Liwadi: List of Prepositions

Table of Phonemes

IPA	/h/	/χ/	/ɣ/	/w/	/o/	/u/	/k/	/g/	/ŋ/	/t/	/d/	/θ/	/ð/	/p/	/b/	/ɸ/	/β/	/s/	/z/	/j/	/i/	/e/	/ɛ/	/ä/	/n/	/m/	/l/	/ɾ/	/ʔ/
Latin	H h	ḳ	ġ	W w	O o	U u	K k	G g	Ń ń	T t	D d	ṭ	ḍ	P p	B b	ṗ	ḃ	S s	Z z	Y y	I i	E e	ė	A a	N n	M m	L l	R r	ʻ
Arabic	ح 1	خ	ݗ	و 2	ۉ	ۆ	ک 3	ݢ	گ	ط 4	ظ	د	ذ	ٮ 5	ﺏ	ڡ	ڢ	ص 6	ض	ی ې	ي	ه 7		ا	ن	م	ل 8	ر	ع
Name	Ha حا	Ḳa خا	Ġa ݗا	Wa وا	Wo وۉ	Wu وۆ	Kaf کاڡ	Gaf ݢاڡ	Ńaf گاڡ	Tal طال	Dal ظال	Ṭal رال	Ḍal زال	Pa ٮا	Ba با	Ṗa ڡا	Ḃa ڢا	Sad صاط	Zad ضاط	Ya ېا	Yi ىي	Ye ىه	Yė ىٰ	Alif ا	Nun نۆن	Mim ميم	Lam لام	Ram رام	ʻam عام

List of Prepositions

• aba ابا denotes concern for someone or something: concerning, respecting, in\with regard to, as regards, regarding, with respect to, with regard for, about, with, on, for, in.

I know about your illness.

Em aba sa 'ń dikud tagasa.

Em	aba	sa	'ń	dikud	tagas-a
1SG	about	DEF	2POSS	illness	know\PRES-1

• adu اظۆ denotes exception: apart from, beside, besides, but for, except, save, not to-, -speak of, -mention, other than, outside.

I have all the ingredients, except for eggs.

Adu ya ruzdar, em sa yok lusrur-na awańa:

Adu	ya	ruzdar	em	sa	yok	lusrur-na	awań-a
Except.for	INDF	egg\PL	1SG	DEF	all	ingredient\PL=OBJ	have\NPST-1

• ae اي denotes the indirect object of the verb: for, to; or indicates a relationship to an adjective: to.

I will give the banana to my daughter.

Em ae su 'm mintikag sa lomed-na mańama.

Em	ae	su	'm	min.tikag	sa	lomed=na	mańam-a
1SG	to	DEF	1POSS	F.child	DEF	banana=OBJ	give\NPST-1

• ala الا denotes up to a limit: at the edge of, as far as, as many as, to, till, until, up to.

We will stay with you until tomorrow.

Emer ala oyinulen lu ń manapa.

Em-er	ala	oyi.nulen	lu	ń	manap-a
1-PL	until	after.day	with	2POSS	stay\NPST-1

• ańa اگا denotes at or to a lower level than something else literally or figuratively: below, behind, beneath, under(neath).

She hid the cup under the bed.

Es ańa sa litad sa yon-na deraʻu.

Es	ańa	sa	litad	sa	yon=na	deraʻ-u
2SG	under	DEF	bed	DEF	cup=OBJ	hide\PST-3

• apu اٮۆ denotes in a parallel direction: along, alongside (of).

The boy is walking alongside his father.

Su tin apu su 's bab dakadu.

Su	t=in	apu	su	's	bab	dakad-u
DEF	DIM=man	alongside	DEF	3POSS	father	walk\NPST-3

• ara ارا denotes anterior to in time or space: before, in front of, ahead of, against, in advance of, previous to.

We left before sunrise.

Emer ara sa nulen sikud sewara.

Em-er	ara	sa	nulen	sikud	sewar-a
1-PL	before	DEF	sun	rise	leave\PST-1

• asi اصي denotes paying no attention to: regardless of, despite, in spite of, for, in face of, notwithstanding, disregarding.

Regardless of his pain, he completed the race.

Asi sa 's yisur es sa lipez-na netalu.

Asi	sa	's	yisur	es	sa	lipez=na	netal-u
Regardless.of	DEF	3POSS	pain	3SG	DEF	race=OBJ	complete\PST-3

• ata اطا denotes change to, toward or at a lower place either literally or figuratively: down (through), down from.

The child climbed down the tree.

Su tikag ata sa dokem ńeʻanu.

Su	tikag	ata	sa	dokem=na	ńeʻan-u
DEF	child	down	DEF	tree=OBJ	climb\PST-3

• aya اېا denotes position on top of literally or figuratively: atop, over, to, on, upon.

The woman placed the flowers on the table.

Su min aya sa nikem sa ʻiṗyar-na leyalu.

Su	min	aya	sa	nikem	sa	ʻiṗyar=na	leyal-u
DEF	woman	on	DEF	table	DEF	flower\PL=OBJ	place\PST-3

• ba با denotes movement or direction from the inside to the outside: (out) of, from (within).

The people ran out of the burning house.

Su liwad ba sa napuʻ rutiń epazu.

Su	liwad	ba	sa	napuʻ	rutiń	epaz-u
DEF	people	from	DEF	burn\AP	house	run\PST-3

• egu هݢۆ denotes in opposition to, in contact with: against, contrary to, into, on, opposed to, opposite, up, with:

The child ran into the tree.

Su tikag egu sa ikam epazu.

Su	tikag	egu	sa	ikam	epaz-u
DEF	child	into	DEF	tree	run\PST-3

• elo هلۉ denotes motion towards literally or figuratively: to, toward, at, into, -ward.

The birds are flying seaward.

Su ziʻpor elo sa tal ńanalu.

Su	ziʻpor	elo	sa	tal	ńanal-u
DEF	bird\PL	to	DEF	sea	fly\NPST-3

• ere هره denotes in the course of: during, for, in, in the process-, -course-, -of, on, through, throughout, under.

They hid in the cave during the storm.

Eter ere sa nuʻad yo sa lisap deraʻu.

Et-er	ere	sa	nuʻad	yo	sa	lisap	deraʻ-u
3-PL	during	DEF	storm	in	DEF	cave	hide\PST-3

• eri هري denotes situation or partition between two or more entities: among, (in) between, through, with.

The girl is standing between her father and mother.

Su tėmin eri su 's bab he su 's mam salagu.

Su	tė=min	eri	su	's	bab	he	su	's	mam	salag-u
DEF	DIM=woman	between	DEF	3POSS	father	and	DEF	3POSS	mother	stand\NPST-3

• esa هصا denotes agency: by.

He was bitten by the snakes.

Es esa ya mesnor gėmebanu.

Es	esa	ya	mesnor	gė=meban-u
3SG	by	INDF	snake\PL	PASS=bite\PST-3

• eto هطۉ denotes proximity: near, about, beside, by, next to, on, close to, against.

Our village is near the mountain.

Sa emer yi'up eto sa dap ayadu.

Sa	em-er	yi'up	eto	sa	dap	ayad-u
DEF	1-PL	village	near	DEF	mountain	be\NPST-3

• eya هېا denotes from a past time: since.

She's been sick since yesterday

Es eya olan doked eyadu.

Es	eya	olan	doked	eyad-u
3SG	since	yesterday	sick	be\PST-3

• hi حې denotes instrumentality: with, by means of.

You can cut that meat with a knife.

Eń hi ya niʻom dad rinap-na mėnaʻam tadaki.

Eń	hi	ya	niʻom	dad	rinap=na	mė=naʻam	tadak-i
2SG	by	INDF	knife	that	meat=OBJ	INF=cut	be.able\NPST-2

• ido يظۉ denotes purpose: for.

They're cooking this for the party.

Eter ido sa duʻok wid-na renaku.

Et-er	ido	sa	duʻok	wid=na	ranak-u
3-PL	for	DEF	party	this=OBJ	cook\NPST-3

I made this spear for the hunt.

Em ido sa nitug wed yimon-na remada.

Em	ido	sa	nitug	wed	yimon=na	remad-a
1SG	for	DEF	hunt	this	spear=OBJ	make\PST-1

• ige يݢه denotes movement into: into.

The meat fell into the fire.

Sa rinap ige sa map meʻaku.

Sa	rinap	ige	sa	map	meʻak-u
DEF	meat	into	DEF	fire	fall\PST-3

• ila يلا denotes to or at a higher level than something else literally or figuratively: above, over.

The bird flew over the forest.

Su ziʻop ila sa tusip ńenalu.

Su	ziʻop	ila	sa	tusip	ńenal-u
DEF	bird	over	DEF	forest	fly\NPST-3

• ilu يلۆ denotes from one side of an opening to another: through.

He hurried home through the rain.

Es elo sa rutiń ilu ta binel ledaru.

Es	elo	sa	rutiń	ilu	ta	binel	ledar-u
3SG	to	DEF	house	through	DEF	rain	hurry\PST-3

• ini يني denotes comparison: compared to, than.

He is stronger than I am.

Es yodayyoday ini em ayadu.

Es	yoday~yoday	ini	em	ayad-u
3SG	strong~COMP	than	1SG	be\NPST-3

• ińa يگا denotes the manner, method, way by which something is done: with, through, in.

The man harvested the papayas with a great effort.

Su in ińa bigok luliz sa ʻoṭder-na enaʻu.

Su	in	ińa	bigok	luliz	sa	ʻoṭder=na	enaʻ-u
DEF	man	with	great	effort	DEF	papaya\PL=OBJ	harvest\PST-3

• iro يرۉ denotes encirclement or in or to various directions or locations: around.

The animal ran around the lake.

Sa tehom iro sa obul epazu.

Sa	tehom	iro	sa	obul	epaz-u
DEF	animal	around	DEF	lake	run\PST-3

• isi يصي denotes having a lack of something: without.

You will have to do this without my help.

Eń isi sa 'm sitop wed-na mėsanad zapayi.

Eń	isi	sa	'm	sitop	wed=na	mė=sanad	zapay-i
2SG	without	DEF	1POSS	help	this=OBJ	INF=do	have.to\NPST-2

• ize يضه denotes the in the middle: middle.

The islands are in the middle of the ocean.

Sa bunper ize sa tal ayadu.

Sa	bunper	ize	sa	tal	ayad-u
DEF	island\PL	in.middle.of	DEF	sea	be-3

• iʻe يعه denotes relating to someone or something: toward, in relation to.

What are your feelings towards him?

La sa 'ń puben iʻe 's ayadu ha.

La	sa	'ń	puben	iʻe	'-s	ayad-u	ha
what	DEF	2POSS	feelings	toward	ELIS-3	be\NPST-3	Q

• lu لۆ denotes accompaniment in time or space; in company with, along with.

He came with his sister.

Es lu su 's minsad relanu.

Es	lu	su	's	minsad	relan-u
3SG	with	DEF	3POSS	sister	come\PST-3

• ne denotes possession: of.

The man's house is on the mountain.

Sa rutiń ne su in aya sa dap ayadu.

Sa	rutiń	ne	su	in	aya	sa	dap	ayad-u
DEF	house	of	DEF	man	on	DEF	mountain	be\NPST-3

• odu ۉظۆ denotes motion from one side to the other: across, on the other side of, over.

The child ran across the beach.

Su tikag odu sa nipap epazu.

Su	tikag	odu	sa	nipap	epaz-u
DEF	child	across	DEF	beach	run\PST-3

• ola ۉلا denotes having the front in the direction of something else: facing.

Su in ola sa nutas menapu .

The man remained facing the danger.

Su	in	ola	sa	nutas	menap-u
DEF	man	facing	DEF	danger	remain\PST-3

• ono ۉنۉ denotes to or on the side of a person or thing toward the north when facing the rising sun: on-, to-, -the left.

The girl stood to the left of her father.

Su tėmin ono su 's bab selagu.

Su	tė=min	ono	su	's	bab	selag-u
DEF	DIM=woman	to.the.left	DEF	3POSS	father	stand\PST-3

• ore ۉره denotes in exchange for, literally or figuratively: (in-, -exchange-, -return-) -for.

I will give you eight coconuts for that raft.

Em ore dad nugem ae eń miz yoṭnur=na mańama.

Em	ore	dad	nugem	ae	eń	miz	yoṭnur=na	mańam-a
1SG	for	that	raft	to	2SG	eight	coconut\PL=OBJ	give\NPST-1

• oyi ۉېي denotes posterior to in time or space literally or figuratively: after, around, behind, beyond, by, on the other side of, outside, past, following.

The people returned after the fire.

Su liwad oyi sa pub yewapa.

Su	liwad	oyi	sa	pub	yewap-a
DEF	people	after	DEF	fire	return\PST-3

Now the boy is walking behind his father.

Seń su tin oyi su 's bab dakadu.

Seń	su	t=in	oyi	su	's	bab	dakad-u
now	DEF	DIM=man	behind	DEF	3POSS	father	walk\NPST-3

The sun shone after the storm.

Su nulen oyi sa nuʻad wepayu.

Su	nulen	oyi	sa	nuʻad	wepay-u
DEF	sun	after	DEF	storm	shine\PST-3

• ugo ۆݢۉ denotes in place of, replacement or preference: for, instead of, in lieu of, rather than.

Su 's mam ae 's ugo ya uban ńeʻom-na meńamu.

His mother gave him an apple instead of a pear.

Su	's	mam	ae	'-s	ugo	ya	uban	ńeʻom=na	meńam-u
DEF	3POSS	mother	to	ELIS-3	instead.of	INDF	pear	apple=OBJ	give\PST-3

• uli ۆلي denotes removal from or location at a certain place or time either literally or figuratively, away from, or separation from support, attachment or position: from, off (of), of.

The child ran away from her mother.

Su tikag uli su 'ń mam-na epazu.

Su	tikag	uli	su	'ń	mam=na	epaz-u
DEF	child	away.from	DEF	2POSS	mother=OBJ	run\PST-3

I am from America.

Em uli ya Amerika ayada.

Em	uli	ya	Amerika	ayad-a
1SG	from	INDF	America	be\NPST-1

Then he fell off the log.

Ayap es uli sa kisob meʻaku.

Ayap	es	uli	sa	kisob	meʻak-u
Then	3SG	off	DEF	log	fall\PST-3

• uma ۆما denotes possessing a special characteristic: with.

My father is the man with the spear.

Su 'm bab su in uma sa yimon ayadu.

Su	'm	bab	su	in	uma	sa	yimon	ayad-u
DEF	1POSS	father	DEF	man	with	DEF	spear	be\NPST-3

• uńu ۆگۆ denotes duration or extension through space literally or figuratively: (all) over, through(out).

She spilled the water all over the floor.

Es uńu sa zeʻid sa lutol-na gekayu.

Es	uńu	sa	zeʻid	sa	lutol=na	gekay-u
3SG	over	DEF	floor	DEF	water=OBJ	spill\PST-3

• ura ۆرا denotes done on behalf of, for the benefit, sake, or interest of someone: for.

Let's cook supper for the family.

Ura su sudok epir pidod-na emer-na ranika.

Ura	su	sudok	epir	pidod=na	em-er=na	ranik-a
for	DEF	family	evening	meal=OBJ	1-PL=OBJ	cook\IMP-3

• uto ۆطۉ denotes to or on the side of a person or thing toward the south when facing the rising sun: on, to-, -the right of.

You'll see the oven to the right of the house.

Eń uto sa rutiń sa ńamul-na asadi.

Eń	uto	sa	retoz	sa	ńamul=na	asad-i
2SG	to.right.of	DEF	house	DEF	oven=OBJ	see\NPST-2

• uʻa ۆعا denotes change to, toward, or at an elevated place literally or figuratively: up, up to.

The child climbed up the tree.

Su tikag uʻa sa dokem ńeʻanu.

Su	tikag	uʻa	sa	dokem	ńeʻan-u
DEF	child	up	DEF	tree	climb\PST-3

• ye يه denotes cause: because of, due to.

Because of the rain, we stayed home.

Ye sa binel emer zu sa rutiń menapa.

Ye	sa	binel	em-er	zu	sa	rutiń	menap-a
because.of	DEF	rain	1-PL	at	DEF	house	stay\PST-1

• yi يې denotes similarity or likeness: as like, similar to.

Your hands smell like roses.

Sa 'ń tagar yi ya riṗgir dapayu.

Sa	'ń	tagar	yi	ya	riṗgir	dapay-u
DEF	2POSS	hand\PL	like	INDF	rose\PL	smell\NPST-3

• yo يۉ denotes interiority: in, within, inside.

The woman is in her house.

Su min yo sa 's rutiń ayadu.

Su	min	yo	sa	's	rutiń	ayad-u
DEF	woman	in	DEF	3POSS	house	be\NPST-3

• za ضا denotes on or toward the exterior of: outside, without.

Their father stood outside the cave calling the boys.

Su 'ser bab za sa lisap su tinir-na yapus selagu.

Su	es-er	bab	za	sa	lisap	su	t=inir=na	yapus	selag-u
DEF	3-PL\POSS	father	outside	DEF	cave	DEF	DIM=man\PL=OBJ	call\AP	stood\PST-3

• zu ضۆ denotes stationary position or location in time or space: at, in, on, to.

He and his wife stood at the door.

Es he su 's wolib zu sa ńupas selagu.

Es	he	su	's	wolib	zu	sa	ńupas	selag-u
3SG	and	DEF	3POSS	wife	at	DEF	door	stand\PST-3