Liwadi: List of Prepositions: Difference between revisions

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! Arabic
! Arabic
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| {{Color|red|ح}}
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| ݗ
| ݗ
|{{Color|blue|و}}
|{{Color|red|و}}
| ۄ
| ۄ
| ۆ
| ۆ
|{{Color|blue|ک}}
|{{Color|red|ک}}
| ݢ
| ݢ
| گ
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|{{Color|blue|ط}}
|{{Color|red|ط}}
| ظ
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| د  
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| ذ
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|{{Color|blue|ٮ}}
|{{Color|red|ٮ}}
| ﺏ
| ﺏ
| ڡ
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| ڢ
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|{{Color|blue|ص}}
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|{{Color|blue|ی}}
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| Ye<br>ىه
| Ye<br>ىه
| Yė<br>ىٰ
| Yė<br>ىٰ
| Alif<br>ا
| Alif<br>اليٯ
| Nun<br>نۆن
| Nun<br>نۆن
| Mim<br>ميم
| Mim<br>ميم
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==List of Prepositions==
==List of Prepositions==
*'''aba''' denotes concern for someone or something: concerning, respecting, in/with regard to, as regards, regarding, with respect to, with regard for, about, with, on, for, in.
*'''aba''' denotes concern for someone or something: concerning, respecting, in/with regard to, as regards, regarding, with respect to, with regard for, about, with, on, for, in.
::'''Em aba sa 'ń dikud tagasa.'''
:I know about your illness.
::I know about your illness.
:Em aba sa 'ń dikud tagasa.
::{|
!Em||aba||sa||'ń||dikud||tagas-a
|-
|1/SG||about||DEF||you/SG||illness||know-1
|}


*'''adu''' denotes exception: apart from, beside, besides, but for, except, save, not to-, -speak of, -mention, other than, outside.
*'''adu''' denotes exception: apart from, beside, besides, but for, except, save, not to-, -speak of, -mention, other than, outside.
::'''Adu ya ruzdar, em sa yok lusrur-na awańa:'''
:I have all the ingredients, except for eggs.
::I have all the ingredients, except for eggs.
:'''Adu ya ruzdar, em sa yok lusrur-na awańa:'''
::{|
!Adu||ya||ruzdar||em||sa||yok||lusrur-na||awań-a
|-
|Except.for||the||egg/PL||1/SG||DEF||all||ingredient/PL=OBJ||have/NPST-1
|}


*'''ae''' denotes the indirect object of the verb: for, to; or indicates a relationship to an adjective: to.
*'''ae''' denotes the indirect object of the verb: for, to; or indicates a relationship to an adjective: to.
::'''Em ae su 'm mintikag sa lomed-na mańama.'''
:I will give the banana to my daughter.
::I will give the banana to my daughter.
:'''Em ae su 'm mintikag sa lomed-na mańama.'''
::{|
!Em||ae||su||'m||min.tikag||sa||lomed=na||mańam-a
|-
|1/SG||to||DEF||1/SG||FEM.child||DEF||banana=OBJ||give/NPST-1
|}


*'''ala''' denotes up to a limit: at the edge of, as far as, as many as, to, till, until, up to.
*'''ala''' denotes up to a limit: at the edge of, as far as, as many as, to, till, until, up to.
::'''Emer ala oyinulen lu ń manapa.'''
:We will stay with you until tomorrow.
::We will stay with you until tomorrow.
:'''Emer ala oyinulen lu ń manapa.'''
::{|
!Em-er||ala||oyi.nulen||lu||ń||manap-a
|-
|1=PL||until||after.day||with||2/SG||stay/NPST-1
|}


*'''ańa''' denotes at or to a lower level than something else literally or figuratively: below, behind, beneath, under(neath).
*'''ańa''' denotes at or to a lower level than something else literally or figuratively: below, behind, beneath, under(neath).
::'''Es ańa sa litad sa yon-na deraʻu.'''
:She hid the cup under the bed.
::She hid the cup under the bed.
:'''Es ańa sa litad sa yon-na deraʻu.'''
::{|
!Es||ańa||sa||litad||sa||yon=na||deraʻ-u
|-
|2/SG||under||DEF||bed||DEF||cup=OBJ||hide/PST-3
|}


*'''apu''' denotes in a parallel direction: along, alongside (of).
*'''apu''' denotes in a parallel direction: along, alongside (of).
::'''Su tin apu su 's bab dakadu.'''
:The boy is walking alongside his father.
::The boy is walking alongside his father.
:'''Su tin apu su 's bab dakadu.'''
::{|
!Su||t-in||apu||su||'s||bab||dakad-u
|-
|DEF||DIM-man||alongsid||DEF||3/SG||father||walk/NPST-3
|}


*'''ara''' denotes anterior to in time or space: before, in front of, ahead of, against, in advance of, previous to.
*'''ara''' denotes anterior to in time or space: before, in front of, ahead of, against, in advance of, previous to.
::'''Emer ara sa nulen ńisup sewaru.'''
:We left before sunrise.
::We left before sunrise.
:'''Emer ara sa nulen sikud sewara.'''
::{|
!Em-er||ara||sa||nulen||ńisup||sewar-a
|-
|1-PL||before||DEF||sun||rise||leave/PST-1
|}


*'''asi''' denotes paying no attention to: regardless of, despite, in spite of, for, in face of, notwithstanding, disregarding.
*'''asi''' denotes paying no attention to: regardless of, despite, in spite of, for, in face of, notwithstanding, disregarding.
::'''Asi sa 's yisur es sa lipez-na netal.'''
:Regardless of his pain, he completed the race.
::Regardless of his pain, he completed the race.
:'''Asi sa 's yisur es sa lipez-na netalu.'''
::{|
!Asi||sa||'s||yisur||es||sa||lipez-na||netal-u
|-
|Regardless.of||DEF||3||pain||3/SG||DEF||race-OBJ||complete/PST-3
|}


*'''ata''' denotes change to, toward or at a lower place either literally or figuratively: down (through), down from.
*'''ata''' denotes change to, toward or at a lower place either literally or figuratively: down (through), down from.
::'''Su tikag ata sa dokem ńeʻanu'''.
:The child climbed down the tree.
::The child climbed down the tree.
:'''Su tikag ata sa dokem ńeʻanu'''.
::{|
!Su||tikag||ata||sa||dokem-na||ńeʻan-u
|-
|DEF||child||down||DEF||tree=OBJ||climb/PST-3
|}


*'''aya''' denotes position on top of literally or figuratively: atop, over, to, on, upon.
*'''aya''' denotes position on top of literally or figuratively: atop, over, to, on, upon.
::'''Su min aya sa nikem sa ʻiṗyar-na leyal.'''
:The woman placed the flowers on the table.
::The woman placed the flowers on the table.
:'''Su min aya sa nikem sa ʻiṗyar-na leyalu.'''
::{|
!Su||min||aya||sa||nikem||sa||ʻiṗyar=na||leyal-u
|-
|DEF||woman||on||DEF||table||DEF||flower/PL=OBJ||place/PST-3
|}


*'''ba''' denotes movement or direction from the inside to the outside: (out) of, from (within).
*'''ba''' denotes movement or direction from the inside to the outside: (out) of, from (within).
::'''Su limad ba sa napuʻ rutiń epazu.'''
:The people ran out of the burning house.
::The people ran out of the burning house.
:'''Su liwad ba sa napuʻ rutiń epazu.'''
::{|
!Su||liwad||ba||sa||napuʻ||rutiń||epaz-u
|-
|DEF||people||from||DEF||burn/AP||house||run/PST-3
|}


*'''egu''' denotes in opposition to, in contact with: against, contrary to, into, on, opposed to, opposite, up, with:
*'''egu''' denotes in opposition to, in contact with: against, contrary to, into, on, opposed to, opposite, up, with:
::'''Su tikag egu sa ikam epazu.'''
:The child ran into the tree.
::The child ran into the tree.
:'''Su tikag egu sa ikam epazu.'''
::{|
!Su||tikag||egu||sa||ikam||epaz-u
|-
|DEF||child||into||DEF||tree||run/PST-3
|}


*'''elo''' denotes motion towards literally or figuratively: to, toward, at, into, -ward.
*'''elo''' denotes motion towards literally or figuratively: to, toward, at, into, -ward.
::'''Su ziʻpor elo sa yam ńanalu.'''
:The birds are flying seaward.
::The birds are flying seaward.
:'''Su ziʻpor elo sa tal ńanalu.'''
::{|
!Su||ziʻpor||elo||sa||tal||ńanal-u
|-
|DEF||bird/PL||to||DEF||sea||fly/NPST-3
|}


*'''ere''' denotes in the course of: during, for, in, in the process-, -course-, -of, on, through, throughout, under.
*'''ere''' denotes in the course of: during, for, in, in the process-, -course-, -of, on, through, throughout, under.
::'''Eter ere sa nuʻad yo sa lisap deraʻ.'''
:They hid in the cave during the storm.
::They hid in the cave during the storm.
:'''Eter ere sa nuʻad yo sa lisap deraʻu.'''
::{|
!Et-er||ere||sa||nuʻad||yo||sa||lisap||deraʻ-u
|-
|3-PL||during||DEF||storm||in||DEF||cave||hide/PST-3
|}


*'''eri''' denotes situation or partition between two or more entities: among, (in) between, through, with.
*'''eri''' denotes situation or partition between two or more entities: among, (in) between, through, with.
::'''Su tėmin eri su 's bab he su 's mam salagu.'''
:The girl is standing between her father and mother.
::The girl is standing between her father and mother.
:'''Su tėmin eri su 's bab he su 's mam salagu.'''
::{|
!Su||tė.min||eri||su||'s||bab||he||su||'s||mam||salag-u
|-
|DEF||DIM.woman||between||DEF||3||father||and||DEF||3||mother||stand/NPST-3
|}


*'''esa''' denotes agency: by.
*'''esa''' denotes agency: by.
::'''Es esa ya mesnor gėmeban.'''
:He was bitten by the snakes.
::He was bitten by the snakes.
:'''Es esa ya mesnor gėmebanu.'''
::{|
!Es||esa||ya||mesnor||gė=meban-u
|-
|3||by||INDEF||snake/PL||PASS=bite/PST-3
|}


*'''eto''' denotes proximity: near, about, beside, by, next to, on, close to, against.
*'''eto''' denotes proximity: near, about, beside, by, next to, on, close to, against.
::'''Sa emer yi'up eto sa dap ayadu.'''
:Our village is near the mountain.
::Our village is near the mountain.
:'''Sa emer yi'up eto sa dap ayadu.'''
::{|
!Sa||em-er||yi'up||eto||sa||dap||ayad-u
|-
|DEF||1-PL||village||near||DEF||mountain||be/NPST-3
|}


*'''eya''' denotes from a past time: since.
*'''eya''' denotes from a past time: since.
::'''Es eya olan doked eyadu'''.
:She's been sick since yesterday
::She's been sick since yesterday
:'''Es eya olan doked eyadu'''.
::{|
!Es||eya||olan||doked||eyad-u
|-
|3/SG||since||yesterday||sick||be/PST-3
|}


*'''hi''' denotes instrumentality: with, by means of.
*'''hi''' denotes instrumentality: with, by means of.
::'''Eń hi ya niʻom dad rinap-na mėnaʻam tadaki.'''
:You can cut that meat with a knife.
::You can cut that meat with a knife.
:'''Eń hi ya niʻom dad rinap-na mėnaʻam tadaki.'''
::{|
!Eń||hi||ya||niʻom||dad||rinap-na||mė-naʻam||tadak-i
|-
|2/SG||by||INDEF||knife||that||meat-OBJ||INF-cut||be.able/NPST-2
|}


*'''ido''' denotes purpose: for.
*'''ido''' denotes purpose: for.
::'''Eter ido sa duʻok wid-na renaka.'''
:They're cooking this for the party.
::They're cooking this for the party.
:'''Eter ido sa duʻok wid-na renaka.'''
::{|
!Et-er||ido||sa||duʻok||wid-na||renak-a
|-
|3-PL||for||DEF||party||this-OBJ||cook/NPST-IND
|}


::'''Em ido sa nitug wed yimon-na remada.'''
:I made this spear for the hunt.
::I made this spear for the hunt.
:'''Em ido sa nitug wed yimon-na remada.'''
::{|
!Em||ido||sa||nitug||wed||yimon-na||remad-a
|-
|1/SG||for||DEF||hunt||this||spear-OBJ||make/PST-1
|}


*'''ige''' denotes movement into: into.
*'''ige''' denotes movement into: into.
::'''Sa rinap ige sa map meʻak.'''
:The meat fell into the fire.
::The meat fell into the fire.
:'''Sa rinap ige sa map meʻaku.'''
::{|
!Sa||rinap||ige||sa||map||meʻak-u
|-
|DEF||meat||into||DEF||fire||fall/PST-3
|}


*'''ila''' denotes to or at a higher level than something else literally or figuratively: above, over.
*'''ila''' denotes to or at a higher level than something else literally or figuratively: above, over.
::'''Su ziʻop ela sa tusip ńanalu.'''
:The bird flew over the forest.
::The bird flew over the forest.
:'''Su ziʻop ila sa tusip ńenalu.'''
::{|
!Su||ziʻop||ila||sa||tusip||ńenal-u
|-
|DEF||bird||over||DEF||forest||fly/NPST-3
|}


*'''ilu''' denotes from one side of an opening to another: through.
*'''ilu''' denotes from one side of an opening to another: through.
::'''Es ata sa rutiń yik ta binel ledaru'''.
:He hurried home through the rain.
::He hurried home through the rain.
:'''Es elo sa rutiń ilu ta binel ledaru'''.
::{|
!Es||elo||sa||rutiń||ilu||ta||binel||ledar-u
|-
|3/SG||to||DEF||house||through||DEF||rain||hurry/PST-3
|}


*'''ini''' denotes comparison: compared to, than.
*'''ini''' denotes comparison: compared to, than.
::'''Et yodayyoday ini m ayadu.'''
:He is stronger than I am.
::He is stronger than I am.
:'''Es yodayyoday ini m ayadu.'''
::{|
!Es||yoday~yoday||ini||m||ayad-u
|-
|3/SG||strong~COMP||than||1/SG||be/NPST-3
|}


*'''ińa''' denotes the manner, method, way by which something is done: with, through, in.
*'''ińa''' denotes the manner, method, way by which something is done: with, through, in.
::'''Su in ińa bigok luliz sa ʻoṭder-na enaʻu.'''
:The man harvested the papayas with a great effort.
::The man harvested the papayas with a great effort.
:'''Su in ińa bigok luliz sa ʻoṭder-na enaʻu.'''
::{|
!Su||in||ińa||bigok||luliz||sa||ʻoṭder-na||enaʻ-u
|-
|DEF||man||with||great||effort||DEF||papaya/PL-OBJ||harvest/PST-3
|}


*'''iro''' denotes encirclement or in or to various directions or locations: around.
*'''iro''' denotes encirclement or in or to various directions or locations: around.
::'''Sa tehom iro sa obul epazu.'''
:The animal ran around the lake.
::The animal ran around the lake.
:'''Sa tehom iro sa obul epazu.'''
::{|
!Sa||tehom||iro||sa||obul||epaz-u
|-
|DEF||animal||around||DEF||lake||run/PST-3
|}


*'''isi''' denotes having a lack of something: without.
*'''isi''' denotes having a lack of something: without.
::'''Eń isi sa 'm sitop wed-na mėsanad zapayi.'''
:You will have to do this without my help.
::You will have to do this without my help.
:'''Eń isi sa 'm sitop wed-na mėsanad zapayi.'''
::{|
!Eń||isi||sa||'m||sitop||wed-na||mė-sanad||zapay-i
|-
|2/SG||without||DEF||1/SG||help||this-OBJ||INF=do||have.to/NPST-2
|}


*'''ize''' denotes the in the middle: middle.
*'''ize''' denotes the in the middle: middle.
::'''Sa bunper ize sa tal ayadu.'''
:The islands are in the middle of the ocean.
::The islands are in the middle of the ocean.
:'''Sa bunper ize sa tal ayadu.'''
::{|
!Sa||bunper||ize||sa||tal||ayad-u
|-
|DEF||island/PL||in.middle.of||DEF||sea||be-3
|}


*'''iʻe''' denotes relating to someone or something: toward, in relation to.
*'''iʻe''' denotes relating to someone or something: toward, in relation to.
::'''La sa 'ń puben iʻe 's ayadu ha.'''
:What are your feelings towards him?
::What are your feelings towards him?
:'''La sa 'ń puben iʻe 's ayadu ha.'''
::{|
!La||sa||'ń||puben||iʻe||'s||ayad-u||ha
|-
|what||DEF||2||feelings||toward||3||be-3||Q
|}


*'''lu''' denotes accompaniment in time or space; in company with, along with.
*'''lu''' denotes accompaniment in time or space; in company with, along with.
::'''Es lu su 's minsad relanu.'''
:'''Es lu su 's minsad relanu.'''
::He came with his sister.
:He came with his sister.
::{|
!Es||lu||su||'s||minsad||relan-u
|-
|3/SG||with||DEF||3||sister||come/PST-3
|}


*'''ne''' denotes possession: of.
*'''ne''' denotes possession: of.
::'''Sa rutiń ne su in aya sa dap ayadu.'''
: The man's house is on the mountain.
:: man's house is on the mountain.
:'''Sa rutiń ne su in aya sa dap ayadu.'''
::{|
!Sa||rutiń||ne||su||in||aya||sa||dap||ayad-u
|-
|DEF||house||of||DEF||man||on||DEF||mountain||be-3
|}


*'''odu''' denotes motion from one side to the other: across, on the other side of, over.
*'''odu''' denotes motion from one side to the other: across, on the other side of, over.
::'''Su tikag odu sa nipap epazu.'''
:The child ran across the beach.
::The child ran across the beach.
:'''Su tikag odu sa nipap epazu.'''
::{|
!Su||tikag||odu||sa||nipap||epaz-u
|-
|DEF||child||across||DEF||beach||run/PST-3
|}


*'''ola''' denotes having the front in the direction of something else: facing.
*'''ola''' denotes having the front in the direction of something else: facing.
::'''Su in ola sa nutas menapu.'''
:'''Su in ola sa nutas menapu .'''
::The man remained facing the danger.
:The man remained facing the danger.
::{|
!Su||in||ola||sa||nutas||menap-u
|-
|DEF||man||facing||DEF||danger||remain/PST-3
|}


*'''ono''' denotes to or on the side of a person or thing toward the north when facing the rising sun: on-, to-, -the left.
*'''ono''' denotes to or on the side of a person or thing toward the north when facing the rising sun: on-, to-, -the left.
::'''Su tėmin ono su 's bab salagu.'''
:The girl stood to the left of her father.
::The girl stood to the left of her father.
:'''Su tėmin ono su 's bab salagu.'''
::{|
!Su||tė-min||ono||su||'s||bab||salag-u
|-
|DEF||DIM-woman||to.the.left||DEF||3||father||stand/PST-3
|}


*'''ore''' denotes in exchange for, literally or figuratively: (in-, -exchange-, -return-) -for.
*'''ore''' denotes in exchange for, literally or figuratively: (in-, -exchange-, -return-) -for.
::'''Em ore dad nugem keń miz yoṭnur-na mańama.'''
:I will give you eight coconuts for that raft.
::I will give you eight coconuts for that raft.
:'''Em ore dad nugem ae eń miz yoṭnur-na mańama.'''
::{|
!Em||ore||dad||nugem||ae||eń||miz||yoṭnur-na||mańam-a
|-
|1/SG||for||that||raft||to||2/SG||eight||coconut/PL-OBJ||give/NPST-1
|}


*'''oyi''' denotes posterior to in time or space literally or figuratively: after, around, behind, beyond, by, on the other side of, outside, past, following.
*'''oyi''' denotes posterior to in time or space literally or figuratively: after, around, behind, beyond, by, on the other side of, outside, past, following.
::'''Su limad oyi sa pub yewapa.'''
:The people returned after the fire.
::The people returned after the fire.
:'''Su limad oyi sa pub yewapa.'''
::'''Seń su tin oyi su 's bab dakadu.'''
::{|
::Now the boy is walking behind his father.
!Su||liwad||oyi||sa||pub||yewap-a
::'''Su nulen oyi sa nuʻad wepayu.'''
|-
::The sun shone after the storm.
|DEF||people||after||DEF||fire||return/PST-3
|}
 
:Now the boy is walking behind his father.
:'''Seń su tin oyi su 's bab dakadu.'''
::{|
!Seń||su||t-in||oyi||su||'s||bab||dakad-u
|-
|now||DEF||DIM-man||behind||DEF||3||father||walk/NPST-3
|}
 
:The sun shone after the storm.
:'''Su nulen oyi sa nuʻad wepayu.'''
::{|
!Su||nulen||oyi||sa||nuʻad||wepay-u
|-
|DEF||sun||after||DEF||storm||shine/NPST-3
|}


*'''ugo''' denotes in place of, replacement or preference: for, instead of, in lieu of, rather than.
*'''ugo''' denotes in place of, replacement or preference: for, instead of, in lieu of, rather than.
::'''Su 's mam ae 's ugo ya uban ńeʻom-na meńamu.'''
:'''Su 's mam ae 's ugo ya uban ńeʻom-na meńamu.'''
::His mother gave him an apple instead of a pear.
:His mother gave him an apple instead of a pear.
::{|
!Su||'s||mam||ae||'s||ugo||ya||uban||ńeʻom-na||meńam-u
|-
|DEF||3||mother||to||3||instead.of||INDEF||pear||apple-OBJ||give/PST-3
|}


*'''uli''' denotes removal from or location at a certain place or time either literally or figuratively, away from, or separation from support, attachment or position: from, off (of), of.
*'''uli''' denotes removal from or location at a certain place or time either literally or figuratively, away from, or separation from support, attachment or position: from, off (of), of.
::'''Su tikag uli su 'ń mam-na epazu.'''
:The child ran away from her mother.
::The child ran away from her mother.
:'''Su tikag uli su 'ń mam-na epazu.'''
::'''Em uli ya Amerika ayada.'''
::{|
::I am from America.
!Su||tikag||uli||su||'ń||mam-na||epaz-u
::'''Ayap es uli sa kisob meʻaku'''.
|-
::Then he fell off the log.
|DEF||child||away.from||DEF||2||mother-OBJ||run/PST-3
|}
 
:I am from America.
:'''Em uli ya Amerika ayada.'''
::{|
!Em||uli||ya||Amerika||ayad-a
|-
|1/SG||from||INDEF||America||be/NPST-1
|}
 
:Then he fell off the log.
:'''Ayap es uli sa kisob meʻaku'''.
::{|
!Ayap||es||uli||sa||kisob||meʻak-u
|-
|Then||3/SG||off||DEF||log||fall/PST-3
|}


*'''uma''' denotes possessing a special characteristic: with.
*'''uma''' denotes possessing a special characteristic: with.
::'''Su 'm bab su in uma sa yimon ayadu.'''
:My father is the man with the spear.
::My father is the man with the spear.
:'''Su 'm bab su in uma sa yimon ayadu.'''
::{|
!Su||'m||bab||su||in||uma||sa||yimon||ayad-u
|-
|DEF||1/SG||father||DEF||man||with||DEF||spear||be/NPST-3
|}


*'''uńu''' denotes duration or extension through space literally or figuratively: (all) over, through(out).
*'''uńu''' denotes duration or extension through space literally or figuratively: (all) over, through(out).
::'''Es uńu sa zeʻid sa lutol gekayu.'''
:She spilled the water all over the floor.
::She spilled the water all over the floor.
:'''Es uńu sa zeʻid sa lutol-na gekayu.'''
::{|
!Es||uńu||sa||zeʻid||sa||lutol-na||gekay-u
|-
|3/SG||over||DEF||floor||DEF||water-OBJ||spill/PST-3
|}


*'''ura''' denotes done on behalf of, for the benefit, sake, or interest of someone: for.
*'''ura''' denotes done on behalf of, for the benefit, sake, or interest of someone: for.
::'''Ura su sudok epir uruk emer-na renika'''.
:Let's cook supper for the family.
::Let's cook supper for the family.
:'''Ura su sudok epir pidod-na emer-na renika'''.
::{|
!Ura||su||sudok||epir||pidod-na||em-er-na||renik-a
|-
|for||DEF||family||evening||meal-OBJ||1-PL-OBJ||cook/IMP-3
|}


*'''uto''' denotes to or on the side of a person or thing toward the south when facing the rising sun: on, to-, -the right of.
*'''uto''' denotes to or on the side of a person or thing toward the south when facing the rising sun: on, to-, -the right of.
::'''Eń uto sa retoz sa ńamul-na asada.'''
:You'll see the oven to the right of the house.
::You'll see the oven to the right of the house.
:'''Eń uto sa rutiń sa ńamul-na asadi.'''
::{|
!Eń||uto||sa||retoz||sa||ńamul-na||asad-i
|-
|you/SG||to.right.of||DEF||house||DEF||oven-OBJ||see/NPST-2
|}


*'''uʻa''' denotes change to, toward, or at an elevated place literally or figuratively: up, up to.
*'''uʻa''' denotes change to, toward, or at an elevated place literally or figuratively: up, up to.
::'''Su tikag uʻa sa dokem ńeʻanu.'''
:The child climbed up the tree.
::The child climbed up the tree.
:'''Su tikag uʻa sa dokem ńeʻanu.'''
::{|
!Su||tikag||uʻa||sa||dokem||ńeʻan-u
|-
|DEF||child||up||DEF||tree||climb/PST-3
|}


*'''ye''' denotes causality: because of, at, by, for, in, of, on account of, by reason of, in consequence of, as a result of, out of, owing-, due -to, from, through, under, with.
*'''ye''' denotes cause: because of, due to.
::'''Ye sa binel emer ez sa rutiń menapa.'''
:Because of the rain, we stayed home.
::Because of the rain, we stayed home.
:'''Ye sa binel emer zu sa rutiń menapa.'''
::{|
!Ye||sa||binel||em-er||zu||sa||rutiń||menap-a
|-
|because.of||DEF||rain||1-PL||at||DEF||house||stay/NPST-1
|}


*'''yi''' denotes similarity or likeness: as like, similar to.
*'''yi''' denotes similarity or likeness: as like, similar to.
::'''Sa 'ń tagar yi ya riṗgir dapayu.'''
:Your hands smell like roses.
::Your hands smell like roses.
:'''Sa 'ń tagar yi ya riṗgir dapayu.'''
::{|
!Sa||'ń||tagar||yi||ya||riṗgir||dapay-u
|-
|DEF||2/SG||hand/PL||like||rose/PL||smell/NPST-3
|}


*'''yo''' denotes interiority: in, within, inside.
*'''yo''' denotes interiority: in, within, inside.
::'''Su min yo sa 'm rutiń ayadu.'''
:The woman is in her house.
::The woman is in her house.
:'''Su min yo sa 's rutiń ayadu.'''
::{|
!Su||min||yo||sa||'s||rutiń||ayad-u
|-
|DEF||woman||in||DEF||3||house||be/NPST-3
|}


*'''za''' denotes on or toward the exterior of: outside, without.
*'''za''' denotes on or toward the exterior of: outside, without.
::'''Su 'ser bab za sa lisap su tinir-na yapus selagu.'''
:Their father stood outside the cave calling the boys.
::Their father stood outside the cave calling the boys.
:'''Su 'ser bab za sa lisap su tinir-na yapus selagu.'''
::{|
!Su||'ser||bab||za||sa||lisap||su||tinir-na||yapus||selag-u
|-
|DEF||3/PL||father||outside||DEF||cave||DEF||boy/PL-OBJ||call/AP||stood/PST-3
|}


*'''zu''' denotes stationary position or location in time or space: at, in, on, to.
*'''zu''' denotes stationary position or location in time or space: at, in, on, to.
::'''Es he su 's wolib zu sa ńupas selagu.'''
:He and his wife stood at the door.
::He and his wife stood at the door.
:'''Es he su 's wolib zu sa ńupas selagu.'''
::{|
!Es||he||su||'s||wolib||zu||sa||ńupas||selag-u
|-
|3/SG||and||DEF||3||wife||at||DEF||door||stand/PST-3
|}

Revision as of 19:27, 16 November 2021

Table of Phonemes

IPA /h/ /χ/ /ɣ/ /w/ /o/ /u/ /k/ /g/ /ŋ/ /t/ /d/ /θ/ /ð/ /p/ /b/ /ɸ/ /β/ /s/ /z/ /j/ /i/ /e/ /ɛ/ /ä/ /n/ /m/ /l/ /ɾ/ /ʔ/
Latin H h ḳ ġ W w O o U u K k G g Ń ń T t D d ṭ ḍ P p B b ṗ ḃ S s Z z Y y I i E e ė A a N n M m L l R r ʻ
Arabic ح خ ݗ و ۄ ۆ ک ݢ گ ط ظ د ذ ٮ ﺏ ڡ ڢ ص ض ی ي ه ا ن م ل ر ع
Name Ha
حا 		Ḳa
خا 		Ġa
ݗا 		Wa
وا 		Wo
وۄ 		Wu
وۆ 		Kaf
کا 		Gaf
ݢا 		Ńaf
گا 		Ta
طا 		Da
ظا 		Ṭa
دا 		Ḍa
ذا 		Pa
ٮا 		Ba
با 		Ṗa
ڡا 		Ḃa
ڢا 		Sa
صا 		Za
ضا 		Ya
ىا 		Yi
ىي 		Ye
ىه 		Yė
ىٰ 		Alif
اليٯ 		Nun
نۆن 		Mim
ميم 		Lam
لام 		Ra
را 		ʻan
عان


List of Prepositions

  • aba denotes concern for someone or something: concerning, respecting, in/with regard to, as regards, regarding, with respect to, with regard for, about, with, on, for, in.
I know about your illness.
Em aba sa 'ń dikud tagasa.
Em aba sa 'ń dikud tagas-a
1/SG about DEF you/SG illness know-1
  • adu denotes exception: apart from, beside, besides, but for, except, save, not to-, -speak of, -mention, other than, outside.
I have all the ingredients, except for eggs.
Adu ya ruzdar, em sa yok lusrur-na awańa:
Adu ya ruzdar em sa yok lusrur-na awań-a
Except.for the egg/PL 1/SG DEF all ingredient/PL=OBJ have/NPST-1
  • ae denotes the indirect object of the verb: for, to; or indicates a relationship to an adjective: to.
I will give the banana to my daughter.
Em ae su 'm mintikag sa lomed-na mańama.
Em ae su 'm min.tikag sa lomed=na mańam-a
1/SG to DEF 1/SG FEM.child DEF banana=OBJ give/NPST-1
  • ala denotes up to a limit: at the edge of, as far as, as many as, to, till, until, up to.
We will stay with you until tomorrow.
Emer ala oyinulen lu ń manapa.
Em-er ala oyi.nulen lu ń manap-a
1=PL until after.day with 2/SG stay/NPST-1
  • ańa denotes at or to a lower level than something else literally or figuratively: below, behind, beneath, under(neath).
She hid the cup under the bed.
Es ańa sa litad sa yon-na deraʻu.
Es ańa sa litad sa yon=na deraʻ-u
2/SG under DEF bed DEF cup=OBJ hide/PST-3
  • apu denotes in a parallel direction: along, alongside (of).
The boy is walking alongside his father.
Su tin apu su 's bab dakadu.
Su t-in apu su 's bab dakad-u
DEF DIM-man alongsid DEF 3/SG father walk/NPST-3
  • ara denotes anterior to in time or space: before, in front of, ahead of, against, in advance of, previous to.
We left before sunrise.
Emer ara sa nulen sikud sewara.
Em-er ara sa nulen ńisup sewar-a
1-PL before DEF sun rise leave/PST-1
  • asi denotes paying no attention to: regardless of, despite, in spite of, for, in face of, notwithstanding, disregarding.
Regardless of his pain, he completed the race.
Asi sa 's yisur es sa lipez-na netalu.
Asi sa 's yisur es sa lipez-na netal-u
Regardless.of DEF 3 pain 3/SG DEF race-OBJ complete/PST-3
  • ata denotes change to, toward or at a lower place either literally or figuratively: down (through), down from.
The child climbed down the tree.
Su tikag ata sa dokem ńeʻanu.
Su tikag ata sa dokem-na ńeʻan-u
DEF child down DEF tree=OBJ climb/PST-3
  • aya denotes position on top of literally or figuratively: atop, over, to, on, upon.
The woman placed the flowers on the table.
Su min aya sa nikem sa ʻiṗyar-na leyalu.
Su min aya sa nikem sa ʻiṗyar=na leyal-u
DEF woman on DEF table DEF flower/PL=OBJ place/PST-3
  • ba denotes movement or direction from the inside to the outside: (out) of, from (within).
The people ran out of the burning house.
Su liwad ba sa napuʻ rutiń epazu.
Su liwad ba sa napuʻ rutiń epaz-u
DEF people from DEF burn/AP house run/PST-3
  • egu denotes in opposition to, in contact with: against, contrary to, into, on, opposed to, opposite, up, with:
The child ran into the tree.
Su tikag egu sa ikam epazu.
Su tikag egu sa ikam epaz-u
DEF child into DEF tree run/PST-3
  • elo denotes motion towards literally or figuratively: to, toward, at, into, -ward.
The birds are flying seaward.
Su ziʻpor elo sa tal ńanalu.
Su ziʻpor elo sa tal ńanal-u
DEF bird/PL to DEF sea fly/NPST-3
  • ere denotes in the course of: during, for, in, in the process-, -course-, -of, on, through, throughout, under.
They hid in the cave during the storm.
Eter ere sa nuʻad yo sa lisap deraʻu.
Et-er ere sa nuʻad yo sa lisap deraʻ-u
3-PL during DEF storm in DEF cave hide/PST-3
  • eri denotes situation or partition between two or more entities: among, (in) between, through, with.
The girl is standing between her father and mother.
Su tėmin eri su 's bab he su 's mam salagu.
Su tė.min eri su 's bab he su 's mam salag-u
DEF DIM.woman between DEF 3 father and DEF 3 mother stand/NPST-3
  • esa denotes agency: by.
He was bitten by the snakes.
Es esa ya mesnor gėmebanu.
Es esa ya mesnor gė=meban-u
3 by INDEF snake/PL PASS=bite/PST-3
  • eto denotes proximity: near, about, beside, by, next to, on, close to, against.
Our village is near the mountain.
Sa emer yi'up eto sa dap ayadu.
Sa em-er yi'up eto sa dap ayad-u
DEF 1-PL village near DEF mountain be/NPST-3
  • eya denotes from a past time: since.
She's been sick since yesterday
Es eya olan doked eyadu.
Es eya olan doked eyad-u
3/SG since yesterday sick be/PST-3
  • hi denotes instrumentality: with, by means of.
You can cut that meat with a knife.
Eń hi ya niʻom dad rinap-na mėnaʻam tadaki.
Eń hi ya niʻom dad rinap-na mė-naʻam tadak-i
2/SG by INDEF knife that meat-OBJ INF-cut be.able/NPST-2
  • ido denotes purpose: for.
They're cooking this for the party.
Eter ido sa duʻok wid-na renaka.
Et-er ido sa duʻok wid-na renak-a
3-PL for DEF party this-OBJ cook/NPST-IND
I made this spear for the hunt.
Em ido sa nitug wed yimon-na remada.
Em ido sa nitug wed yimon-na remad-a
1/SG for DEF hunt this spear-OBJ make/PST-1
  • ige denotes movement into: into.
The meat fell into the fire.
Sa rinap ige sa map meʻaku.
Sa rinap ige sa map meʻak-u
DEF meat into DEF fire fall/PST-3
  • ila denotes to or at a higher level than something else literally or figuratively: above, over.
The bird flew over the forest.
Su ziʻop ila sa tusip ńenalu.
Su ziʻop ila sa tusip ńenal-u
DEF bird over DEF forest fly/NPST-3
  • ilu denotes from one side of an opening to another: through.
He hurried home through the rain.
Es elo sa rutiń ilu ta binel ledaru.
Es elo sa rutiń ilu ta binel ledar-u
3/SG to DEF house through DEF rain hurry/PST-3
  • ini denotes comparison: compared to, than.
He is stronger than I am.
Es yodayyoday ini m ayadu.
Es yoday~yoday ini m ayad-u
3/SG strong~COMP than 1/SG be/NPST-3
  • ińa denotes the manner, method, way by which something is done: with, through, in.
The man harvested the papayas with a great effort.
Su in ińa bigok luliz sa ʻoṭder-na enaʻu.
Su in ińa bigok luliz sa ʻoṭder-na enaʻ-u
DEF man with great effort DEF papaya/PL-OBJ harvest/PST-3
  • iro denotes encirclement or in or to various directions or locations: around.
The animal ran around the lake.
Sa tehom iro sa obul epazu.
Sa tehom iro sa obul epaz-u
DEF animal around DEF lake run/PST-3
  • isi denotes having a lack of something: without.
You will have to do this without my help.
Eń isi sa 'm sitop wed-na mėsanad zapayi.
Eń isi sa 'm sitop wed-na mė-sanad zapay-i
2/SG without DEF 1/SG help this-OBJ INF=do have.to/NPST-2
  • ize denotes the in the middle: middle.
The islands are in the middle of the ocean.
Sa bunper ize sa tal ayadu.
Sa bunper ize sa tal ayad-u
DEF island/PL in.middle.of DEF sea be-3
  • iʻe denotes relating to someone or something: toward, in relation to.
What are your feelings towards him?
La sa 'ń puben iʻe 's ayadu ha.
La sa 'ń puben iʻe 's ayad-u ha
what DEF 2 feelings toward 3 be-3 Q
  • lu denotes accompaniment in time or space; in company with, along with.
Es lu su 's minsad relanu.
He came with his sister.
Es lu su 's minsad relan-u
3/SG with DEF 3 sister come/PST-3
  • ne denotes possession: of.
The man's house is on the mountain.
Sa rutiń ne su in aya sa dap ayadu.
Sa rutiń ne su in aya sa dap ayad-u
DEF house of DEF man on DEF mountain be-3
  • odu denotes motion from one side to the other: across, on the other side of, over.
The child ran across the beach.
Su tikag odu sa nipap epazu.
Su tikag odu sa nipap epaz-u
DEF child across DEF beach run/PST-3
  • ola denotes having the front in the direction of something else: facing.
Su in ola sa nutas menapu .
The man remained facing the danger.
Su in ola sa nutas menap-u
DEF man facing DEF danger remain/PST-3
  • ono denotes to or on the side of a person or thing toward the north when facing the rising sun: on-, to-, -the left.
The girl stood to the left of her father.
Su tėmin ono su 's bab salagu.
Su tė-min ono su 's bab salag-u
DEF DIM-woman to.the.left DEF 3 father stand/PST-3
  • ore denotes in exchange for, literally or figuratively: (in-, -exchange-, -return-) -for.
I will give you eight coconuts for that raft.
Em ore dad nugem ae eń miz yoṭnur-na mańama.
Em ore dad nugem ae eń miz yoṭnur-na mańam-a
1/SG for that raft to 2/SG eight coconut/PL-OBJ give/NPST-1
  • oyi denotes posterior to in time or space literally or figuratively: after, around, behind, beyond, by, on the other side of, outside, past, following.
The people returned after the fire.
Su limad oyi sa pub yewapa.
Su liwad oyi sa pub yewap-a
DEF people after DEF fire return/PST-3
Now the boy is walking behind his father.
Seń su tin oyi su 's bab dakadu.
Seń su t-in oyi su 's bab dakad-u
now DEF DIM-man behind DEF 3 father walk/NPST-3
The sun shone after the storm.
Su nulen oyi sa nuʻad wepayu.
Su nulen oyi sa nuʻad wepay-u
DEF sun after DEF storm shine/NPST-3
  • ugo denotes in place of, replacement or preference: for, instead of, in lieu of, rather than.
Su 's mam ae 's ugo ya uban ńeʻom-na meńamu.
His mother gave him an apple instead of a pear.
Su 's mam ae 's ugo ya uban ńeʻom-na meńam-u
DEF 3 mother to 3 instead.of INDEF pear apple-OBJ give/PST-3
  • uli denotes removal from or location at a certain place or time either literally or figuratively, away from, or separation from support, attachment or position: from, off (of), of.
The child ran away from her mother.
Su tikag uli su 'ń mam-na epazu.
Su tikag uli su 'ń mam-na epaz-u
DEF child away.from DEF 2 mother-OBJ run/PST-3
I am from America.
Em uli ya Amerika ayada.
Em uli ya Amerika ayad-a
1/SG from INDEF America be/NPST-1
Then he fell off the log.
Ayap es uli sa kisob meʻaku.
Ayap es uli sa kisob meʻak-u
Then 3/SG off DEF log fall/PST-3
  • uma denotes possessing a special characteristic: with.
My father is the man with the spear.
Su 'm bab su in uma sa yimon ayadu.
Su 'm bab su in uma sa yimon ayad-u
DEF 1/SG father DEF man with DEF spear be/NPST-3
  • uńu denotes duration or extension through space literally or figuratively: (all) over, through(out).
She spilled the water all over the floor.
Es uńu sa zeʻid sa lutol-na gekayu.
Es uńu sa zeʻid sa lutol-na gekay-u
3/SG over DEF floor DEF water-OBJ spill/PST-3
  • ura denotes done on behalf of, for the benefit, sake, or interest of someone: for.
Let's cook supper for the family.
Ura su sudok epir pidod-na emer-na renika.
Ura su sudok epir pidod-na em-er-na renik-a
for DEF family evening meal-OBJ 1-PL-OBJ cook/IMP-3
  • uto denotes to or on the side of a person or thing toward the south when facing the rising sun: on, to-, -the right of.
You'll see the oven to the right of the house.
Eń uto sa rutiń sa ńamul-na asadi.
Eń uto sa retoz sa ńamul-na asad-i
you/SG to.right.of DEF house DEF oven-OBJ see/NPST-2
  • uʻa denotes change to, toward, or at an elevated place literally or figuratively: up, up to.
The child climbed up the tree.
Su tikag uʻa sa dokem ńeʻanu.
Su tikag uʻa sa dokem ńeʻan-u
DEF child up DEF tree climb/PST-3
  • ye denotes cause: because of, due to.
Because of the rain, we stayed home.
Ye sa binel emer zu sa rutiń menapa.
Ye sa binel em-er zu sa rutiń menap-a
because.of DEF rain 1-PL at DEF house stay/NPST-1
  • yi denotes similarity or likeness: as like, similar to.
Your hands smell like roses.
Sa 'ń tagar yi ya riṗgir dapayu.
Sa 'ń tagar yi ya riṗgir dapay-u
DEF 2/SG hand/PL like rose/PL smell/NPST-3
  • yo denotes interiority: in, within, inside.
The woman is in her house.
Su min yo sa 's rutiń ayadu.
Su min yo sa 's rutiń ayad-u
DEF woman in DEF 3 house be/NPST-3
  • za denotes on or toward the exterior of: outside, without.
Their father stood outside the cave calling the boys.
Su 'ser bab za sa lisap su tinir-na yapus selagu.
Su 'ser bab za sa lisap su tinir-na yapus selag-u
DEF 3/PL father outside DEF cave DEF boy/PL-OBJ call/AP stood/PST-3
  • zu denotes stationary position or location in time or space: at, in, on, to.
He and his wife stood at the door.
Es he su 's wolib zu sa ńupas selagu.
Es he su 's wolib zu sa ńupas selag-u
3/SG and DEF 3 wife at DEF door stand/PST-3
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