the rising sun: on, to-, -the right of.
::'''Eń uto sa retoz sa ńamul-na asada.'''
:You'll see the oven to the right of the house.
::You'll see the oven to the right of the house.
:'''Eń uto sa rutiń sa ńamul-na asadi.'''
::{|
!Eń||uto||sa||retoz||sa||ńamul=na||asad-i
|-
|2SG||to.right.of||DEF||house||DEF||oven=OBJ||see\NPST-2
|}


*'''uʻa''' denotes change to, toward, or at an elevated place literally or figuratively: up, up to.
*'''uʻa ۆعا''' denotes change to, toward, or at an elevated place literally or figuratively: up, up to.
::'''Su tikag uʻa sa dokem ńeʻanu.'''
:The child climbed up the tree.
::The child climbed up the tree.
:'''Su tikag uʻa sa dokem ńeʻanu.'''
::{|
!Su||tikag||uʻa||sa||dokem||ńeʻan-u
|-
|DEF||child||up||DEF||tree||climb\PST-3
|}


*'''ye''' denotes causality: because of, at, by, for, in, of, on account of, by reason of, in consequence of, as a result of, out of, owing-, due -to, from, through, under, with.
*'''ye يه''' denotes cause: because of, due to.
::'''Ye sa binel emer ez sa rutiń menapa.'''
:Because of the rain, we stayed home.
::Because of the rain, we stayed home.
:'''Ye sa binel emer zu sa rutiń menapa.'''
::{|
!Ye||sa||binel||em-er||zu||sa||rutiń||menap-a
|-
|because.of||DEF||rain||1-PL||at||DEF||house||stay\PST-1
|}


*'''yi''' denotes similarity or likeness: as like, similar to.
*'''yi يې''' denotes similarity or likeness: as like, similar to.
::'''Sa 'ń tagar yi ya riṗgir dapayu.'''
:Your hands smell like roses.
::Your hands smell like roses.
:'''Sa 'ń tagar yi ya riṗgir dapayu.'''
::{|
!Sa||'ń||tagar||yi||ya||riṗgir||dapay-u
|-
|DEF||2POSS||hand\PL||like||INDF||rose\PL||smell\NPST-3
|}


*'''yo''' denotes interiority: in, within, inside.
*'''yo يۉ''' denotes interiority: in, within, inside.
::'''Su min yo sa 'm rutiń ayadu.'''
:The woman is in her house.
::The woman is in her house.
:'''Su min yo sa 's rutiń ayadu.'''
::{|
!Su||min||yo||sa||'s||rutiń||ayad-u
|-
|DEF||woman||in||DEF||3POSS||house||be\NPST-3
|}


*'''za''' denotes on or toward the exterior of: outside, without.
*'''za ضا''' denotes on or toward the exterior of: outside, without.
::'''Su 'ser bab za sa lisap su tinir-na yapus selagu.'''
:Their father stood outside the cave calling the boys.
::Their father stood outside the cave calling the boys.
:'''Su 'ser bab za sa lisap su tinir-na yapus selagu.'''
::{|
!Su||es-er||bab||za||sa||lisap||su||t=inir=na||yapus||selag-u
|-
|DEF||3-PL\POSS||father||outside||DEF||cave||DEF||DIM=man\PL=OBJ||call\AP||stood\PST-3
|}


*'''zu''' denotes stationary position or location in time or space: at, in, on, to.
*'''zu ضۆ''' denotes stationary position or location in time or space: at, in, on, to.
::'''Es he su 's wolib zu sa ńupas selagu.'''
:He and his wife stood at the door.
::He and his wife stood at the door.
:'''Es he su 's wolib zu sa ńupas selagu.'''
::{|
!Es||he||su||'s||wolib||zu||sa||ńupas||selag-u
|-
|3SG||and||DEF||3POSS||wife||at||DEF||door||stand\PST-3
|}

Latest revision as of 18:39, 22 November 2021

Table of Phonemes

IPA /h/ /χ/ /ɣ/ /w/ /o/ /u/ /k/ /g/ /ŋ/ /t/ /d/ /θ/ /ð/ /p/ /b/ /ɸ/ /β/ /s/ /z/ /j/ /i/ /e/ /ɛ/ /ä/ /n/ /m/ /l/ /ɾ/ /ʔ/
Latin H h ġ W w O o U u K k G g Ń ń T t D d P p B b S s Z z Y y I i E e ė A a N n M m L l R r ʻ
Arabic ح
1
خ ݗ و
2
ۉ ۆ ک
3
ݢ گ ط
4
ظ د ذ ٮ
5
ڡ ڢ ص
6
ض ی ې ي ه
7
ا ن م ل
8
ر ع
Name Ha
حا
Ḳa
خا
Ġa
ݗا
Wa
وا
Wo
وۉ
Wu
وۆ
Kaf
کاڡ
Gaf
ݢاڡ
Ńaf
گاڡ
Tal
طال
Dal
ظال
Ṭal
رال
Ḍal
زال
Pa
ٮا
Ba
با
Ṗa
ڡا
Ḃa
ڢا
Sad
صاط
Zad
ضاط
Ya
ېا
Yi
ىي
Ye
ىه

ىٰ
Alif
ا
Nun
نۆن
Mim
ميم
Lam
لام
Ram
رام
ʻam
عام


List of Prepositions

  • aba ابا denotes concern for someone or something: concerning, respecting, in\with regard to, as regards, regarding, with respect to, with regard for, about, with, on, for, in.
I know about your illness.
Em aba sa 'ń dikud tagasa.
Em aba sa dikud tagas-a
1SG about DEF 2POSS illness know\PRES-1
  • adu اظۆ denotes exception: apart from, beside, besides, but for, except, save, not to-, -speak of, -mention, other than, outside.
I have all the ingredients, except for eggs.
Adu ya ruzdar, em sa yok lusrur-na awańa:
Adu ya ruzdar em sa yok lusrur-na awań-a
Except.for INDF egg\PL 1SG DEF all ingredient\PL=OBJ have\NPST-1
  • ae اي denotes the indirect object of the verb: for, to; or indicates a relationship to an adjective: to.
I will give the banana to my daughter.
Em ae su 'm mintikag sa lomed-na mańama.
Em ae su 'm min.tikag sa lomed=na mańam-a
1SG to DEF 1POSS F.child DEF banana=OBJ give\NPST-1
  • ala الا denotes up to a limit: at the edge of, as far as, as many as, to, till, until, up to.
We will stay with you until tomorrow.
Emer ala oyinulen lu ń manapa.
Em-er ala oyi.nulen lu ń manap-a
1-PL until after.day with 2POSS stay\NPST-1
  • ańa اگا denotes at or to a lower level than something else literally or figuratively: below, behind, beneath, under(neath).
She hid the cup under the bed.
Es ańa sa litad sa yon-na deraʻu.
Es ańa sa litad sa yon=na deraʻ-u
2SG under DEF bed DEF cup=OBJ hide\PST-3
  • apu اٮۆ denotes in a parallel direction: along, alongside (of).
The boy is walking alongside his father.
Su tin apu su 's bab dakadu.
Su t=in apu su 's bab dakad-u
DEF DIM=man alongside DEF 3POSS father walk\NPST-3
  • ara ارا denotes anterior to in time or space: before, in front of, ahead of, against, in advance of, previous to.
We left before sunrise.
Emer ara sa nulen sikud sewara.
Em-er ara sa nulen sikud sewar-a
1-PL before DEF sun rise leave\PST-1
  • asi اصي denotes paying no attention to: regardless of, despite, in spite of, for, in face of, notwithstanding, disregarding.
Regardless of his pain, he completed the race.
Asi sa 's yisur es sa lipez-na netalu.
Asi sa 's yisur es sa lipez=na netal-u
Regardless.of DEF 3POSS pain 3SG DEF race=OBJ complete\PST-3
  • ata اطا denotes change to, toward or at a lower place either literally or figuratively: down (through), down from.
The child climbed down the tree.
Su tikag ata sa dokem ńeʻanu.
Su tikag ata sa dokem=na ńeʻan-u
DEF child down DEF tree=OBJ climb\PST-3
  • aya اېا denotes position on top of literally or figuratively: atop, over, to, on, upon.
The woman placed the flowers on the table.
Su min aya sa nikem sa ʻiṗyar-na leyalu.
Su min aya sa nikem sa ʻiṗyar=na leyal-u
DEF woman on DEF table DEF flower\PL=OBJ place\PST-3
  • ba با denotes movement or direction from the inside to the outside: (out) of, from (within).
The people ran out of the burning house.
Su liwad ba sa napuʻ rutiń epazu.
Su liwad ba sa napuʻ rutiń epaz-u
DEF people from DEF burn\AP house run\PST-3
  • egu هݢۆ denotes in opposition to, in contact with: against, contrary to, into, on, opposed to, opposite, up, with:
The child ran into the tree.
Su tikag egu sa ikam epazu.
Su tikag egu sa ikam epaz-u
DEF child into DEF tree run\PST-3
  • elo هلۉ denotes motion towards literally or figuratively: to, toward, at, into, -ward.
The birds are flying seaward.
Su ziʻpor elo sa tal ńanalu.
Su ziʻpor elo sa tal ńanal-u
DEF bird\PL to DEF sea fly\NPST-3
  • ere هره denotes in the course of: during, for, in, in the process-, -course-, -of, on, through, throughout, under.
They hid in the cave during the storm.
Eter ere sa nuʻad yo sa lisap deraʻu.
Et-er ere sa nuʻad yo sa lisap deraʻ-u
3-PL during DEF storm in DEF cave hide\PST-3
  • eri هري denotes situation or partition between two or more entities: among, (in) between, through, with.
The girl is standing between her father and mother.
Su tėmin eri su 's bab he su 's mam salagu.
Su tė=min eri su 's bab he su 's mam salag-u
DEF DIM=woman between DEF 3POSS father and DEF 3POSS mother stand\NPST-3
  • esa هصا denotes agency: by.
He was bitten by the snakes.
Es esa ya mesnor gėmebanu.
Es esa ya mesnor gė=meban-u
3SG by INDF snake\PL PASS=bite\PST-3
  • eto هطۉ denotes proximity: near, about, beside, by, next to, on, close to, against.
Our village is near the mountain.
Sa emer yi'up eto sa dap ayadu.
Sa em-er yi'up eto sa dap ayad-u
DEF 1-PL village near DEF mountain be\NPST-3
  • eya هېا denotes from a past time: since.
She's been sick since yesterday
Es eya olan doked eyadu.
Es eya olan doked eyad-u
3SG since yesterday sick be\PST-3
  • hi حې denotes instrumentality: with, by means of.
You can cut that meat with a knife.
Eń hi ya niʻom dad rinap-na mėnaʻam tadaki.
hi ya niʻom dad rinap=na mė=naʻam tadak-i
2SG by INDF knife that meat=OBJ INF=cut be.able\NPST-2
  • ido يظۉ denotes purpose: for.
They're cooking this for the party.
Eter ido sa duʻok wid-na renaku.
Et-er ido sa duʻok wid=na ranak-u
3-PL for DEF party this=OBJ cook\NPST-3
I made this spear for the hunt.
Em ido sa nitug wed yimon-na remada.
Em ido sa nitug wed yimon=na remad-a
1SG for DEF hunt this spear=OBJ make\PST-1
  • ige يݢه denotes movement into: into.
The meat fell into the fire.
Sa rinap ige sa map meʻaku.
Sa rinap ige sa map meʻak-u
DEF meat into DEF fire fall\PST-3
  • ila يلا denotes to or at a higher level than something else literally or figuratively: above, over.
The bird flew over the forest.
Su ziʻop ila sa tusip ńenalu.
Su ziʻop ila sa tusip ńenal-u
DEF bird over DEF forest fly\NPST-3
  • ilu يلۆ denotes from one side of an opening to another: through.
He hurried home through the rain.
Es elo sa rutiń ilu ta binel ledaru.
Es elo sa rutiń ilu ta binel ledar-u
3SG to DEF house through DEF rain hurry\PST-3
  • ini يني denotes comparison: compared to, than.
He is stronger than I am.
Es yodayyoday ini em ayadu.
Es yoday~yoday ini em ayad-u
3SG strong~COMP than 1SG be\NPST-3
  • ińa يگا denotes the manner, method, way by which something is done: with, through, in.
The man harvested the papayas with a great effort.
Su in ińa bigok luliz sa ʻoṭder-na enaʻu.
Su in ińa bigok luliz sa ʻoṭder=na enaʻ-u
DEF man with great effort DEF papaya\PL=OBJ harvest\PST-3
  • iro يرۉ denotes encirclement or in or to various directions or locations: around.
The animal ran around the lake.
Sa tehom iro sa obul epazu.
Sa tehom iro sa obul epaz-u
DEF animal around DEF lake run\PST-3
  • isi يصي denotes having a lack of something: without.
You will have to do this without my help.
Eń isi sa 'm sitop wed-na mėsanad zapayi.
isi sa 'm sitop wed=na mė=sanad zapay-i
2SG without DEF 1POSS help this=OBJ INF=do have.to\NPST-2
  • ize يضه denotes the in the middle: middle.
The islands are in the middle of the ocean.
Sa bunper ize sa tal ayadu.
Sa bunper ize sa tal ayad-u
DEF island\PL in.middle.of DEF sea be-3
  • iʻe يعه denotes relating to someone or something: toward, in relation to.
What are your feelings towards him?
La sa 'ń puben iʻe 's ayadu ha.
La sa puben iʻe '-s ayad-u ha
what DEF 2POSS feelings toward ELIS-3 be\NPST-3 Q
  • lu لۆ denotes accompaniment in time or space; in company with, along with.
He came with his sister.
Es lu su 's minsad relanu.
Es lu su 's minsad relan-u
3SG with DEF 3POSS sister come\PST-3
  • ne نه denotes possession: of.
The man's house is on the mountain.
Sa rutiń ne su in aya sa dap ayadu.
Sa rutiń ne su in aya sa dap ayad-u
DEF house of DEF man on DEF mountain be\NPST-3
  • odu ۉظۆ denotes motion from one side to the other: across, on the other side of, over.
The child ran across the beach.
Su tikag odu sa nipap epazu.
Su tikag odu sa nipap epaz-u
DEF child across DEF beach run\PST-3
  • ola ۉلا denotes having the front in the direction of something else: facing.
Su in ola sa nutas menapu .
The man remained facing the danger.
Su in ola sa nutas menap-u
DEF man facing DEF danger remain\PST-3
  • ono ۉنۉ denotes to or on the side of a person or thing toward the north when facing the rising sun: on-, to-, -the left.
The girl stood to the left of her father.
Su tėmin ono su 's bab selagu.
Su tė=min ono su 's bab selag-u
DEF DIM=woman to.the.left DEF 3POSS father stand\PST-3
  • ore ۉره denotes in exchange for, literally or figuratively: (in-, -exchange-, -return-) -for.
I will give you eight coconuts for that raft.
Em ore dad nugem ae eń miz yoṭnur=na mańama.
Em ore dad nugem ae miz yoṭnur=na mańam-a
1SG for that raft to 2SG eight coconut\PL=OBJ give\NPST-1
  • oyi ۉېي denotes posterior to in time or space literally or figuratively: after, around, behind, beyond, by, on the other side of, outside, past, following.
The people returned after the fire.
Su liwad oyi sa pub yewapa.
Su liwad oyi sa pub yewap-a
DEF people after DEF fire return\PST-3
Now the boy is walking behind his father.
Seń su tin oyi su 's bab dakadu.
Seń su t=in oyi su 's bab dakad-u
now DEF DIM=man behind DEF 3POSS father walk\NPST-3
The sun shone after the storm.
Su nulen oyi sa nuʻad wepayu.
Su nulen oyi sa nuʻad wepay-u
DEF sun after DEF storm shine\PST-3
  • ugo ۆݢۉ denotes in place of, replacement or preference: for, instead of, in lieu of, rather than.
Su 's mam ae 's ugo ya uban ńeʻom-na meńamu.
His mother gave him an apple instead of a pear.
Su 's mam ae '-s ugo ya uban ńeʻom=na meńam-u
DEF 3POSS mother to ELIS-3 instead.of INDF pear apple=OBJ give\PST-3
  • uli ۆلي denotes removal from or location at a certain place or time either literally or figuratively, away from, or separation from support, attachment or position: from, off (of), of.
The child ran away from her mother.
Su tikag uli su 'ń mam-na epazu.
Su tikag uli su mam=na epaz-u
DEF child away.from DEF 2POSS mother=OBJ run\PST-3
I am from America.
Em uli ya Amerika ayada.
Em uli ya Amerika ayad-a
1SG from INDF America be\NPST-1
Then he fell off the log.
Ayap es uli sa kisob meʻaku.
Ayap es uli sa kisob meʻak-u
Then 3SG off DEF log fall\PST-3
  • uma ۆما denotes possessing a special characteristic: with.
My father is the man with the spear.
Su 'm bab su in uma sa yimon ayadu.
Su 'm bab su in uma sa yimon ayad-u
DEF 1POSS father DEF man with DEF spear be\NPST-3
  • uńu ۆگۆ denotes duration or extension through space literally or figuratively: (all) over, through(out).
She spilled the water all over the floor.
Es uńu sa zeʻid sa lutol-na gekayu.
Es uńu sa zeʻid sa lutol=na gekay-u
3SG over DEF floor DEF water=OBJ spill\PST-3
  • ura ۆرا denotes done on behalf of, for the benefit, sake, or interest of someone: for.
Let's cook supper for the family.
Ura su sudok epir pidod-na emer-na ranika.
Ura su sudok epir pidod=na em-er=na ranik-a
for DEF family evening meal=OBJ 1-PL=OBJ cook\IMP-3
  • uto ۆطۉ denotes to or on the side of a person or thing toward the south when facing the rising sun: on, to-, -the right of.
You'll see the oven to the right of the house.
Eń uto sa rutiń sa ńamul-na asadi.
uto sa retoz sa ńamul=na asad-i
2SG to.right.of DEF house DEF oven=OBJ see\NPST-2
  • uʻa ۆعا denotes change to, toward, or at an elevated place literally or figuratively: up, up to.
The child climbed up the tree.
Su tikag uʻa sa dokem ńeʻanu.
Su tikag uʻa sa dokem ńeʻan-u
DEF child up DEF tree climb\PST-3
  • ye يه denotes cause: because of, due to.
Because of the rain, we stayed home.
Ye sa binel emer zu sa rutiń menapa.
Ye sa binel em-er zu sa rutiń menap-a
because.of DEF rain 1-PL at DEF house stay\PST-1
  • yi يې denotes similarity or likeness: as like, similar to.
Your hands smell like roses.
Sa 'ń tagar yi ya riṗgir dapayu.
Sa tagar yi ya riṗgir dapay-u
DEF 2POSS hand\PL like INDF rose\PL smell\NPST-3
  • yo يۉ denotes interiority: in, within, inside.
The woman is in her house.
Su min yo sa 's rutiń ayadu.
Su min yo sa 's rutiń ayad-u
DEF woman in DEF 3POSS house be\NPST-3
  • za ضا denotes on or toward the exterior of: outside, without.
Their father stood outside the cave calling the boys.
Su 'ser bab za sa lisap su tinir-na yapus selagu.
Su es-er bab za sa lisap su t=inir=na yapus selag-u
DEF 3-PL\POSS father outside DEF cave DEF DIM=man\PL=OBJ call\AP stood\PST-3
  • zu ضۆ denotes stationary position or location in time or space: at, in, on, to.
He and his wife stood at the door.
Es he su 's wolib zu sa ńupas selagu.
Es he su 's wolib zu sa ńupas selag-u
3SG and DEF 3POSS wife at DEF door stand\PST-3