Athonite Grammar II: Difference between revisions

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=A SIMPLIFIED GRAMMAR OF ATHONITE, THAT IS, THE GREEK DIALECT SPOKEN BY THE PEOPLE OF THE SERENE MONASTIC REPUBLIC OF THE HOLY MOUNTAIN, (cont.)=
<font size = 4>


=Verbs=
==Pronunciation Table - '''Πινακ από Προφόρ'''==
==Verb Classes==
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; width:1100px;"
*The Athonite verb has been influenced by Turkish to the extent that the many tenses present in Classical and Demotic Greek have been reduced to six.
!IPA
*The six tenses are the present, the past, and the future, and their perfect counterparts.
! /a/<font color=red><sup>1</sup></font>
*There is no longer an indefinite form. All forms are based on the present stem.
! /af/<font color=red><sup>2</sup></font>
*Athonite verbs are divided into two classes, those in which the personal ending is not accented (I) and those in which the personal ending is accented (II).
! /v/
*The endings on the verbs are changed to denote person and number.
! /ɣ/<font color=red><sup>3</sup></font>
 
! /ŋ/
==The Auxiliary Verbs==
! /g/
*ého, I have
! /ŋks/
{|border=1
! /ŋç/
|i=No|
! /ð/
|c=01| present
! /e/
|c=02| past
! /i/
|c=03| future
! /εf/<font color=red><sup>4</sup></font>
! /z/
! /i/<font color=red><sup>5</sup></font>
! /θ/
! /i/
! /k/
! /l/
! /m/
! /b/
! /n/<font color=red><sup>6</sup></font>
! /d/
! /ks/
! /o/
! /u/
! /p/
! /ɾ/
! /s/<font color=red><sup>7</sup></font>
! /t/
! /ʣ/
! /i/
! /f/
! /ç/
! /ps/
! /o/
|-
|-
|i=No| 1s
| Greek
|c=01| <font color=blue>vlép-o</font>, I see
| α
|c=02| past
| αυ
|c=03| future
| β
| γ
| γγ
| γκ
| γξ
| γχ
| δ
| ε
| ει
| ευ
| ζ
| η
| θ
| ι
| κ
| λ
| μ
| μπ
| ν
| ντ
| ξ
| ο
| ου
| π
| ρ
| ς
| τ
| τζ
| υ
| φ
| χ
| ψ
| ω
|-
|-
|i=No| 2s
| Athonite
|c=01| <font color=blue>vlép-is</font>, you see
| α
|c=02| past
| αφ/β
|c=03| future
| β
| γ
| γγ
| γκ
| γξ
| γχ
| δ
| ε
| ι
| εφ/β
| ζ
| ι
| θ
| ι
| κ
| λ
| μ
| μπ
| ν
| ντ
| ξ
| ο
| ου
| π
| ρ
| ς
| τ
| τζ
| ι
| φ
| χ
| ψ
| ο
|-
|-
|i=No| 3s
| Latin
|c=01| <font color=blue>vlép-i</font>, he, she, it sees
| a
|c=02| past
| af/v
|c=03| future
| v
|-
| g
|i=No| 1p
| ng
|c=01 <font color=blue>vlép-ume</font>, we see
| g
|c=02| past
| ngks
|c=03| future
| nch
|-
| dh
|i=No| 2p
| e
|c=01| <font color=blue>vlép-ete</font>, you see
| i
|c=02| past
| ef/v
|c=03| future
| z
|-
| i
|i=No| 3p
| th
|c=01| <font color=blue>vlép-un</font>, they see
| i
|c=02| past
| k
|c=03| future
| l
| m
| b
| n
| d
| ks
| o
| u
| p
| r
| s
| t
| tz
| y
| f
| ch
| ps
| ō
|}
|}
==The Active Voice==
*The active voice denotes that the agent is doing the action of the verb.


===The Present Tense===
===Notes - '''Σιμιωςις'''===
*Class I
*<font color=red><sup>1</sup></font> when accented, otherwise /ʌ/.
{|border=1
*<font color=red><sup>2</sup></font> /ɣ/ before α, ο and ου; /j/ before ε and ι.
|i=No|
*<font color=red><sup>3</sup></font> final <ν> before <π> and <μπ>  becomes /m/, ''e.g.'', '''δεν μπορώ''', <dhemboˈrṓ>, I cannot. The <π> becomes /b/, ''e.g.'', '''δεν πιραζι''', <dhembiˈrazi>, it doesn't matter.
|c=01| singular
:final <ν> before <κ>, <γ> and <χ>  becomes /ŋ/, ''e.g.'', '''δεν κοβω''', <dheng'kovō>, I cut.
|c=02| plural
*<font color=red><sup>4</sup></font> /z/ before voiced consonants, ''e.g.'', '''ος Δεβτέρ''', <oz Dhevtér>, until Monday,
 
===Verbs - '''Ρίματα'''===
====Verb Classes - '''Τι Ταξις από το Ρίματα'''====
*038. The Athonite verb has been reduced from the many tenses present in Classical and Demotic Greek to six.
*039. The six tenses are the present, the past (the Greek imperfect), and the future (the Greek future continuous), and their perfect counterparts.
*040. Athonite verbs are divided into two classes, those in which the personal ending is not accented (I) and those in which the personal ending is accented (II).
*041. The endings on the verbs are changed to denote person and number.
 
====The Active Voice - '''Τι Ενέργ Φων'''====
*042. The active voice denotes that the agent is doing the action of the verb.
 
=====The Present Tense - '''Ο Ενεςτώτ'''=====
*043. In the present tense of Class I verbs, the accent remains on the stem of the verb. In the present tense of Class II verbs, the accent is on the endings.
 
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
|+Class I
!
!Singular
!Plural
|-
|-
|i=No| 1.
!1st
|c=01| <font color=blue>vlép-o</font>, I see
|'''βλεπω''', I see
|c=02| <font color=blue>vlép-ume</font>, we see
|'''βλέπoμε''', we see
|-
|-
|i=No| 2.
!2nd
|c=01| <font color=blue>vlép-is</font>, you see
|'''βλεπις''', you see
|c=02| <font color=blue>vlép-ete</font>, you see
|'''βλέπετε''', you see
|-
|-
|i=No| 3.
!3rd
|c=01| <font color=blue>vlép-i</font>, he, she, it sees
|'''βλεπι''', he, she, it sees
|c=02| <font color=blue>vlép-un</font>, they see
|'''βλεπουν''', they see
|}
|}
*Class II
 
{|border=1
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
|i=No|
|+Class II
|c=01| singular
!
|c=02| plural
!Singular
!Plural
|-
|-
|i=No| 1.
!1st
|c=01| <font color=blue>ägäp-ó</font>, I love
|'''αγαπώ''', I love
|c=02| <font color=blue>ägäp-áme</font>, we love
|'''αγαπάμε''', we love
|-
|-
|i=No| 2.
!2nd
|c=01| <font color=blue>ägäp-ás</font>, you love
|'''αγαπάς''', you love
|c=02| <font color=blue>ägäp-áte</font>, you love
|'''αγαπάτε''', you love
|-
|-
|i=No| 3.
!3rd
|c=01| <font color=blue>ägäp-á</font>, he, she, it loves
|'''αγαπά''', he, she, it loves
|c=02| <font color=blue>ägäp-án</font>, they love
|'''αγαπάν''', they love
|}
|}


===The Past Tense===
=====The Past Tense - '''Ο Παρατατίκ Χρων'''=====
*The past tense is formed using endings different from the present and by removing the accent to the third syllable from the end.
*044. The past tense is formed by using endings different from the present and by placing the accent on the third syllable from the end.
*When there is no third syllable, the augment <font color=blue>e-</font> is added.
*045. Class II verbs insert '''-άγ-''' between the stem and the ending.
*Class I
*046. When there is no third syllable, the augment '''ε-''' is added.  
{|border=1
 
|i=No|
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
|c=01| singular
|+Class I
|c=02| plural
!
!Singular
!Plural
|-
|-
|i=No| 1.
!1st
|c=01| <font color=blue>évlép-sä</font>, I saw, was seeing
|'''έβλεπα''', I saw, was seeing
|c=02| <font color=blue>vlép-säme</font>, we saw, were seeing
|'''βλέπαμε''', we saw, were seeing
|-
|-
|i=No| 2.
!2nd
|c=01| <font color=blue>évlép-ses</font>, you we saw, were seeing
|'''έβλεπες''', you saw, were seeing
|c=02| <font color=blue>vlép-säte</font>, you we saw, were seeing
|'''βλέπατε''', you saw, were seeing
|-
|-
|i=No| 3.
!3rd
|c=01| <font color=blue>évlép-se</font>, he, she, it we saw, was seeing
|'''έβλεπε''', he, she, it saw, was seeing
|c=02| <font color=blue>évlep-sän</font>, they we saw, were seeing
|'''έβλεπαν''', they saw, were seeing
|}
|}
*Class II
 
{|border=1
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
|i=No|
|+Class II
|c=01| singular
!
|c=02| plural
!Singular
!Plural
|-
|-
|i=No| 1.
!1st
|c=01| <font color=blue>ágäp-sä</font>, I loved, was loving
|'''αγάπαγα''', I loved, was loving
|c=02| <font color=blue>ägáp-säme</font>, we loved, were loving
|'''αγαπάγαμε''', we loved, were loving
|-
|-
|i=No| 2.
!2nd
|c=01| <font color=blue>ágäp-ses</font>, you loved, were loving
|'''αγάπαγες''', you loved, were loving
|c=02| <font color=blue>ägáp-säte</font>, you loved, were loving
|'''αγαπάγατε''', you loved, were loving
|-
|-
|i=No| 3.
!3rd
|c=01| <font color=blue>ágäp-se</font>, he, she, it loved, was loving
|'''αγάπαγε''', he, she, it loved, was loving
|c=02| <font color=blue>ágäp-sän</font>, they loved, were loving
|'''αγάπαγαν''', they loved, were loving
|}
|}


===The Future Tense===
=====The Future Tense - '''Ο Μελων Χρων'''=====
*The future tense is formed by putting the particle <font color=blue>þa</font> before the present tense.
*047. The future tense is formed by putting the particle '''θα''' before the present tense.  
*Class I
 
{|border=1
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
|i=No|
|+Class I
|c=01| singular
!
|c=02| plural
!Singular
!Plural
|-
|-
|i=No| 1.1
!1st
|c=01| <font color=blue>þa vlép-o</font>, I shall love
|'''θa βλεπω''', I see
|c=02| <font color=blue>þa vlép-ume</font>, we shall love
|'''θa βλέπoμε''', we see
|-
|-
|i=No| 2.
!2nd
|c=01| <font color=blue>þa vlép-is</font>, you will love
|'''θa βλεπις''', you see
|c=02| <font color=blue>þa vlép-ete</font>, you will love
|'''θa βλέπετε''', you see
|-
|-
|i=No| 3.
!3rd
|c=01| <font color=blue>þa vlép-i</font>, he, she, it will love
|'''θa βλεπι''', he, she, it sees
|c=02| <font color=blue>þa vlép-un</font>, they will love
|'''θa βλεπουν''', they see
|}
|}
*Class II
 
{|border=1
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
|i=No|
|+Class II
|c=01| singular
!
|c=02| plural
!Singular
!Plural
|-
|-
|i=No| 1.
!1st
|c=01| <font color=blue>þ' ägäp-ó</font>, I answer
|'''θ' αγαπώ''', I love
|c=02| <font color=blue>þ' ägäp-áme</font>, we answer
|'''θ' αγαπάμε''', we love
|-
|-
|i=No| 2.
!2nd
|c=01| <font color=blue>þ' ägäp-ás</font>, you answer
|'''θ' αγαπάς''', you love
|c=02| <font color=blue>þ' ägäp-áte</font>, you answer
|'''θ' αγαπάτε''', you love
|-
|-
|i=No| 3.
!3rd
|c=01| <font color=blue>þ' ägäp-á</font>, he, she, it answers
|'''θ' αγαπά''', he, she, it loves
|c=02| <font color=blue>þ' ägäp-án</font>, they answer
|'''θ' αγαπάν''', they love
|}
|}


===The Present Perfect Tense===
=====The Present Perfect Tense - '''Ο Παρακίμεν'''=====
*The perfect tenses are not as commonly used in Athonite as they are in English, the past tense usually being used.
*048. The perfect tenses are not used as frequently in Athonite as they are in English, the past tense usually being used.  
*The present perfect tense is formed by the present tense of the auxiliary verb <font color=blue>ého</font>, I have, and the passive participle.
*049. The present perfect tense is formed by the present tense of the auxiliary verb '''εχω''', ''I have'', and the passive participle.
{|border=1
*050. The present perfect tense is used to denote an event of the past which has a bearing on the present.  
|i=No|
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
|c=01| singular
!
|c=02| plural
!Singular
!Plural
|-
|-
|i=No| 1.
!1st
|c=01| <font color=blue>ého þélømen</font>, I have wanted
|'''εχω βλεπoμέν''', I have seen
|c=02| <font color=blue>éhume þélømen</font>, we have wanted
|'''έχoμe βλεπoμέν''', we have seen
|-
|-
|i=No| 2.
!2nd
|c=01| <font color=blue>éhis þélømen</font>, you have wanted
|'''εχις βλεπoμέν''', you have seen
|c=02| <font color=blue>éhete þélømen</font>, you have wanted
|'''έχετε βλεπoμέν''', you have seen
|-
|-
|i=No| 3.
!3rd
|c=01| <font color=blue>éhi þélømen</font>, he, she, it has wanted
|'''εχι βλεπoμέν''', he, she, it has seen
|c=02| <font color=blue>éhun þélømen</font>, they have wanted
|'''εχουν βλεπoμέν''', they have seen
|}
|}
*The present perfect tense is used to denote an event of the past which has a bearing on the present.


===The Past Perfect Tense===
=====The Past Perfect Tense - '''Ο Ιπερςιντελικ'''=====
*The past perfect tense is formed by the past tense of the auxiliary verb <font color=blue>ého</font> and the passive participle.
*051. The past perfect tense is more frequent than the present perfect. It is used to denote an event of the past which occurred before another event of the past.
{|border=1
*052. The past perfect tense is formed by the past tense of the auxiliary verb '''εχο''' and the passive participle.  
|i=No|
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
|c=01| singular
!
|c=02| plural
!Singular
!Plural
|-
|-
|i=No| 1.
!1st
|c=01| <font color=blue>íha þélømen</font>, I had wanted
|'''ιχα βλεπoμέν''', I had seen
|c=02| <font color=blue>íhame þélømen</font>, we had wanted
|'''ίχαμε βλεπoμέν''', we had seen
|-
|-
|i=No| 2.
!2nd
|c=01| <font color=blue>íhes þélømen</font>, you had wanted
|'''ιχεs βλεπoμέν''', you had seen
|c=02| <font color=blue>íhate þélømen</font>, you had wanted
|'''ίχατε βλεπoμέν''', you had seen
|-
|-
|i=No| 3.
!3rd
|c=01| <font color=blue>íhe þélømen</font>, he, she, it had wanted
|'''ιχε βλεπoμέν''', he, she, it had seen
|c=02| <font color=blue>íhan þélømen</font>, they had wanted
|'''ιχαν βλεπoμέν''', they had seen
|}
|}
*The past perfect tense is more frequent than the present perfect. It is used to denote an event of the past which occurred before another event of the past.


===The Future Perfect Tense===
=====The Future Perfect Tense - '''Ο Σιντελεςμέν Μελων Χρων'''=====
*The future perfect tense is formed by the future tense of the auxiliary verb <font color=blue>ého</font> and the passive participle.
*053. The future perfect tense is used to denote an event in the future which will have occurred before another event in the future.
{|border=1
*054. The future perfect tense is formed by the future tense of the auχiliary verb '''εχο''' and the passive participle.
|i=No|
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
|c=01| singular
!
|c=02| plural
!Singular
!Plural
|-
|-
|i=No| 1.
!1st
|c=01| <font color=blue>þa ého þélømen</font>, I shall have wanted
|'''θa εχω βλεπoμέν''', I shall have seen
|c=02| <font color=blue>þa éhume þélømen</font>, we shall have wanted
|'''θa έχoμε βλεπoμέν''', we shall have seen
|-
|-
|i=No| 2.
!2nd
|c=01| <font color=blue>þa éhis þélømen</font>, you will have wanted
|'''θa εχιs βλεπoμέν''', you will have seen
|c=02| <font color=blue>þa éhete þélømen</font>, you will have wanted
|'''θa έχετε βλεπoμέν''', you will have seen
|-
|-
|i=No| 3.
!3rd
|c=01| <font color=blue>þa éhi þélømen</font>, he, she, it will have wanted
|'''θa εχι βλεπoμέν''', he, she, it will have seen
|c=02| <font color=blue>þa éhun þélømen</font>, they will have wanted
|'''θa εχoυν βλεπoμέν''', they will have seen
|}
|}
*The future perfect tense is used to denote an event in the future which will have occurred before another event in the future.


===The Indefinite Form===
====The Progressive Tenses - '''Ι εξακολουθιτίκ Χρωνι'''====
*The indefinite form corresponds closely to what is called the infinitive in other languages.
*055. The active participle is used with the appropriate tense of '''ιμε''', ''I am'', to form progressive tenses.  
*Most verbs in Athonite form the indefinite by adding <font color=blue>-so</font> to the present form minus the <font color=blue>-o</font>.
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
*Class I
!<center>present</center>
{|border=1
!past
|i=No|
!future
|c=01| singular
!present perfect
|c=02| plural
!past perfect
|-
!future perfect
|i=No| 1.
|c=01| <font color=blue>þél-so</font>, I want
|c=02| <font color=blue>þél-sume</font>, we want
|-
|i=No| 2.
|c=01| <font color=blue>þél-sis</font>, you want
|c=02| <font color=blue>þél-sete</font>, you want
|-
|-
|i=No| 3.
|'''ιμε βλεποντ'''<br>I am seeing, ''etc.''
|c=01| <font color=blue>þél-si</font>, he, she, it wants
|'''ιμουν βλεποντ'''<br>I was seeing, ''etc.''
|c=02| <font color=blue>þél-sun</font>, they want
|'''θα ιμε βλεποντ'''<br>I will be seeing, ''etc.''
|'''εχω ιμέν βλεποντ'''<br>I have been seeing, ''etc.'
|'''ιχα ιμέν βλεποντ'''<br>I had been seeing, ''etc.''
|'''θα εχω ιμέν βλεποντ'''<br>I will have been seeing, ''etc.''
|}
|}
*Class II
 
{|border=1
====The Passive Voice - '''Τι Παθιτίκ Φων'''====
|i=No|
*056. The passive voice denotes that the agent is being acted upon.
|c=01| singular
*057. The many forms of the passive in Modern Greek have been abandoned in favor of periphrastic expressions using the verb '''ιμε''', ''I am'' and the passive participle.
|c=02| plural
 
=====The Present Tense - '''Ο Ενεςτώτ'''=====
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
!
!Singular
!Plural
|-
|-
|i=No| 1.
!1st
|c=01| <font color=blue>änäp-só</font>, I answer
|'''ιμε βλεπoμέν''', I am seen
|c=02| <font color=blue>änäp-sáme</font>, we answer
|'''ίμαςτε βλεπoμέν''', we are seen
|-
|-
|i=No| 2.
!2nd
|c=01| <font color=blue>änäp-sás</font>, you answer
|'''ιςε βλεπoμέν''', you are seen
|c=02| <font color=blue>änäp-sáte</font>, you answer
|'''ιςτε βλεπoμέν''', you are seen
|-
|-
|i=No| 3.
!3rd
|c=01| <font color=blue>änäp-sá</font>, he, she, it answers
|'''ινε βλεπoμέν''', he, she, it is seen
|c=02| <font color=blue>änäp-sán</font>, they answer
|'''ινε βλεπoμέν''', they are seen
|}
|}
*Class III
 
{|border=1
=====The Past Tense - '''Ο Παρατατίκ Χρων'''=====
|i=No|
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
|c=01| singular
!
|c=02| plural
!Singular
!Plural
|-
|-
|i=No| 1.
!1st
|c=01| <font color=blue>äní-xo</font>, I open
|'''ιμουν βλεπoμέν''', I was seen
|c=02| <font color=blue>äní-xume</font>, we open
|'''ίμαςτε βλεπoμέν''', we were seen
|-
|-
|i=No| 2.
!2nd
|c=01| <font color=blue>äní-xis</font>, you open
|'''ιςουν βλεπoμέν''', you were seen
|c=02| <font color=blue>äní-xete</font>, you opem
|'''ίςαςτε βλεπoμέν''', you were seen
|-
|-
|i=No| 3.
!3rd
|c=01| <font color=blue>äní-xi</font>, he, she, it opens
|'''ιταν βλεπoμέν''', he, she, it was seen
|c=02| <font color=blue>äní-xun</font>, they open
|'''ιταν βλεπoμέν''', they were seen
|}
|}
*There are a few irregular verbs: <font color=blue>légo, po</font>; <font color=blue>vlépo, ðo</font>; <font color=blue>ðíno, ðǿso</font>; <font color=blue>pijéno, páo</font>.


===The Imperative===
=====The Future Tense - '''Ο Μελων Χρων'''=====
*The formation of the imperative is greatly simplified in Athonite. There are only two forms.
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
*To form the present imperative, <font color=blue>-e</font> for the singular and <font color=blue>-(e)te</font> for the plural replace the <font color=blue>-o</font> of the indefinite.
!
{|border=1
!Singular
|c=01| singular
!Plural
|c=02| plural
|-
|-
|c=01| <font color=blue>gráfse</font>, write
!1st
|c=02| <font color=blue>gráfsete</font>, write
|'''θa ιμε βλεπoμέν''', I shall be seen
|'''θa ίμαςτε βλεπoμέν''', we shall be seen
|-
|-
|c=01| <font color=blue>jelíse</font>, laugh
!2nd
|c=02| <font color=blue>jelís(e)te</font>, laugh
|'''θa ιςε βλεπoμέν''', you will be seen
|'''θa ιςτε βλεπoμέν''', you will be seen
|-
|-
|c=01| <font color=blue>dóse</font>, speak
!3rd
|c=02| <font color=blue>dós(e)te</font>, speak
|'''θa ινε βλεπoμέν''', he, she, it will be seen
|'''θa ινε βλεπoμέν''', they will be seen
|}
|}
*To form the continuous imperative, <font color=blue>-e</font> for the singular and <font color=blue>-(e)te</font> for the plural replace the <font color=blue>-o</font> of the present.
 
{|border=1
=====The Perfect Tenses - '''Ο Παρακίμεν'''=====  
|c=01| singular
*058. The perfect tenses are formed by using the appropriate tense of '''εχω''' with the passive participle of '''ιμε'''.
|c=02| plural
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
|-
!<center>present</center>
|c=01| <font color=blue>gráfe</font>, keep on writing
!past
|c=02| <font color=blue>gráf(e)te</font>, keep on writing
!future
|-
|c=01| <font color=blue>jéla</font>, keep on laughing
|c=02| <font color=blue>jeláte</font>, keep on laughing
|-
|-
|c=01| <font color=blue>díne</font>, keep on giving
|'''εχω ιμέν βλεπoμέν'''<br>I have been seen, ''etc.''
|c=02| <font color=blue>dín(e)te</font>, keep on giving
|'''ιχα ιμέν βλεπoμέν'''<br>I had been seen, ''etc.''
|'''θα εχω ιμέν βλεπoμέν'''<br>I will have been seen, ''etc.''
|}
|}
*A negative command is expressed by <font color=blue>mi</font> and the indefinite or present depending on whether the action if fixed or continuous.


===The Active Participle===
====The Auxiliary Verbs - '''Το Βοϊθιτίκ Ρίματα'''====
*A participle is an adjective derived from a verb. It modifies a noun, but may take an object like a verb.
*059. The auxiliary verbs are two of the few remaining irregular verbs.  
*The active participle indicates that the subject of the sentence is doing something.
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
*It is formed by adding an ending to the present stem.
|+'''εχω''', I have
*Class I
!
**<font color=blue>þélo</font> > <font color=blue>þélønt</font>, wanting
!Present
*Class II
!Past
**<font color=blue>jeló</font> > <font color=blue>jelónt</font>, laughing
!Future
*The active participle is used with the appropriate tense of <font color=blue>íme</font> to form progressive tenses.
{|border=1
|c=01| present
|c=02| <font color=blue>íme þélont</font>, I am wanting, etc.
|-
|-
|c=01| past
!1st singular
|c=02| <font color=blue>ímun þélont</font>, I was wanting, etc.
|'''εχω''', I have
|'''ιχα''', I had
|'''θα εχω''', I will have
|-
|-
|c=01| future
!2nd singular
|c=02| <font color=blue>þa íme þélont</font>, I will be wanting, etc.
|'''εχις''', you have
|'''ιχες''', you had
|'''θα εχις''', you shall have
|-
|-
|c=01| present perfect
!3rd singular
|c=02| <font color=blue>ého ímen þélont</font>, I have been wanting, etc.
|'''εχι''', he, she, it has
|'''ιχε''', he, she, it had
|'''θα εχι''', he, she, it shall have
|-
|-
|c=01| past perfect
!1st plural
|c=02| <font color=blue>íha ímen þélont</font>, I had been wanting, etc.
|'''έχομε''', we have
|'''ίχαμε''', we had
|'''θα έχομε''', we will have
|-
|-
|c=01| future perfect
!2nd plural
|c=02| <font color=blue>þa ého ímen þélont</font>, I will have been wanting, etc.
|'''έχετε''', you have
|'''ίχατε''', you had,
|'''θα έχετε''', you shall have
|-
!3rd plural
|'''εχoυν''', they have
|'''ιχαν''', they had
|'''θα εχoυν''', they shall have
|}
|}


ÁÄÉÍÐÓǾØÚÞáäéíðóøúþǿý
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
 
|+'''ιμε''', I am
==The Passive Voice==
!
*The passive voice denotes that the agent is being acted upon.
!Present
*The many forms of the passive in Modern Greek have been abandoned in favor of periphrastic expressions using the verb 'to be' the passive participle.
!Past
*The passive participle is formed by adding an ending to the present stem.
!Future
*Class I
**<font color=blue>þélo</font> > <font color=blue>þélømen</font>, wanted
*Class II
**<font color=blue>jeló</font> > <font color=blue>jelómen</font>, laughed
 
===The Present Tense and Indefinite Form===
{|border=1
|i=No|
|c=01| singular
|c=02| plural
|-
|-
|i=No| 1.
!1st singular
|c=01| <font color=blue>íme þélomen</font>, I am wanted
|'''ιμε''', I am,
|c=02| <font color=blue>ímaste þelomen</font>, we are wanted
|'''ιμουν''', I was
|'''θα ιμε''', I will be
|-
|-
|i=No| 2.
!2nd singular
|c=01| <font color=blue>íse þélomen</font>, you are wanted
|'''ιςε''', you are
|c=02| <font color=blue>íste þélomen</font>, you are wanted
|'''ιςουν''', you were
|'''θα ιςε''', you shall be
|-
|-
|i=No| 3.
!3rd singular
|c=01| <font color=blue>íne þélomen</font>, he, she, it is wanted
|'''ινε''', he, she, it is
|c=02| <font color=blue>íne þélomen</font>, they are wanted
|'''ιταν''', he, she, it wαs
|}
|'''θα ινε''', he, she, it shall be
 
===The Past Tense===
{|border=1
|i=No|
|c=01| singular
|c=02| plural
|-
|-
|i=No| 1.
!1st plural
|c=01| <font color=blue>ímun þélomen</font>, I was wanted
|'''ίμαςτε''', wε are
|c=02| <font color=blue>ímästän þelomen</font>, we were wanted
|'''ίμαςταν''', we were
|'''θα ίμαςτε''', we will be
|-
|-
|i=No| 2.
!2nd plural
|c=01| <font color=blue>ísun þélomen</font>, you were wanted
|'''ιςτε''', you are
|c=02| <font color=blue>ísästän þélomen</font>, you were wanted
|'''ίςαςτε''', you were
|'''θα ιςτε''', you shall be
|-
|-
|i=No| 3.
!3rd plural
|c=01| <font color=blue>ítän þélomen</font>, he, she, it was wanted
|'''ινε''', they are
|c=02| <font color=blue>ítän þélomen</font>, they were wanted
|'''ιταν''', they were
|'''θα ινε''', they shall be
|}
|}


===The Future Tense===
====The Subjunctive Mood - ''' Τι Ιποτακτίκ'''====
{|border=1
*060. The subjunctive mood expresses an action or state which is hypothetical or anticipated rather than actual, including wishes.
|i=No|
*061. The subjunctive mood in Athonite is formed with the particle '''να'''.
|c=01| singular
::'''Εφχω να βρεχι.''' I wish that it would rain.
|c=02| plural
::'''Εφχω να έβρεχε.''' I wish that it had rained.
 
*062. Certain verbs commonly used only in the third person are followed by '''να'''.
::'''πρεπι''', it is necessary; '''αξιζι''', it is worthwhile, ''etc''.
::'''Πρεπι να παω τωρ.'''
:::I must be going now.
 
====The Imperative Mood - ''' Τι προςτακτίκ'''====
*063. The formation of the imperative is greatly simplified in Athonite consisting of only one form.
*064. To form the imperative, Class I verbs replace the '''-ω''' of the present with '''-ε''' for the singular and '''-(ε)τε''' for the plural. Class II verbs replace the '''-ώ''' of the present with '''-ά''' for the singular and '''-(α)τε''' for the plural.
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
!<center>Singular</center>
!Plural
|-
|-
|i=No| 1.
|'''βλεπε''', see
|c=01| <font color=blue>þa íme þélomen</font>, I am wanted
|'''βλεπ(ε)τε''', see
|c=02| <font color=blue>þa ímaste þelomen</font>, we are wanted
|-
|-
|i=No| 2.
|'''αγαπά''', love
|c=01| <font color=blue>þa íse þélomen</font>, you are wanted
|'''αγάπατε''', love
|c=02| <font color=blue>þa íste þélomen</font>, you are wanted
|-
|i=No| 3.
|c=01| <font color=blue>þa íne þélomen</font>, he, she, it is wanted
|c=02| <font color=blue>þa íne þélomen</font>, they are wanted
|}
|}


===The Perfect Tenses===
====The Infinitive - '''Το Απαρεμφατ'''====
The perfect tenses are formed by using the appropriate tense of <font color=blue>éhø</font> with the third person singular present tense of the passive.
*065. The infinitive is a neutral form of the verb, that is, it does not express agent, tense or mood. It is treated as a noun and is accompanied by the neuter article '''το'''. As a verb it can govern an object.
{|border=1
::It is formed by adding the suffix '''-ςι''' to the verb stem, ''e.g.'' '''βλεπο''' > '''βγεπςι'''.
|i=No| present
::In certain instances, the final consonant of the verb stem is modified, ''e.g.'', '''κοβω''' > '''κοψι'''.
|c=01| <font color=blue>éhø ímen þélomen</font>, I have been wanted, etc.
*066. The infinitive also functions as a gerund.
|-
::'''Το τρεξι ινε καλ αςκις.''' Running is good exercise.
|i=No| past
|c=01| <font color=blue>íha ímen þélomen</font>, I had been wanted, etc.
|-
|i=No| future
|c=01| <font color=blue>þa éhø ímen þélomen</font>, I shall have been wanted, etc.
|}


===The Verb 'to be'===
====Negation - '''Άρνις'''====
*This verb is uniquely in the passive.
*067. Negation in the indicative mood is expressed by putting the negative particle '''δεν''' in front of the verb.  
*Present and Indefinite
::'''το πρoíν ιν' ετιμ''', Breakfast is ready.  
{|border=1
::'''το πρoíν δeν ιν' ετιμ''', Breakfast is not ready.  
|i=No|
::'''το μπαρ δεν ινε πλιρ''', The bar is not full.
|c=01| singular
::'''δεν παω''', I'm not going.
|c=02| plural
*068. Negation in the subjunctive and imperative moods  is expressed by putting the negative particle '''μι(ν)''' in front of the verb.
|-
::'''Εφχω να μιν έβρεχε.''' I wish that it had not rained.
|i=No| 1.
::'''μι τρεξε ι θα πεφτις.''' Don't run or you'll fall.
|c=01| <font color=blue>íme</font>, I am
|c=02| <font color=blue>ímäste</font>, we are
|-
|i=No| 2.
|c=01| <font color=blue>íse</font>, you are
|c=02| <font color=blue>íste</font>, you are
|-
|i=No| 3.
|c=01| <font color=blue>íne</font>, he, she, it is
|c=02| <font color=blue>íne</font>, they are
|}
*Past
{|border=1
|i=No|
|c=01| singular
|c=02| plural
|-
|i=No| 1.
|c=01| <font color=blue>ímun</font>, I was
|c=02| <font color=blue>ímästän</font>, we were
|-
|i=No| 2.
|c=01| <font color=blue>ísun</font>, you were
|c=02| <font color=blue>ísästän</font>, you were
|-
|i=No| 3.
|c=01| <font color=blue>ítän</font>, he, she, it was
|c=02| <font color=blue>ítän</font>, they were
|}


==Word Order==
====There Is/Are - {{Color|blue|'''βαρ'''}}/{{Color|blue|'''γιοκ'''}}====
Due to Turkish influence, Athonite has become an SOV language, with the verb at the end.
*069. Athonite has abandoned the conjugated verbs '''υπαρχεί''' and '''υπαρχούν''' in favor of the Turkish {{Color|blue|'''βαρ'''}} and its negative {{Color|blue|'''γιοκ'''}}.
::'''{{Color|blue|Βαρ}} ανθ εν το τραπέζ.'''
:::There is a flower on the table.
::'''{{Color|blue|Γιοκ}} ανθ εν το τραπέζ.'''
:::There is no flower on the table.
*70. A modified form of the Turkish is used for the past tense.
::'''{{Color|blue|Βαρδ}} ανθ εν το τραπέζ.'''
:::There was a flower on the table.
::'''{{Color|blue|Γιοκτ}} ανθ εν το τραπέζ.'''
:::There was no flower on the table.
*071. In reply to a {{Color|blue|'''βαρ'''}} or {{Color|blue|'''γιοκ'''}} question, the answer is always {{Color|blue|'''βαρ'''}} or {{Color|blue|'''γιοκ'''}}, never ''yes'' or ''no''.
::'''{{Color|blue|Βαρ}} μιλα εν το τραπέζ;'''
:::Are there apples on the table?
::'''{{Color|blue|Βαρ}}''', Yes, there are.
::'''{{Color|blue|Γιοκ}}''', No, there are not.
*072. '''{{Color|blue|βαρ}}''' and '''{{Color|blue|γιοκ}}''' may also used to express possession. The possessor is expressed with the possessive adjective.
::'''{{Color|blue|Βαρ}} τρις μιλα μου'''; I have three apples.
::'''{{Color|blue|Γιοκ}} αδέλφ τις '''; She does not have a sister.


==The Use of <font color=blue>na</font>==
====Deponent Verbs - '''Αποθετίκ Ρίματα'''====
*Intention, hope, desire and the like are expressed by using the particle <font color=blue>na</font>.
*073. The deponent verbs of Modern Greek have become regular verbs, ''e.g.'', '''έρχομε''', I come, > '''ερχω'''.
**With the present tense, <font color=blue>na</font> expresses a continuous intention, etc.
***<font color=blue>Þélo na ðulévo éksi ors tin imér</font>, I want to be working six hours a day.
***<font color=blue>Árhise na träguðá</font>, He started singing.
**With the indefinite, <font color=blue>na</font> expresses a non-continuous future intention, etc.
***<font color=blue>Élpidzo na ftáso stin Aþín stis tris m.m.</font>, I hope to arrive at Athens at 3 p.m.
***<font color=blue>Børó na páro énä tsigár</font>, May I take a cigarette?
**With the past tense, <font color=blue>na</font> expresses a past intention, etc. This construction always follows a past tense.
***<font color=blue>Htes tø vráðy íþelsä na píjenä stø þéätr alá ðen bóresä</font>, Last night I wanted to go to the theater, but I did not manage to.
*Certain verbs commonly used only in the third person are also followed by <font color=blue>ná</font>.
**<font color=blue>prépi</font>, it is necessary; <font color=blue>axédzi</font>, it is worthwhile, etc.
***<font color=blue>Prépi na pijéno tórä</font>, I must be going now.


=Adverbs=
====The Use of '''ινε''' - '''Ι Χρις από το Ινε''''====
*Adverbs are words used to modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs.
*074. When an adjective is used predicatively, the copula '''ινε'''  is not used, ''e.g.'', '''το κιαν ςπιτ''', the blue house; but ''' το ςπιτ κιαν''', the house is blue.
**Some common adverbs:
***<font color=blue>edó</font> here
***<font color=blue>ekí</font> there
***<font color=blue>píso</font> behind
***<font color=blue>brostá</font> in front
***<font color=blue>tóra</font> now
***<font color=blue>ǘster</font> after, later
***<font color=blue>norís</font> early
***<font color=blue>ávri</font> tomorrow
***<font color=blue>hþes</font> yesterday
***<font color=blue>polǘ</font> a lot, very
***<font color=blue>kiøl</font> already
***<font color=blue>pøt</font> never
***<font color=blue>páli</font> again
***<font color=blue>ísos</font> perhaps
***<font color=blue>pántø</font> always
***<font color=blue>äkóm</font> yet
***<font color=blue>ésti</font> thus
*Adverbs may be formed from adjectives by adding <font color=blue>-a</font> to the adjective.
**<font color=blue>ísüh</font>, quiet; <font color=blue>ísüha</font>, quietly
**<font color=blue>kal</font>, good; <font color=blue>kála</font>, well
**<font color=blue>ärkét</font>, sufficient; <font color=blue>ärketá</font>, sufficiently, rather
*The comparative and superlative of adverbs is formed in the same way as with adjectives.
**<font color=blue>éfkøl</font>, easy; <font color=blue>éfkøla</font>, easily
**<font color=blue>piø éfkøl</font>, easier; <font color=blue>piø éfkøla</font>, more easily
**<font color=blue>ø piø éfkøl</font>, easiest; <font color=blue>ø piø éfkøla</font>, most easily


ÁÄÐÉÍÓǾØÚÞáäðéíóøǿþúüǘ
====Questions - '''Ερώτιςις'''====
*075. A question with an interrogative pronoun has the same word order as a regular sentence.
::'''Π' ιςε;''' Who are you?
::'''πιόν έβλεπας;''' Whom did you see?
::'''ςε πιον μίλαγες;''' To whom were you talking?
*076. A yes-no question has the same word order as a regular sentence, but is followed by the interrogative particle {{Color|blue|'''μι'''}}.
::'''Πας ςτο ςχολί.''' You are going to school.
::'''Πας ςτο ςχολί {{Color|blue|μι}};''' Are you going to school?
*077. A question with a tag has the same word order as a regular sentence, but is followed by the interrogative particle '''{{Color|blue|ντιμι}}'''.
::'''αυτό ινε βιβλί, {{Color|blue|ντιμι}};''' This is a book, isn't it?
::'''ςι έγραφα τι επιςτόλ, {{Color|blue|ντιμι}};''' You wrote the letter, didn't you?
::'''ςι θα ερχις αβρι, {{Color|blue|ντιμι}}'''; You'll come tomorrow, won't you?


=Conjunctions=
===Adverbs - '''Επιρίματα'''===
*078. Adverbs are words used to modify verbs, adjectives or other adverbs.
*079. Adverbs can be formed from many adjectives by adding '''-α/-ά''' to the adjective.
::'''το ιρεμ πεδ ''', the quiet child; '''τρεχε ιρεμα.''' Run quietly.
::'''το αργ τρεν''', the slow train; '''Προχώραγα αργά''', He proceeded slowly.
*080 .The comparative and superlative of adverbs are formed in the same way as with adjectives.
::'''εφκολ''', easy; '''έφκολα''', easily
::'''πιο εφκολ''', easier, easiest; '''πιο έφκολα''', more/most easily


=Prepositions=


=Suffixes=
[[Athonite Grammar I]]

Latest revision as of 12:56, 8 November 2021

Pronunciation Table - Πινακ από Προφόρ

IPA /a/1 /af/2 /v/ /ɣ/3 /ŋ/ /g/ /ŋks/ /ŋç/ /ð/ /e/ /i/ /εf/4 /z/ /i/5 /θ/ /i/ /k/ /l/ /m/ /b/ /n/6 /d/ /ks/ /o/ /u/ /p/ /ɾ/ /s/7 /t/ /ʣ/ /i/ /f/ /ç/ /ps/ /o/
Greek α αυ β γ γγ γκ γξ γχ δ ε ει ευ ζ η θ ι κ λ μ μπ ν ντ ξ ο ου π ρ ς τ τζ υ φ χ ψ ω
Athonite α αφ/β β γ γγ γκ γξ γχ δ ε ι εφ/β ζ ι θ ι κ λ μ μπ ν ντ ξ ο ου π ρ ς τ τζ ι φ χ ψ ο
Latin a af/v v g ng g ngks nch dh e i ef/v z i th i k l m b n d ks o u p r s t tz y f ch ps ō

Notes - Σιμιωςις

  • 1 when accented, otherwise /ʌ/.
  • 2 /ɣ/ before α, ο and ου; /j/ before ε and ι.
  • 3 final <ν> before <π> and <μπ> becomes /m/, e.g., δεν μπορώ, <dhemboˈrṓ>, I cannot. The <π> becomes /b/, e.g., δεν πιραζι, <dhembiˈrazi>, it doesn't matter.
final <ν> before <κ>, <γ> and <χ> becomes /ŋ/, e.g., δεν κοβω, <dheng'kovō>, I cut.
  • 4 /z/ before voiced consonants, e.g., ος Δεβτέρ, <oz Dhevtér>, until Monday,

Verbs - Ρίματα

Verb Classes - Τι Ταξις από το Ρίματα

  • 038. The Athonite verb has been reduced from the many tenses present in Classical and Demotic Greek to six.
  • 039. The six tenses are the present, the past (the Greek imperfect), and the future (the Greek future continuous), and their perfect counterparts.
  • 040. Athonite verbs are divided into two classes, those in which the personal ending is not accented (I) and those in which the personal ending is accented (II).
  • 041. The endings on the verbs are changed to denote person and number.

The Active Voice - Τι Ενέργ Φων

  • 042. The active voice denotes that the agent is doing the action of the verb.
The Present Tense - Ο Ενεςτώτ
  • 043. In the present tense of Class I verbs, the accent remains on the stem of the verb. In the present tense of Class II verbs, the accent is on the endings.
Class I
Singular Plural
1st βλεπω, I see βλέπoμε, we see
2nd βλεπις, you see βλέπετε, you see
3rd βλεπι, he, she, it sees βλεπουν, they see
Class II
Singular Plural
1st αγαπώ, I love αγαπάμε, we love
2nd αγαπάς, you love αγαπάτε, you love
3rd αγαπά, he, she, it loves αγαπάν, they love
The Past Tense - Ο Παρατατίκ Χρων
  • 044. The past tense is formed by using endings different from the present and by placing the accent on the third syllable from the end.
  • 045. Class II verbs insert -άγ- between the stem and the ending.
  • 046. When there is no third syllable, the augment ε- is added.
Class I
Singular Plural
1st έβλεπα, I saw, was seeing βλέπαμε, we saw, were seeing
2nd έβλεπες, you saw, were seeing βλέπατε, you saw, were seeing
3rd έβλεπε, he, she, it saw, was seeing έβλεπαν, they saw, were seeing
Class II
Singular Plural
1st αγάπαγα, I loved, was loving αγαπάγαμε, we loved, were loving
2nd αγάπαγες, you loved, were loving αγαπάγατε, you loved, were loving
3rd αγάπαγε, he, she, it loved, was loving αγάπαγαν, they loved, were loving
The Future Tense - Ο Μελων Χρων
  • 047. The future tense is formed by putting the particle θα before the present tense.
Class I
Singular Plural
1st θa βλεπω, I see θa βλέπoμε, we see
2nd θa βλεπις, you see θa βλέπετε, you see
3rd θa βλεπι, he, she, it sees θa βλεπουν, they see
Class II
Singular Plural
1st θ' αγαπώ, I love θ' αγαπάμε, we love
2nd θ' αγαπάς, you love θ' αγαπάτε, you love
3rd θ' αγαπά, he, she, it loves θ' αγαπάν, they love
The Present Perfect Tense - Ο Παρακίμεν
  • 048. The perfect tenses are not used as frequently in Athonite as they are in English, the past tense usually being used.
  • 049. The present perfect tense is formed by the present tense of the auxiliary verb εχω, I have, and the passive participle.
  • 050. The present perfect tense is used to denote an event of the past which has a bearing on the present.
Singular Plural
1st εχω βλεπoμέν, I have seen έχoμe βλεπoμέν, we have seen
2nd εχις βλεπoμέν, you have seen έχετε βλεπoμέν, you have seen
3rd εχι βλεπoμέν, he, she, it has seen εχουν βλεπoμέν, they have seen
The Past Perfect Tense - Ο Ιπερςιντελικ
  • 051. The past perfect tense is more frequent than the present perfect. It is used to denote an event of the past which occurred before another event of the past.
  • 052. The past perfect tense is formed by the past tense of the auxiliary verb εχο and the passive participle.
Singular Plural
1st ιχα βλεπoμέν, I had seen ίχαμε βλεπoμέν, we had seen
2nd ιχεs βλεπoμέν, you had seen ίχατε βλεπoμέν, you had seen
3rd ιχε βλεπoμέν, he, she, it had seen ιχαν βλεπoμέν, they had seen
The Future Perfect Tense - Ο Σιντελεςμέν Μελων Χρων
  • 053. The future perfect tense is used to denote an event in the future which will have occurred before another event in the future.
  • 054. The future perfect tense is formed by the future tense of the auχiliary verb εχο and the passive participle.
Singular Plural
1st θa εχω βλεπoμέν, I shall have seen θa έχoμε βλεπoμέν, we shall have seen
2nd θa εχιs βλεπoμέν, you will have seen θa έχετε βλεπoμέν, you will have seen
3rd θa εχι βλεπoμέν, he, she, it will have seen θa εχoυν βλεπoμέν, they will have seen

The Progressive Tenses - Ι εξακολουθιτίκ Χρωνι

  • 055. The active participle is used with the appropriate tense of ιμε, I am, to form progressive tenses.
present
 past future present perfect past perfect future perfect
ιμε βλεποντ
I am seeing, etc. 		ιμουν βλεποντ
I was seeing, etc. 		θα ιμε βλεποντ
I will be seeing, etc. 		εχω ιμέν βλεποντ
I have been seeing, etc.' 		ιχα ιμέν βλεποντ
I had been seeing, etc. 		θα εχω ιμέν βλεποντ
I will have been seeing, etc.

The Passive Voice - Τι Παθιτίκ Φων

  • 056. The passive voice denotes that the agent is being acted upon.
  • 057. The many forms of the passive in Modern Greek have been abandoned in favor of periphrastic expressions using the verb ιμε, I am and the passive participle.
The Present Tense - Ο Ενεςτώτ
Singular Plural
1st ιμε βλεπoμέν, I am seen ίμαςτε βλεπoμέν, we are seen
2nd ιςε βλεπoμέν, you are seen ιςτε βλεπoμέν, you are seen
3rd ινε βλεπoμέν, he, she, it is seen ινε βλεπoμέν, they are seen
The Past Tense - Ο Παρατατίκ Χρων
Singular Plural
1st ιμουν βλεπoμέν, I was seen ίμαςτε βλεπoμέν, we were seen
2nd ιςουν βλεπoμέν, you were seen ίςαςτε βλεπoμέν, you were seen
3rd ιταν βλεπoμέν, he, she, it was seen ιταν βλεπoμέν, they were seen
The Future Tense - Ο Μελων Χρων
Singular Plural
1st θa ιμε βλεπoμέν, I shall be seen θa ίμαςτε βλεπoμέν, we shall be seen
2nd θa ιςε βλεπoμέν, you will be seen θa ιςτε βλεπoμέν, you will be seen
3rd θa ινε βλεπoμέν, he, she, it will be seen θa ινε βλεπoμέν, they will be seen
The Perfect Tenses - Ο Παρακίμεν
  • 058. The perfect tenses are formed by using the appropriate tense of εχω with the passive participle of ιμε.
present
 past future
εχω ιμέν βλεπoμέν
I have been seen, etc. 		ιχα ιμέν βλεπoμέν
I had been seen, etc. 		θα εχω ιμέν βλεπoμέν
I will have been seen, etc.

The Auxiliary Verbs - Το Βοϊθιτίκ Ρίματα

  • 059. The auxiliary verbs are two of the few remaining irregular verbs.
εχω, I have
Present Past Future
1st singular εχω, I have ιχα, I had θα εχω, I will have
2nd singular εχις, you have ιχες, you had θα εχις, you shall have
3rd singular εχι, he, she, it has ιχε, he, she, it had θα εχι, he, she, it shall have
1st plural έχομε, we have ίχαμε, we had θα έχομε, we will have
2nd plural έχετε, you have ίχατε, you had, θα έχετε, you shall have
3rd plural εχoυν, they have ιχαν, they had θα εχoυν, they shall have
ιμε, I am
Present Past Future
1st singular ιμε, I am, ιμουν, I was θα ιμε, I will be
2nd singular ιςε, you are ιςουν, you were θα ιςε, you shall be
3rd singular ινε, he, she, it is ιταν, he, she, it wαs θα ινε, he, she, it shall be
1st plural ίμαςτε, wε are ίμαςταν, we were θα ίμαςτε, we will be
2nd plural ιςτε, you are ίςαςτε, you were θα ιςτε, you shall be
3rd plural ινε, they are ιταν, they were θα ινε, they shall be

The Subjunctive Mood - Τι Ιποτακτίκ

  • 060. The subjunctive mood expresses an action or state which is hypothetical or anticipated rather than actual, including wishes.
  • 061. The subjunctive mood in Athonite is formed with the particle να.
Εφχω να βρεχι. I wish that it would rain.
Εφχω να έβρεχε. I wish that it had rained.
  • 062. Certain verbs commonly used only in the third person are followed by να.
πρεπι, it is necessary; αξιζι, it is worthwhile, etc.
Πρεπι να παω τωρ.
I must be going now.

The Imperative Mood - Τι προςτακτίκ

  • 063. The formation of the imperative is greatly simplified in Athonite consisting of only one form.
  • 064. To form the imperative, Class I verbs replace the -ω of the present with -ε for the singular and -(ε)τε for the plural. Class II verbs replace the -ώ of the present with -ά for the singular and -(α)τε for the plural.
Singular
 Plural
βλεπε, see βλεπ(ε)τε, see
αγαπά, love αγάπατε, love

The Infinitive - Το Απαρεμφατ

  • 065. The infinitive is a neutral form of the verb, that is, it does not express agent, tense or mood. It is treated as a noun and is accompanied by the neuter article το. As a verb it can govern an object.
It is formed by adding the suffix -ςι to the verb stem, e.g. βλεπο > βγεπςι.
In certain instances, the final consonant of the verb stem is modified, e.g., κοβω > κοψι.
  • 066. The infinitive also functions as a gerund.
Το τρεξι ινε καλ αςκις. Running is good exercise.

Negation - Άρνις

  • 067. Negation in the indicative mood is expressed by putting the negative particle δεν in front of the verb.
το πρoíν ιν' ετιμ, Breakfast is ready.
το πρoíν δeν ιν' ετιμ, Breakfast is not ready.
το μπαρ δεν ινε πλιρ, The bar is not full.
δεν παω, I'm not going.
  • 068. Negation in the subjunctive and imperative moods is expressed by putting the negative particle μι(ν) in front of the verb.
Εφχω να μιν έβρεχε. I wish that it had not rained.
μι τρεξε ι θα πεφτις. Don't run or you'll fall.

There Is/Are - βαρ/γιοκ

  • 069. Athonite has abandoned the conjugated verbs υπαρχεί and υπαρχούν in favor of the Turkish βαρ and its negative γιοκ.
Βαρ ανθ εν το τραπέζ.
There is a flower on the table.
Γιοκ ανθ εν το τραπέζ.
There is no flower on the table.
  • 70. A modified form of the Turkish is used for the past tense.
Βαρδ ανθ εν το τραπέζ.
There was a flower on the table.
Γιοκτ ανθ εν το τραπέζ.
There was no flower on the table.
  • 071. In reply to a βαρ or γιοκ question, the answer is always βαρ or γιοκ, never yes or no.
Βαρ μιλα εν το τραπέζ;
Are there apples on the table?
Βαρ, Yes, there are.
Γιοκ, No, there are not.
  • 072. βαρ and γιοκ may also used to express possession. The possessor is expressed with the possessive adjective.
Βαρ τρις μιλα μου; I have three apples.
Γιοκ αδέλφ τις ; She does not have a sister.

Deponent Verbs - Αποθετίκ Ρίματα

  • 073. The deponent verbs of Modern Greek have become regular verbs, e.g., έρχομε, I come, > ερχω.

The Use of ινε - Ι Χρις από το Ινε'

  • 074. When an adjective is used predicatively, the copula ινε is not used, e.g., το κιαν ςπιτ, the blue house; but το ςπιτ κιαν, the house is blue.

Questions - Ερώτιςις

  • 075. A question with an interrogative pronoun has the same word order as a regular sentence.
Π' ιςε; Who are you?
πιόν έβλεπας; Whom did you see?
ςε πιον μίλαγες; To whom were you talking?
  • 076. A yes-no question has the same word order as a regular sentence, but is followed by the interrogative particle μι.
Πας ςτο ςχολί. You are going to school.
Πας ςτο ςχολί μι; Are you going to school?
  • 077. A question with a tag has the same word order as a regular sentence, but is followed by the interrogative particle ντιμι.
αυτό ινε βιβλί, ντιμι; This is a book, isn't it?
ςι έγραφα τι επιςτόλ, ντιμι; You wrote the letter, didn't you?
ςι θα ερχις αβρι, ντιμι; You'll come tomorrow, won't you?

Adverbs - Επιρίματα

  • 078. Adverbs are words used to modify verbs, adjectives or other adverbs.
  • 079. Adverbs can be formed from many adjectives by adding -α/-ά to the adjective.
το ιρεμ πεδ , the quiet child; τρεχε ιρεμα. Run quietly.
το αργ τρεν, the slow train; Προχώραγα αργά, He proceeded slowly.
  • 080 .The comparative and superlative of adverbs are formed in the same way as with adjectives.
εφκολ, easy; έφκολα, easily
πιο εφκολ, easier, easiest; πιο έφκολα, more/most easily


Athonite Grammar I

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