Liwadi: List of Prepositions: Difference between revisions

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{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
! IPA
! IPA
! /h/
! \h\
! /χ/
! \χ\
! /ɣ/
! \ɣ\
! /w/
! \w\
! /o/
! \o\
! /u/
! \u\
! /k/
! \k\
! /g/
! \g\
! /ŋ/
! \ŋ\
! /t/
! \t\
! /d/
! \d\
! /θ/
! \θ\
! /ð/
! \ð\
! /p/
! \p\
! /b/
! \b\
! /ɸ/
! \ɸ\
! /β/
! \β\
! /s/
! \s\
! /z/
! \z\
! /j/
! \j\
! /i/
! \i\
! /e/
! \e\
! /ɛ/
! \ɛ\
! /ä/
! \ä\
! /n/
! \n\
! /m/
! \m\
! /l/
! \l\
! /ɾ/
! \ɾ\
! /ʔ/
! \ʔ\
|-
|-
! Latin
! Latin
Line 130: Line 130:


==List of Prepositions==
==List of Prepositions==
*'''aba''' denotes concern for someone or something: concerning, respecting, in/with regard to, as regards, regarding, with respect to, with regard for, about, with, on, for, in.
*'''aba''' denotes concern for someone or something: concerning, respecting, in\with regard to, as regards, regarding, with respect to, with regard for, about, with, on, for, in.
:I know about your illness.
:I know about your illness.
:Em aba sa 'ń dikud tagasa.
:Em aba sa 'ń dikud tagasa.
Line 136: Line 136:
!Em||aba||sa||'ń||dikud||tagas-a
!Em||aba||sa||'ń||dikud||tagas-a
|-
|-
|1/SG||about||DEF||you/SG||illness||know-1
|1SG||about||DEF||2POSS||illness||know\PRES-1
|}
|}


Line 145: Line 145:
!Adu||ya||ruzdar||em||sa||yok||lusrur-na||awań-a
!Adu||ya||ruzdar||em||sa||yok||lusrur-na||awań-a
|-
|-
|Except.for||the||egg/PL||1/SG||DEF||all||ingredient/PL=OBJ||have/NPST-1
|Except.for||INDEF||egg\PL||1SG||DEF||all||ingredient\PL=OBJ||have\NPST-1
|}
|}


Line 154: Line 154:
!Em||ae||su||'m||min.tikag||sa||lomed=na||mańam-a
!Em||ae||su||'m||min.tikag||sa||lomed=na||mańam-a
|-
|-
|1/SG||to||DEF||1/SG||FEM.child||DEF||banana=OBJ||give/NPST-1
|1SG||to||DEF||1POSS||FEM.child||DEF||banana=OBJ||give\NPST-1
|}
|}


Line 163: Line 163:
!Em-er||ala||oyi.nulen||lu||ń||manap-a
!Em-er||ala||oyi.nulen||lu||ń||manap-a
|-
|-
|1=PL||until||after.day||with||2/SG||stay/NPST-1
|1-PL||until||after.day||with||2POSS||stay\NPST-1
|}
|}


Line 172: Line 172:
!Es||ańa||sa||litad||sa||yon=na||deraʻ-u
!Es||ańa||sa||litad||sa||yon=na||deraʻ-u
|-
|-
|2/SG||under||DEF||bed||DEF||cup=OBJ||hide/PST-3
|2SG||under||DEF||bed||DEF||cup=OBJ||hide\PST-3
|}
|}


Line 179: Line 179:
:'''Su tin apu su 's bab dakadu.'''
:'''Su tin apu su 's bab dakadu.'''
::{|
::{|
!Su||t-in||apu||su||'s||bab||dakad-u
!Su||t=in||apu||su||'s||bab||dakad-u
|-
|-
|DEF||DIM-man||alongsid||DEF||3/SG||father||walk/NPST-3
|DEF||DIM=man||alongside||DEF||3POSS||father||walk\NPST-3
|}
|}


Line 188: Line 188:
:'''Emer ara sa nulen sikud sewara.'''
:'''Emer ara sa nulen sikud sewara.'''
::{|
::{|
!Em-er||ara||sa||nulen||ńisup||sewar-a
!Em-er||ara||sa||nulen||sikud||sewar-a
|-
|-
|1-PL||before||DEF||sun||rise||leave/PST-1
|1-PL||before||DEF||sun||rise||leave\PST-1
|}
|}


Line 197: Line 197:
:'''Asi sa 's yisur es sa lipez-na netalu.'''
:'''Asi sa 's yisur es sa lipez-na netalu.'''
::{|
::{|
!Asi||sa||'s||yisur||es||sa||lipez-na||netal-u
!Asi||sa||'s||yisur||es||sa||lipez=na||netal-u
|-
|-
|Regardless.of||DEF||3||pain||3/SG||DEF||race-OBJ||complete/PST-3
|Regardless.of||DEF||3POSS||pain||3SG||DEF||race=OBJ||complete\PST-3
|}
|}


Line 206: Line 206:
:'''Su tikag ata sa dokem ńeʻanu'''.
:'''Su tikag ata sa dokem ńeʻanu'''.
::{|
::{|
!Su||tikag||ata||sa||dokem-na||ńeʻan-u
!Su||tikag||ata||sa||dokem=na||ńeʻan-u
|-
|-
|DEF||child||down||DEF||tree=OBJ||climb/PST-3
|DEF||child||down||DEF||tree=OBJ||climb\PST-3
|}
|}


Line 217: Line 217:
!Su||min||aya||sa||nikem||sa||ʻiṗyar=na||leyal-u
!Su||min||aya||sa||nikem||sa||ʻiṗyar=na||leyal-u
|-
|-
|DEF||woman||on||DEF||table||DEF||flower/PL=OBJ||place/PST-3
|DEF||woman||on||DEF||table||DEF||flower\PL=OBJ||place\PST-3
|}
|}


Line 226: Line 226:
!Su||liwad||ba||sa||napuʻ||rutiń||epaz-u
!Su||liwad||ba||sa||napuʻ||rutiń||epaz-u
|-
|-
|DEF||people||from||DEF||burn/AP||house||run/PST-3
|DEF||people||from||DEF||burn\AP||house||run\PST-3
|}
|}


Line 235: Line 235:
!Su||tikag||egu||sa||ikam||epaz-u
!Su||tikag||egu||sa||ikam||epaz-u
|-
|-
|DEF||child||into||DEF||tree||run/PST-3
|DEF||child||into||DEF||tree||run\PST-3
|}
|}


Line 244: Line 244:
!Su||ziʻpor||elo||sa||tal||ńanal-u
!Su||ziʻpor||elo||sa||tal||ńanal-u
|-
|-
|DEF||bird/PL||to||DEF||sea||fly/NPST-3
|DEF||bird\PL||to||DEF||sea||fly\NPST-3
|}
|}


Line 253: Line 253:
!Et-er||ere||sa||nuʻad||yo||sa||lisap||deraʻ-u
!Et-er||ere||sa||nuʻad||yo||sa||lisap||deraʻ-u
|-
|-
|3-PL||during||DEF||storm||in||DEF||cave||hide/PST-3
|3-PL||during||DEF||storm||in||DEF||cave||hide\PST-3
|}
|}


Line 260: Line 260:
:'''Su tėmin eri su 's bab he su 's mam salagu.'''
:'''Su tėmin eri su 's bab he su 's mam salagu.'''
::{|
::{|
!Su||tė.min||eri||su||'s||bab||he||su||'s||mam||salag-u
!Su||tė=min||eri||su||'s||bab||he||su||'s||mam||salag-u
|-
|-
|DEF||DIM.woman||between||DEF||3||father||and||DEF||3||mother||stand/NPST-3
|DEF||DIM=woman||between||DEF||3POSS||father||and||DEF||3POSS||mother||stand\NPST-3
|}
|}


Line 271: Line 271:
!Es||esa||ya||mesnor||gė=meban-u
!Es||esa||ya||mesnor||gė=meban-u
|-
|-
|3||by||INDEF||snake/PL||PASS=bite/PST-3
|3SG||by||INDEF||snake\PL||PASS=bite\PST-3
|}
|}


Line 280: Line 280:
!Sa||em-er||yi'up||eto||sa||dap||ayad-u
!Sa||em-er||yi'up||eto||sa||dap||ayad-u
|-
|-
|DEF||1-PL||village||near||DEF||mountain||be/NPST-3
|DEF||1-PL||village||near||DEF||mountain||be\NPST-3
|}
|}


Line 289: Line 289:
!Es||eya||olan||doked||eyad-u
!Es||eya||olan||doked||eyad-u
|-
|-
|3/SG||since||yesterday||sick||be/PST-3
|3SG||since||yesterday||sick||be\PST-3
|}
|}


Line 296: Line 296:
:'''Eń hi ya niʻom dad rinap-na mėnaʻam tadaki.'''
:'''Eń hi ya niʻom dad rinap-na mėnaʻam tadaki.'''
::{|
::{|
!Eń||hi||ya||niʻom||dad||rinap-na||mė-naʻam||tadak-i
!Eń||hi||ya||niʻom||dad||rinap=na||mė=naʻam||tadak-i
|-
|-
|2/SG||by||INDEF||knife||that||meat-OBJ||INF-cut||be.able/NPST-2
|2SG||by||INDEF||knife||that||meat=OBJ||INF=cut||be.able\NPST-2
|}
|}


*'''ido''' denotes purpose: for.
*'''ido''' denotes purpose: for.
:They're cooking this for the party.
:They're cooking this for the party.
:'''Eter ido sa duʻok wid-na renaka.'''
:'''Eter ido sa duʻok wid-na renaku.'''
::{|
::{|
!Et-er||ido||sa||duʻok||wid-na||renak-a
!Et-er||ido||sa||duʻok||wid=na||ranak-u
|-
|-
|3-PL||for||DEF||party||this-OBJ||cook/NPST-IND
|3-PL||for||DEF||party||this=OBJ||cook\NPST-3
|}
|}


Line 313: Line 313:
:'''Em ido sa nitug wed yimon-na remada.'''
:'''Em ido sa nitug wed yimon-na remada.'''
::{|
::{|
!Em||ido||sa||nitug||wed||yimon-na||remad-a
!Em||ido||sa||nitug||wed||yimon=na||remad-a
|-
|-
|1/SG||for||DEF||hunt||this||spear-OBJ||make/PST-1
|1SG||for||DEF||hunt||this||spear=OBJ||make\PST-1
|}
|}


Line 324: Line 324:
!Sa||rinap||ige||sa||map||meʻak-u
!Sa||rinap||ige||sa||map||meʻak-u
|-
|-
|DEF||meat||into||DEF||fire||fall/PST-3
|DEF||meat||into||DEF||fire||fall\PST-3
|}
|}


Line 333: Line 333:
!Su||ziʻop||ila||sa||tusip||ńenal-u
!Su||ziʻop||ila||sa||tusip||ńenal-u
|-
|-
|DEF||bird||over||DEF||forest||fly/NPST-3
|DEF||bird||over||DEF||forest||fly\NPST-3
|}
|}


Line 342: Line 342:
!Es||elo||sa||rutiń||ilu||ta||binel||ledar-u
!Es||elo||sa||rutiń||ilu||ta||binel||ledar-u
|-
|-
|3/SG||to||DEF||house||through||DEF||rain||hurry/PST-3
|3SG||to||DEF||house||through||DEF||rain||hurry\PST-3
|}
|}


*'''ini''' denotes comparison: compared to, than.
*'''ini''' denotes comparison: compared to, than.
:He is stronger than I am.
:He is stronger than I am.
:'''Es yodayyoday ini m ayadu.'''
:'''Es yodayyoday ini em ayadu.'''
::{|
::{|
!Es||yoday~yoday||ini||m||ayad-u
!Es||yoday~yoday||ini||em||ayad-u
|-
|-
|3/SG||strong~COMP||than||1/SG||be/NPST-3
|3SG||strong~COMP||than||1SG||be\NPST-3
|}
|}


Line 358: Line 358:
:'''Su in ińa bigok luliz sa ʻoṭder-na enaʻu.'''
:'''Su in ińa bigok luliz sa ʻoṭder-na enaʻu.'''
::{|
::{|
!Su||in||ińa||bigok||luliz||sa||ʻoṭder-na||enaʻ-u
!Su||in||ińa||bigok||luliz||sa||ʻoṭder=na||enaʻ-u
|-
|-
|DEF||man||with||great||effort||DEF||papaya/PL-OBJ||harvest/PST-3
|DEF||man||with||great||effort||DEF||papaya\PL=OBJ||harvest\PST-3
|}
|}


Line 369: Line 369:
!Sa||tehom||iro||sa||obul||epaz-u
!Sa||tehom||iro||sa||obul||epaz-u
|-
|-
|DEF||animal||around||DEF||lake||run/PST-3
|DEF||animal||around||DEF||lake||run\PST-3
|}
|}


Line 376: Line 376:
:'''Eń isi sa 'm sitop wed-na mėsanad zapayi.'''
:'''Eń isi sa 'm sitop wed-na mėsanad zapayi.'''
::{|
::{|
!Eń||isi||sa||'m||sitop||wed-na||mė-sanad||zapay-i
!Eń||isi||sa||'m||sitop||wed=na||mė=sanad||zapay-i
|-
|-
|2/SG||without||DEF||1/SG||help||this-OBJ||INF=do||have.to/NPST-2
|2SG||without||DEF||1POSS||help||this=OBJ||INF=do||have.to\NPST-2
|}
|}


Line 387: Line 387:
!Sa||bunper||ize||sa||tal||ayad-u
!Sa||bunper||ize||sa||tal||ayad-u
|-
|-
|DEF||island/PL||in.middle.of||DEF||sea||be-3
|DEF||island\PL||in.middle.of||DEF||sea||be-3
|}
|}


Line 394: Line 394:
:'''La sa 'ń puben iʻe 's ayadu ha.'''
:'''La sa 'ń puben iʻe 's ayadu ha.'''
::{|
::{|
!La||sa||'ń||puben||iʻe||'s||ayad-u||ha
!La||sa||'ń||puben||iʻe||'-s||ayad-u||ha
|-
|-
|what||DEF||2||feelings||toward||3||be-3||Q
|what||DEF||2POSS||feelings||toward||ELIS-3||be\NPST-3||Q
|}
|}


*'''lu''' denotes accompaniment in time or space; in company with, along with.
*'''lu''' denotes accompaniment in time or space; in company with, along with.
:He came with his sister.
:'''Es lu su 's minsad relanu.'''
:'''Es lu su 's minsad relanu.'''
:He came with his sister.
::{|
::{|
!Es||lu||su||'s||minsad||relan-u
!Es||lu||su||'s||minsad||relan-u
|-
|-
|3/SG||with||DEF||3||sister||come/PST-3
|3SG||with||DEF||3POSS||sister||come\PST-3
|}
|}


Line 414: Line 414:
!Sa||rutiń||ne||su||in||aya||sa||dap||ayad-u
!Sa||rutiń||ne||su||in||aya||sa||dap||ayad-u
|-
|-
|DEF||house||of||DEF||man||on||DEF||mountain||be-3
|DEF||house||of||DEF||man||on||DEF||mountain||be\NPST-3
|}
|}


Line 423: Line 423:
!Su||tikag||odu||sa||nipap||epaz-u
!Su||tikag||odu||sa||nipap||epaz-u
|-
|-
|DEF||child||across||DEF||beach||run/PST-3
|DEF||child||across||DEF||beach||run\PST-3
|}
|}


Line 432: Line 432:
!Su||in||ola||sa||nutas||menap-u
!Su||in||ola||sa||nutas||menap-u
|-
|-
|DEF||man||facing||DEF||danger||remain/PST-3
|DEF||man||facing||DEF||danger||remain\PST-3
|}
|}


*'''ono''' denotes to or on the side of a person or thing toward the north when facing the rising sun: on-, to-, -the left.
*'''ono''' denotes to or on the side of a person or thing toward the north when facing the rising sun: on-, to-, -the left.
:The girl stood to the left of her father.
:The girl stood to the left of her father.
:'''Su tėmin ono su 's bab salagu.'''
:'''Su tėmin ono su 's bab selagu.'''
::{|
::{|
!Su||tė-min||ono||su||'s||bab||salag-u
!Su||tė=min||ono||su||'s||bab||selag-u
|-
|-
|DEF||DIM-woman||to.the.left||DEF||3||father||stand/PST-3
|DEF||DIM=woman||to.the.left||DEF||3POSS||father||stand\PST-3
|}
|}


*'''ore''' denotes in exchange for, literally or figuratively: (in-, -exchange-, -return-) -for.
*'''ore''' denotes in exchange for, literally or figuratively: (in-, -exchange-, -return-) -for.
:I will give you eight coconuts for that raft.
:I will give you eight coconuts for that raft.
:'''Em ore dad nugem ae eń miz yoṭnur-na mańama.'''
:'''Em ore dad nugem ae eń miz yoṭnur=na mańama.'''
::{|
::{|
!Em||ore||dad||nugem||ae||eń||miz||yoṭnur-na||mańam-a
!Em||ore||dad||nugem||ae||eń||miz||yoṭnur=na||mańam-a
|-
|-
|1/SG||for||that||raft||to||2/SG||eight||coconut/PL-OBJ||give/NPST-1
|1SG||for||that||raft||to||2SG||eight||coconut\PL=OBJ||give\NPST-1
|}
|}


*'''oyi''' denotes posterior to in time or space literally or figuratively: after, around, behind, beyond, by, on the other side of, outside, past, following.
*'''oyi''' denotes posterior to in time or space literally or figuratively: after, around, behind, beyond, by, on the other side of, outside, past, following.
:The people returned after the fire.
:The people returned after the fire.
:'''Su limad oyi sa pub yewapa.'''
:'''Su liwad oyi sa pub yewapa.'''
::{|
::{|
!Su||liwad||oyi||sa||pub||yewap-a
!Su||liwad||oyi||sa||pub||yewap-a
|-
|-
|DEF||people||after||DEF||fire||return/PST-3
|DEF||people||after||DEF||fire||return\PST-3
|}
|}


Line 465: Line 465:
:'''Seń su tin oyi su 's bab dakadu.'''
:'''Seń su tin oyi su 's bab dakadu.'''
::{|
::{|
!Seń||su||t-in||oyi||su||'s||bab||dakad-u
!Seń||su||t=in||oyi||su||'s||bab||dakad-u
|-
|-
|now||DEF||DIM-man||behind||DEF||3||father||walk/NPST-3
|now||DEF||DIM=man||behind||DEF||3POSS||father||walk\NPST-3
|}
|}


Line 475: Line 475:
!Su||nulen||oyi||sa||nuʻad||wepay-u
!Su||nulen||oyi||sa||nuʻad||wepay-u
|-
|-
|DEF||sun||after||DEF||storm||shine/NPST-3
|DEF||sun||after||DEF||storm||shine\PST-3
|}
|}


Line 482: Line 482:
:His mother gave him an apple instead of a pear.
:His mother gave him an apple instead of a pear.
::{|
::{|
!Su||'s||mam||ae||'s||ugo||ya||uban||ńeʻom-na||meńam-u
!Su||'s||mam||ae||'-s||ugo||ya||uban||ńeʻom=na||meńam-u
|-
|-
|DEF||3||mother||to||3||instead.of||INDEF||pear||apple-OBJ||give/PST-3
|DEF||3POSS||mother||to||ELIS-3||instead.of||INDEF||pear||apple=OBJ||give\PST-3
|}
|}


Line 491: Line 491:
:'''Su tikag uli su 'ń mam-na epazu.'''
:'''Su tikag uli su 'ń mam-na epazu.'''
::{|
::{|
!Su||tikag||uli||su||'ń||mam-na||epaz-u
!Su||tikag||uli||su||'ń||mam=na||epaz-u
|-
|-
|DEF||child||away.from||DEF||2||mother-OBJ||run/PST-3
|DEF||child||away.from||DEF||2POSS||mother=OBJ||run\PST-3
|}
|}


Line 501: Line 501:
!Em||uli||ya||Amerika||ayad-a
!Em||uli||ya||Amerika||ayad-a
|-
|-
|1/SG||from||INDEF||America||be/NPST-1
|1SG||from||INDEF||America||be\NPST-1
|}
|}


Line 509: Line 509:
!Ayap||es||uli||sa||kisob||meʻak-u
!Ayap||es||uli||sa||kisob||meʻak-u
|-
|-
|Then||3/SG||off||DEF||log||fall/PST-3
|Then||3SG||off||DEF||log||fall\PST-3
|}
|}


Line 518: Line 518:
!Su||'m||bab||su||in||uma||sa||yimon||ayad-u
!Su||'m||bab||su||in||uma||sa||yimon||ayad-u
|-
|-
|DEF||1/SG||father||DEF||man||with||DEF||spear||be/NPST-3
|DEF||1POSS||father||DEF||man||with||DEF||spear||be\NPST-3
|}
|}


Line 525: Line 525:
:'''Es uńu sa zeʻid sa lutol-na gekayu.'''
:'''Es uńu sa zeʻid sa lutol-na gekayu.'''
::{|
::{|
!Es||uńu||sa||zeʻid||sa||lutol-na||gekay-u
!Es||uńu||sa||zeʻid||sa||lutol=na||gekay-u
|-
|-
|3/SG||over||DEF||floor||DEF||water-OBJ||spill/PST-3
|3SG||over||DEF||floor||DEF||water=OBJ||spill\PST-3
|}
|}


*'''ura''' denotes done on behalf of, for the benefit, sake, or interest of someone: for.
*'''ura''' denotes done on behalf of, for the benefit, sake, or interest of someone: for.
:Let's cook supper for the family.
:Let's cook supper for the family.
:'''Ura su sudok epir pidod-na emer-na renika'''.
:'''Ura su sudok epir pidod-na emer-na ranika'''.
::{|
::{|
!Ura||su||sudok||epir||pidod-na||em-er-na||renik-a
!Ura||su||sudok||epir||pidod=na||em-er=na||ranik-a
|-
|-
|for||DEF||family||evening||meal-OBJ||1-PL-OBJ||cook/IMP-3
|for||DEF||family||evening||meal=OBJ||1-PL=OBJ||cook\IMP-3
|}
|}


Line 543: Line 543:
:'''Eń uto sa rutiń sa ńamul-na asadi.'''
:'''Eń uto sa rutiń sa ńamul-na asadi.'''
::{|
::{|
!Eń||uto||sa||retoz||sa||ńamul-na||asad-i
!Eń||uto||sa||retoz||sa||ńamul=na||asad-i
|-
|-
|you/SG||to.right.of||DEF||house||DEF||oven-OBJ||see/NPST-2
|2SG||to.right.of||DEF||house||DEF||oven=OBJ||see\NPST-2
|}
|}


Line 554: Line 554:
!Su||tikag||uʻa||sa||dokem||ńeʻan-u
!Su||tikag||uʻa||sa||dokem||ńeʻan-u
|-
|-
|DEF||child||up||DEF||tree||climb/PST-3
|DEF||child||up||DEF||tree||climb\PST-3
|}
|}


Line 563: Line 563:
!Ye||sa||binel||em-er||zu||sa||rutiń||menap-a
!Ye||sa||binel||em-er||zu||sa||rutiń||menap-a
|-
|-
|because.of||DEF||rain||1-PL||at||DEF||house||stay/NPST-1
|because.of||DEF||rain||1-PL||at||DEF||house||stay\PST-1
|}
|}


Line 572: Line 572:
!Sa||'ń||tagar||yi||ya||riṗgir||dapay-u
!Sa||'ń||tagar||yi||ya||riṗgir||dapay-u
|-
|-
|DEF||2/SG||hand/PL||like||rose/PL||smell/NPST-3
|DEF||2POSS||hand\PL||like||INDEF||rose\PL||smell\NPST-3
|}
|}


Line 581: Line 581:
!Su||min||yo||sa||'s||rutiń||ayad-u
!Su||min||yo||sa||'s||rutiń||ayad-u
|-
|-
|DEF||woman||in||DEF||3||house||be/NPST-3
|DEF||woman||in||DEF||3POSS||house||be\NPST-3
|}
|}


Line 588: Line 588:
:'''Su 'ser bab za sa lisap su tinir-na yapus selagu.'''
:'''Su 'ser bab za sa lisap su tinir-na yapus selagu.'''
::{|
::{|
!Su||'ser||bab||za||sa||lisap||su||tinir-na||yapus||selag-u
!Su||es-er||bab||za||sa||lisap||su||t=inir=na||yapus||selag-u
|-
|-
|DEF||3/PL||father||outside||DEF||cave||DEF||boy/PL-OBJ||call/AP||stood/PST-3
|DEF||3-PL\POSS||father||outside||DEF||cave||DEF||DIM=man\PL=OBJ||call\AP||stood\PST-3
|}
|}


Line 599: Line 599:
!Es||he||su||'s||wolib||zu||sa||ńupas||selag-u
!Es||he||su||'s||wolib||zu||sa||ńupas||selag-u
|-
|-
|3/SG||and||DEF||3||wife||at||DEF||door||stand/PST-3
|3SG||and||DEF||3POSS||wife||at||DEF||door||stand\PST-3
|}
|}

Revision as of 12:20, 17 November 2021

Table of Phonemes

IPA \h\ \χ\ \ɣ\ \w\ \o\ \u\ \k\ \g\ \ŋ\ \t\ \d\ \θ\ \ð\ \p\ \b\ \ɸ\ \β\ \s\ \z\ \j\ \i\ \e\ \ɛ\ \ä\ \n\ \m\ \l\ \ɾ\ \ʔ\
Latin H h ḳ ġ W w O o U u K k G g Ń ń T t D d ṭ ḍ P p B b ṗ ḃ S s Z z Y y I i E e ė A a N n M m L l R r ʻ
Arabic ح خ ݗ و ۄ ۆ ک ݢ گ ط ظ د ذ ٮ ﺏ ڡ ڢ ص ض ی ي ه ا ن م ل ر ع
Name Ha
حا 		Ḳa
خا 		Ġa
ݗا 		Wa
وا 		Wo
وۄ 		Wu
وۆ 		Kaf
کا 		Gaf
ݢا 		Ńaf
گا 		Ta
طا 		Da
ظا 		Ṭa
دا 		Ḍa
ذا 		Pa
ٮا 		Ba
با 		Ṗa
ڡا 		Ḃa
ڢا 		Sa
صا 		Za
ضا 		Ya
ىا 		Yi
ىي 		Ye
ىه 		Yė
ىٰ 		Alif
اليٯ 		Nun
نۆن 		Mim
ميم 		Lam
لام 		Ra
را 		ʻan
عان


List of Prepositions

  • aba denotes concern for someone or something: concerning, respecting, in\with regard to, as regards, regarding, with respect to, with regard for, about, with, on, for, in.
I know about your illness.
Em aba sa 'ń dikud tagasa.
Em aba sa 'ń dikud tagas-a
1SG about DEF 2POSS illness know\PRES-1
  • adu denotes exception: apart from, beside, besides, but for, except, save, not to-, -speak of, -mention, other than, outside.
I have all the ingredients, except for eggs.
Adu ya ruzdar, em sa yok lusrur-na awańa:
Adu ya ruzdar em sa yok lusrur-na awań-a
Except.for INDEF egg\PL 1SG DEF all ingredient\PL=OBJ have\NPST-1
  • ae denotes the indirect object of the verb: for, to; or indicates a relationship to an adjective: to.
I will give the banana to my daughter.
Em ae su 'm mintikag sa lomed-na mańama.
Em ae su 'm min.tikag sa lomed=na mańam-a
1SG to DEF 1POSS FEM.child DEF banana=OBJ give\NPST-1
  • ala denotes up to a limit: at the edge of, as far as, as many as, to, till, until, up to.
We will stay with you until tomorrow.
Emer ala oyinulen lu ń manapa.
Em-er ala oyi.nulen lu ń manap-a
1-PL until after.day with 2POSS stay\NPST-1
  • ańa denotes at or to a lower level than something else literally or figuratively: below, behind, beneath, under(neath).
She hid the cup under the bed.
Es ańa sa litad sa yon-na deraʻu.
Es ańa sa litad sa yon=na deraʻ-u
2SG under DEF bed DEF cup=OBJ hide\PST-3
  • apu denotes in a parallel direction: along, alongside (of).
The boy is walking alongside his father.
Su tin apu su 's bab dakadu.
Su t=in apu su 's bab dakad-u
DEF DIM=man alongside DEF 3POSS father walk\NPST-3
  • ara denotes anterior to in time or space: before, in front of, ahead of, against, in advance of, previous to.
We left before sunrise.
Emer ara sa nulen sikud sewara.
Em-er ara sa nulen sikud sewar-a
1-PL before DEF sun rise leave\PST-1
  • asi denotes paying no attention to: regardless of, despite, in spite of, for, in face of, notwithstanding, disregarding.
Regardless of his pain, he completed the race.
Asi sa 's yisur es sa lipez-na netalu.
Asi sa 's yisur es sa lipez=na netal-u
Regardless.of DEF 3POSS pain 3SG DEF race=OBJ complete\PST-3
  • ata denotes change to, toward or at a lower place either literally or figuratively: down (through), down from.
The child climbed down the tree.
Su tikag ata sa dokem ńeʻanu.
Su tikag ata sa dokem=na ńeʻan-u
DEF child down DEF tree=OBJ climb\PST-3
  • aya denotes position on top of literally or figuratively: atop, over, to, on, upon.
The woman placed the flowers on the table.
Su min aya sa nikem sa ʻiṗyar-na leyalu.
Su min aya sa nikem sa ʻiṗyar=na leyal-u
DEF woman on DEF table DEF flower\PL=OBJ place\PST-3
  • ba denotes movement or direction from the inside to the outside: (out) of, from (within).
The people ran out of the burning house.
Su liwad ba sa napuʻ rutiń epazu.
Su liwad ba sa napuʻ rutiń epaz-u
DEF people from DEF burn\AP house run\PST-3
  • egu denotes in opposition to, in contact with: against, contrary to, into, on, opposed to, opposite, up, with:
The child ran into the tree.
Su tikag egu sa ikam epazu.
Su tikag egu sa ikam epaz-u
DEF child into DEF tree run\PST-3
  • elo denotes motion towards literally or figuratively: to, toward, at, into, -ward.
The birds are flying seaward.
Su ziʻpor elo sa tal ńanalu.
Su ziʻpor elo sa tal ńanal-u
DEF bird\PL to DEF sea fly\NPST-3
  • ere denotes in the course of: during, for, in, in the process-, -course-, -of, on, through, throughout, under.
They hid in the cave during the storm.
Eter ere sa nuʻad yo sa lisap deraʻu.
Et-er ere sa nuʻad yo sa lisap deraʻ-u
3-PL during DEF storm in DEF cave hide\PST-3
  • eri denotes situation or partition between two or more entities: among, (in) between, through, with.
The girl is standing between her father and mother.
Su tėmin eri su 's bab he su 's mam salagu.
Su tė=min eri su 's bab he su 's mam salag-u
DEF DIM=woman between DEF 3POSS father and DEF 3POSS mother stand\NPST-3
  • esa denotes agency: by.
He was bitten by the snakes.
Es esa ya mesnor gėmebanu.
Es esa ya mesnor gė=meban-u
3SG by INDEF snake\PL PASS=bite\PST-3
  • eto denotes proximity: near, about, beside, by, next to, on, close to, against.
Our village is near the mountain.
Sa emer yi'up eto sa dap ayadu.
Sa em-er yi'up eto sa dap ayad-u
DEF 1-PL village near DEF mountain be\NPST-3
  • eya denotes from a past time: since.
She's been sick since yesterday
Es eya olan doked eyadu.
Es eya olan doked eyad-u
3SG since yesterday sick be\PST-3
  • hi denotes instrumentality: with, by means of.
You can cut that meat with a knife.
Eń hi ya niʻom dad rinap-na mėnaʻam tadaki.
Eń hi ya niʻom dad rinap=na mė=naʻam tadak-i
2SG by INDEF knife that meat=OBJ INF=cut be.able\NPST-2
  • ido denotes purpose: for.
They're cooking this for the party.
Eter ido sa duʻok wid-na renaku.
Et-er ido sa duʻok wid=na ranak-u
3-PL for DEF party this=OBJ cook\NPST-3
I made this spear for the hunt.
Em ido sa nitug wed yimon-na remada.
Em ido sa nitug wed yimon=na remad-a
1SG for DEF hunt this spear=OBJ make\PST-1
  • ige denotes movement into: into.
The meat fell into the fire.
Sa rinap ige sa map meʻaku.
Sa rinap ige sa map meʻak-u
DEF meat into DEF fire fall\PST-3
  • ila denotes to or at a higher level than something else literally or figuratively: above, over.
The bird flew over the forest.
Su ziʻop ila sa tusip ńenalu.
Su ziʻop ila sa tusip ńenal-u
DEF bird over DEF forest fly\NPST-3
  • ilu denotes from one side of an opening to another: through.
He hurried home through the rain.
Es elo sa rutiń ilu ta binel ledaru.
Es elo sa rutiń ilu ta binel ledar-u
3SG to DEF house through DEF rain hurry\PST-3
  • ini denotes comparison: compared to, than.
He is stronger than I am.
Es yodayyoday ini em ayadu.
Es yoday~yoday ini em ayad-u
3SG strong~COMP than 1SG be\NPST-3
  • ińa denotes the manner, method, way by which something is done: with, through, in.
The man harvested the papayas with a great effort.
Su in ińa bigok luliz sa ʻoṭder-na enaʻu.
Su in ińa bigok luliz sa ʻoṭder=na enaʻ-u
DEF man with great effort DEF papaya\PL=OBJ harvest\PST-3
  • iro denotes encirclement or in or to various directions or locations: around.
The animal ran around the lake.
Sa tehom iro sa obul epazu.
Sa tehom iro sa obul epaz-u
DEF animal around DEF lake run\PST-3
  • isi denotes having a lack of something: without.
You will have to do this without my help.
Eń isi sa 'm sitop wed-na mėsanad zapayi.
Eń isi sa 'm sitop wed=na mė=sanad zapay-i
2SG without DEF 1POSS help this=OBJ INF=do have.to\NPST-2
  • ize denotes the in the middle: middle.
The islands are in the middle of the ocean.
Sa bunper ize sa tal ayadu.
Sa bunper ize sa tal ayad-u
DEF island\PL in.middle.of DEF sea be-3
  • iʻe denotes relating to someone or something: toward, in relation to.
What are your feelings towards him?
La sa 'ń puben iʻe 's ayadu ha.
La sa 'ń puben iʻe '-s ayad-u ha
what DEF 2POSS feelings toward ELIS-3 be\NPST-3 Q
  • lu denotes accompaniment in time or space; in company with, along with.
He came with his sister.
Es lu su 's minsad relanu.
Es lu su 's minsad relan-u
3SG with DEF 3POSS sister come\PST-3
  • ne denotes possession: of.
The man's house is on the mountain.
Sa rutiń ne su in aya sa dap ayadu.
Sa rutiń ne su in aya sa dap ayad-u
DEF house of DEF man on DEF mountain be\NPST-3
  • odu denotes motion from one side to the other: across, on the other side of, over.
The child ran across the beach.
Su tikag odu sa nipap epazu.
Su tikag odu sa nipap epaz-u
DEF child across DEF beach run\PST-3
  • ola denotes having the front in the direction of something else: facing.
Su in ola sa nutas menapu .
The man remained facing the danger.
Su in ola sa nutas menap-u
DEF man facing DEF danger remain\PST-3
  • ono denotes to or on the side of a person or thing toward the north when facing the rising sun: on-, to-, -the left.
The girl stood to the left of her father.
Su tėmin ono su 's bab selagu.
Su tė=min ono su 's bab selag-u
DEF DIM=woman to.the.left DEF 3POSS father stand\PST-3
  • ore denotes in exchange for, literally or figuratively: (in-, -exchange-, -return-) -for.
I will give you eight coconuts for that raft.
Em ore dad nugem ae eń miz yoṭnur=na mańama.
Em ore dad nugem ae eń miz yoṭnur=na mańam-a
1SG for that raft to 2SG eight coconut\PL=OBJ give\NPST-1
  • oyi denotes posterior to in time or space literally or figuratively: after, around, behind, beyond, by, on the other side of, outside, past, following.
The people returned after the fire.
Su liwad oyi sa pub yewapa.
Su liwad oyi sa pub yewap-a
DEF people after DEF fire return\PST-3
Now the boy is walking behind his father.
Seń su tin oyi su 's bab dakadu.
Seń su t=in oyi su 's bab dakad-u
now DEF DIM=man behind DEF 3POSS father walk\NPST-3
The sun shone after the storm.
Su nulen oyi sa nuʻad wepayu.
Su nulen oyi sa nuʻad wepay-u
DEF sun after DEF storm shine\PST-3
  • ugo denotes in place of, replacement or preference: for, instead of, in lieu of, rather than.
Su 's mam ae 's ugo ya uban ńeʻom-na meńamu.
His mother gave him an apple instead of a pear.
Su 's mam ae '-s ugo ya uban ńeʻom=na meńam-u
DEF 3POSS mother to ELIS-3 instead.of INDEF pear apple=OBJ give\PST-3
  • uli denotes removal from or location at a certain place or time either literally or figuratively, away from, or separation from support, attachment or position: from, off (of), of.
The child ran away from her mother.
Su tikag uli su 'ń mam-na epazu.
Su tikag uli su 'ń mam=na epaz-u
DEF child away.from DEF 2POSS mother=OBJ run\PST-3
I am from America.
Em uli ya Amerika ayada.
Em uli ya Amerika ayad-a
1SG from INDEF America be\NPST-1
Then he fell off the log.
Ayap es uli sa kisob meʻaku.
Ayap es uli sa kisob meʻak-u
Then 3SG off DEF log fall\PST-3
  • uma denotes possessing a special characteristic: with.
My father is the man with the spear.
Su 'm bab su in uma sa yimon ayadu.
Su 'm bab su in uma sa yimon ayad-u
DEF 1POSS father DEF man with DEF spear be\NPST-3
  • uńu denotes duration or extension through space literally or figuratively: (all) over, through(out).
She spilled the water all over the floor.
Es uńu sa zeʻid sa lutol-na gekayu.
Es uńu sa zeʻid sa lutol=na gekay-u
3SG over DEF floor DEF water=OBJ spill\PST-3
  • ura denotes done on behalf of, for the benefit, sake, or interest of someone: for.
Let's cook supper for the family.
Ura su sudok epir pidod-na emer-na ranika.
Ura su sudok epir pidod=na em-er=na ranik-a
for DEF family evening meal=OBJ 1-PL=OBJ cook\IMP-3
  • uto denotes to or on the side of a person or thing toward the south when facing the rising sun: on, to-, -the right of.
You'll see the oven to the right of the house.
Eń uto sa rutiń sa ńamul-na asadi.
Eń uto sa retoz sa ńamul=na asad-i
2SG to.right.of DEF house DEF oven=OBJ see\NPST-2
  • uʻa denotes change to, toward, or at an elevated place literally or figuratively: up, up to.
The child climbed up the tree.
Su tikag uʻa sa dokem ńeʻanu.
Su tikag uʻa sa dokem ńeʻan-u
DEF child up DEF tree climb\PST-3
  • ye denotes cause: because of, due to.
Because of the rain, we stayed home.
Ye sa binel emer zu sa rutiń menapa.
Ye sa binel em-er zu sa rutiń menap-a
because.of DEF rain 1-PL at DEF house stay\PST-1
  • yi denotes similarity or likeness: as like, similar to.
Your hands smell like roses.
Sa 'ń tagar yi ya riṗgir dapayu.
Sa 'ń tagar yi ya riṗgir dapay-u
DEF 2POSS hand\PL like INDEF rose\PL smell\NPST-3
  • yo denotes interiority: in, within, inside.
The woman is in her house.
Su min yo sa 's rutiń ayadu.
Su min yo sa 's rutiń ayad-u
DEF woman in DEF 3POSS house be\NPST-3
  • za denotes on or toward the exterior of: outside, without.
Their father stood outside the cave calling the boys.
Su 'ser bab za sa lisap su tinir-na yapus selagu.
Su es-er bab za sa lisap su t=inir=na yapus selag-u
DEF 3-PL\POSS father outside DEF cave DEF DIM=man\PL=OBJ call\AP stood\PST-3
  • zu denotes stationary position or location in time or space: at, in, on, to.
He and his wife stood at the door.
Es he su 's wolib zu sa ńupas selagu.
Es he su 's wolib zu sa ńupas selag-u
3SG and DEF 3POSS wife at DEF door stand\PST-3
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