Athonite Grammar II: Difference between revisions

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==Pronunciation Table - '''Πινακ από Προφόρ'''==
==Pronunciation Table - '''Πινακ από Προφόρ'''==
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; width:1000px;"
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; width:1100px;"
! Greek
!IPA
! α
! /a/<font color=red><sup>1</sup></font>
! αυ
! /af/<font color=red><sup>2</sup></font>
! β
! /v/
! γ
! /ɣ/<font color=red><sup>3</sup></font>
! γγ
! /ŋ/
! γκ
! /g/
! γξ
! /ŋks/
! γχ
! /ŋç/
! δ
! /ð/
! ε
! /e/
! ει
! /i/
! ευ
! /εf/<font color=red><sup>4</sup></font>
! ζ
! /z/
! ι
! /i/<font color=red><sup>5</sup></font>
! θ
! /θ/
! κ
! /i/
! λ
! /k/
! μ
! /l/
! μπ
! /m/
! ν
! /b/
! ντ
! /n/<font color=red><sup>6</sup></font>
! ξ
! /d/
! ο
! /ks/
! ου
! /o/
! π
! /u/
! ρ
! /p/
! ς
! /ɾ/
! τ
! /s/<font color=red><sup>7</sup></font>
! τζ
! /t/
! υ
! /ʣ/
! φ
! /i/
! χ
! /f/
! ψ
! /ç/
! ω
! /ps/
! /o/
|-
| Greek
| α
| αυ
| β
| γ
| γγ
| γκ
| γξ
| γχ
| δ
| ε
| ει
| ευ
| ζ
| η
| θ
| ι
| κ
| λ
| μ
| μπ
| ν
| ντ
| ξ
| ο
| ου
| π
| ρ
| ς
| τ
| τζ
| υ
| φ
| χ
| ψ
| ω
|-
| Athonite
| α
| αφ/β
| β
| γ
| γγ
| γκ
| γξ
| γχ
| δ
| ε
| ι
| εφ/β
| ζ
| ι
| θ
| ι
| κ
| λ
| μ
| μπ
| ν
| ντ
| ξ
| ο
| ου
| π
| ρ
| ς
| τ
| τζ
| ι
| φ
| χ
| ψ
| ο
|-
|-
| Latin
| Latin
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| g
| g
| ng
| ng
| nk
| g
| ngks
| ngks
| nch
| nch
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| i
| i
| th
| th
| i
| k
| k
| l
| l
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| d
| d
| ks
| ks
| ǫ
| o
| u
| u
| p
| p
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| s
| s
| t
| t
| z
| tz
| y
| y
| f
| f
| ch
| ch
| ps
| ps
| o
| ō
|-
|IPA
| /a/<font color=red><sup>1</sup></font>
| /af/<font color=red><sup>2</sup></font>
| /v/
| /ɣ/<font color=red><sup>3</sup></font>
| /ŋ/
| /ŋg/
| /ŋks/
| /ŋç/
| /ð/
| /ε/
| /i/
| /εf/<font color=red><sup>4</sup></font>
| /z/
| /i/<font color=red><sup>5</sup></font>
| /θ/
| /k/
| /l/
| /m/
| /b/
| /n/<font color=red><sup>6</sup></font>
| /d/
| /ks/
| /ɔ/
| /u/
| /p/
| /r/
| /s/<font color=red><sup>7</sup></font>
| /t/
| /ʣ/
| /y/
| /f/
| /ç/
| /ps/
| /o/
|}
|}


===Notes - '''Σιμιώςις'''===
===Notes - '''Σιμιωςις'''===
*<font color=red><sup>1</sup></font> when accented, otherwise /ʌ/.
*<font color=red><sup>1</sup></font> when accented, otherwise /ʌ/.
*<font color=red><sup>2</sup></font> '''αφ''' before voiceless consonants, '''αβ''' before voiced consonants or vowels.
*<font color=red><sup>2</sup></font> /ɣ/ before α, ο and ου; /j/ before ε and ι.
*<font color=red><sup>3</sup></font> /ɣ/ before α, ο, ου, and ω; /j/ before ε, ι, υ.
*<font color=red><sup>3</sup></font> final <ν> before <π> and <μπ>  becomes /m/, ''e.g.'', '''δεν μπορώ''', <dhemboˈrṓ>, I cannot. The <π> becomes /b/, ''e.g.'', '''δεν πιραζι''', <dhembiˈrazi>, it doesn't matter.
*<font color=red><sup>4</sup></font> '''εφ''' before voiceless consonants, '''εβ''' before voiced consonants.
:final <ν> before <κ>, <γ> and <χ> becomes /ŋ/, ''e.g.'', '''δεν κοβω''', <dheng'kovō>, I cut.
*<font color=red><sup>5</sup></font> /j/ between vowels.
*<font color=red><sup>4</sup></font> /z/ before voiced consonants, ''e.g.'', '''ος Δεβτέρ''', <oz Dhevtér>, until Monday,
*<font color=red><sup>6</sup></font> final <n> before a voiceless stop becomes /m/ and the stop is voiced, ''e.g.'', δεν πιραζι, /ðembiˈrazi/, it doesn't matter.
*<font color=red><sup>7</sup></font> /z/ before voiced consonants.
 


===Verbs - '''Ρίματα'''===
===Verbs - '''Ρίματα'''===
====Verb Classes - '''Τι Ταξις από το Ρίματα'''====
====Verb Classes - '''Τι Ταξις από το Ρίματα'''====
*046. The Athonite verb has been reduced from the many tenses present in Classical and Demotic Greek to six.  
*038. The Athonite verb has been reduced from the many tenses present in Classical and Demotic Greek to six.  
*047. The six tenses are the present, the past (the Greek imperfect), and the future, and their perfect counterparts.  
*039. The six tenses are the present, the past (the Greek imperfect), and the future (the Greek future continuous), and their perfect counterparts.  
*048. Athonite verbs are divided into two classes, those in which the personal ending is not accented (I) and those in which the personal ending is accented (II).  
*040. Athonite verbs are divided into two classes, those in which the personal ending is not accented (I) and those in which the personal ending is accented (II).  
*049. The endings on the verbs are changed to denote person and number.  
*041. The endings on the verbs are changed to denote person and number.  


====The Active Voice - '''Τι Ενέργ Φων'''====
====The Active Voice - '''Τι Ενέργ Φων'''====
*050. The active voice denotes that the agent is doing the action of the verb.  
*042. The active voice denotes that the agent is doing the action of the verb.
 
=====The Present Tense - '''Ο Ενεςτώτ'''=====
*043. In the present tense of Class I verbs, the accent remains on the stem of the verb. In the present tense of Class II verbs, the accent is on the endings.


=====The Present Tense - '''Ο Ενεςτώτ Χρον'''=====
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|+Class I
|+Class I
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|-
|-
!1st
!1st
|'''τρεχω''', I run
|'''βλεπω''', I see
|'''τρέχoμε''', we run
|'''βλέπoμε''', we see
|-
|-
!2nd
!2nd
|'''τρεχις''', you run
|'''βλεπις''', you see
|'''τρέχετε''', you run
|'''βλέπετε''', you see
|-
|-
!3rd
!3rd
|'''τρεχι''', he, she, it runs
|'''βλεπι''', he, she, it sees
|'''τρεχουν''', they run
|'''βλεπουν''', they see
|}
|}


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|}
|}


=====The Past Tense - '''Ο Παρατατίκ Χρον'''=====
=====The Past Tense - '''Ο Παρατατίκ Χρων'''=====
*051. The past tense is formed by using endings different from the present and by removing the accent to the third syllable from the end.  
*044. The past tense is formed by using endings different from the present and by placing the accent on the third syllable from the end.
*052. When there is no third syllable, the augment '''ε-''' is added.  
*045. Class II verbs insert '''-άγ-''' between the stem and the ending.
*046. When there is no third syllable, the augment '''ε-''' is added.  


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|-
|-
!1st
!1st
|'''έτρεχα''', I ran, was running
|'''έβλεπα''', I saw, was seeing
|'''τρέχoμε''', we ran, were running
|'''βλέπαμε''', we saw, were seeing
|-
|-
!2nd
!2nd
|'''έτρεχες''', you ran, were running
|'''έβλεπες''', you saw, were seeing
|'''τρέχατε''', you ran, were running
|'''βλέπατε''', you saw, were seeing
|-
|-
!3rd
!3rd
|'''έτρεχε''', he, she, it ran, was running
|'''έβλεπε''', he, she, it saw, was seeing
|'''έτρεχαν''', they ran, were running
|'''έβλεπαν''', they saw, were seeing
|}
|}


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|}
|}


=====The Future Tense - '''Ο Μελοντίκ Χρον'''=====
=====The Future Tense - '''Ο Μελων Χρων'''=====
*053. The future tense is formed by putting the particle '''θα''' before the present tense.  
*047. The future tense is formed by putting the particle '''θα''' before the present tense.  


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|-
|-
!1st
!1st
|'''θa βλεπω''', I shall see
|'''θa βλεπω''', I see
|'''θa βλέπouμε''', we shall see
|'''θa βλέπoμε''', we see
|-
|-
!2nd
!2nd
|'''θa βλεπις''', you will see
|'''θa βλεπις''', you see
|'''θa βλέπετε''', you will see
|'''θa βλέπετε''', you see
|-
|-
!3rd
!3rd
|'''θa βλεπι''', he, she, it will see
|'''θa βλεπι''', he, she, it sees
|'''θa βλεπουν''', they will see
|'''θa βλεπουν''', they see
|}
|}


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|}
|}


=====The Present Perfect Tense - '''Ο Παρακίμεν Χρον'''=====
=====The Present Perfect Tense - '''Ο Παρακίμεν'''=====
*054. The perfect tenses are not used as frequently in Athonite as they are in English, the past tense usually being used.  
*048. The perfect tenses are not used as frequently in Athonite as they are in English, the past tense usually being used.  
*055. The present perfect tense is formed by the present tense of the auxiliary verb '''εχω''', ''I have'', and the passive participle.  
*049. The present perfect tense is formed by the present tense of the auxiliary verb '''εχω''', ''I have'', and the passive participle.  
*056. The present perfect tense is used to denote an event of the past which has a bearing on the present.  
*050. The present perfect tense is used to denote an event of the past which has a bearing on the present.  
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
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!
!
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|-
|-
!1st
!1st
|'''εχω βλέπομεν''', I have seen
|'''εχω βλεπoμέν''', I have seen
|'''έχoυμe βλέπομεν''', we have seen
|'''έχoμe βλεπoμέν''', we have seen
|-
|-
!2nd
!2nd
|'''εχις βλέπομεν''', you have seen
|'''εχις βλεπoμέν''', you have seen
|'''έχετε βλέπομεν''', you have seen
|'''έχετε βλεπoμέν''', you have seen
|-
|-
!3rd
!3rd
|'''εχι βλέπομεν''', he, she, it has seen
|'''εχι βλεπoμέν''', he, she, it has seen
|'''εχουν βλέπομεν''', they have seen
|'''εχουν βλεπoμέν''', they have seen
|}
|}


=====The Past Perfect Tense - '''Ο Υπερςυντελικ Χρον'''=====
=====The Past Perfect Tense - '''Ο Ιπερςιντελικ'''=====
*057. The past perfect tense is more frequent than the present perfect. It is used to denote an event of the past which occurred before another event of the past.  
*051. The past perfect tense is more frequent than the present perfect. It is used to denote an event of the past which occurred before another event of the past.  
*058. The past perfect tense is formed by the past tense of the auχiliary verb '''εχω''' and the passive participle.  
*052. The past perfect tense is formed by the past tense of the auxiliary verb '''εχο''' and the passive participle.  
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
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!
!
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|-
|-
!1st
!1st
|'''ιχα βλέπομεν''', I had seen
|'''ιχα βλεπoμέν''', I had seen
|'''ιχαμε βλέπομεν''', we had seen
|'''ίχαμε βλεπoμέν''', we had seen
|-
|-
!2nd
!2nd
|'''ιχεs βλέπομεν''', you had seen
|'''ιχεs βλεπoμέν''', you had seen
|'''ιχατε βλέπομεν''', you had seen
|'''ίχατε βλεπoμέν''', you had seen
|-
|-
!3rd
!3rd
|'''ιχε βλέπομεν''', he, she, it had seen
|'''ιχε βλεπoμέν''', he, she, it had seen
|'''ιχαν βλέπομεν''', they had seen
|'''ιχαν βλεπoμέν''', they had seen
|}
|}


=====The Future Perfect Tense - '''Ο Συντελεςμέν Μελοντ Χρον'''=====
=====The Future Perfect Tense - '''Ο Σιντελεςμέν Μελων Χρων'''=====
*059. The future perfect tense is used to denote an event in the future which will have occurred before another event in the future.  
*053. The future perfect tense is used to denote an event in the future which will have occurred before another event in the future.  
*060. The future perfect tense is formed by the future tense of the auχiliary verb '''εχω''' and the passive participle.
*054. The future perfect tense is formed by the future tense of the auχiliary verb '''εχο''' and the passive participle.
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!
!
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|-
|-
!1st
!1st
|'''θa εχω βλέπομεν''', I shall have seen
|'''θa εχω βλεπoμέν''', I shall have seen
|'''θa έχoυμε βλέπομεν''', we shall have seen
|'''θa έχoμε βλεπoμέν''', we shall have seen
|-
|-
!2nd
!2nd
|'''θa εχιs βλέπομεν''', you will have seen
|'''θa εχιs βλεπoμέν''', you will have seen
|'''θa εχετε βλέπομεν''', you will have seen
|'''θa έχετε βλεπoμέν''', you will have seen
|-
|-
!3rd
!3rd
|'''θa εχι βλέπομεν''', he, she, it will have seen
|'''θa εχι βλεπoμέν''', he, she, it will have seen
|'''θa εχoυν βλέπομεν''', they will have seen
|'''θa εχoυν βλεπoμέν''', they will have seen
|}
|}


====The Progressive Tenses====
====The Progressive Tenses - '''Ι εξακολουθιτίκ Χρωνι'''====
*061. The active participle is used with the appropriate tense of '''ιμε''', ''I am'', to form progressive tenses.  
*055. The active participle is used with the appropriate tense of '''ιμε''', ''I am'', to form progressive tenses.  
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!<center>present</center>
!<center>present</center>
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|'''ιμουν βλεποντ'''<br>I was seeing, ''etc.''
|'''ιμουν βλεποντ'''<br>I was seeing, ''etc.''
|'''θα ιμε βλεποντ'''<br>I will be seeing, ''etc.''
|'''θα ιμε βλεποντ'''<br>I will be seeing, ''etc.''
|'''εχω ιμεν βλεποντ'''<br>I have been seeing, ''etc.'
|'''εχω ιμέν βλεποντ'''<br>I have been seeing, ''etc.'
|'''ιχα ιμεν βλεποντ'''<br>I had been seeing, ''etc.''
|'''ιχα ιμέν βλεποντ'''<br>I had been seeing, ''etc.''
|'''θα εχω ιμεν βλεποντ'''<br>I will have been seeing, ''etc.''
|'''θα εχω ιμέν βλεποντ'''<br>I will have been seeing, ''etc.''
|}
|}


====The Passive Voice - '''ι παθιτίκ φων'''====
====The Passive Voice - '''Τι Παθιτίκ Φων'''====
*062. The passive voice denotes that the agent is being acted upon.  
*056. The passive voice denotes that the agent is being acted upon.  
*063. The many forms of the passive in Modern Greek have been abandoned in favor of periphrastic expressions using the verb '''ιμε''', ''I am'' and the passive participle.  
*057. The many forms of the passive in Modern Greek have been abandoned in favor of periphrastic expressions using the verb '''ιμε''', ''I am'' and the passive participle.  


=====The Present Tense - '''ο Ενεςτώτ Χρον'''=====
=====The Present Tense - '''Ο Ενεςτώτ'''=====
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!
!
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|-
|-
!1st
!1st
|'''ιμε βλέπoμεν''', I am seen
|'''ιμε βλεπoμέν''', I am seen
|'''ίμαςτε βλέπoμεν''', we are seen
|'''ίμαςτε βλεπoμέν''', we are seen
|-
|-
!2nd
!2nd
|'''ιςε βλέπoμεν''', you are seen
|'''ιςε βλεπoμέν''', you are seen
|'''ιςτε βλέπoμεν''', you are seen
|'''ιςτε βλεπoμέν''', you are seen
|-
|-
!3rd
!3rd
|'''ινε βλέπoμεν''', he, she, it is seen
|'''ινε βλεπoμέν''', he, she, it is seen
|'''ινε βλέπoμεν''', they are seen
|'''ινε βλεπoμέν''', they are seen
|}
|}


=====The Past Tense - '''Ο Παρελθοντίκ Χρον'''=====
=====The Past Tense - '''Ο Παρατατίκ Χρων'''=====
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!
!
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|-
|-
!1st
!1st
|'''ιμουν βλέπoμεν''', I was seen
|'''ιμουν βλεπoμέν''', I was seen
|'''ίμαςτε βλέπoμεν''', we were seen
|'''ίμαςτε βλεπoμέν''', we were seen
|-
|-
!2nd
!2nd
|'''ιςουν βλέπoμεν''', you were seen
|'''ιςουν βλεπoμέν''', you were seen
|'''ίςαςτε βλέπoμεν''', you were seen
|'''ίςαςτε βλεπoμέν''', you were seen
|-
|-
!3rd
!3rd
|'''ιταν βλέπoμεν''', he, she, it was seen
|'''ιταν βλεπoμέν''', he, she, it was seen
|'''ιταν βλέπoμεν''', they were seen
|'''ιταν βλεπoμέν''', they were seen
|}
|}


=====The Future Tense - '''Ο Μελοντίκ Χρον'''=====
=====The Future Tense - '''Ο Μελων Χρων'''=====
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!
!
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|-
|-
!1st
!1st
|'''θa ιμε βλέπoμεν''', I shall be seen
|'''θa ιμε βλεπoμέν''', I shall be seen
|'''θa ίμαςτε βλέπoμεν''', we shall be seen
|'''θa ίμαςτε βλεπoμέν''', we shall be seen
|-
|-
!2nd
!2nd
|'''θa ιςε βλέπoμεν''', you will be seen
|'''θa ιςε βλεπoμέν''', you will be seen
|'''θa ιςτε βλέπoμεν''', you will be seen
|'''θa ιςτε βλεπoμέν''', you will be seen
|-
|-
!3rd
!3rd
|'''θa ινε βλέπoμεν''', he, she, it will be seen
|'''θa ινε βλεπoμέν''', he, she, it will be seen
|'''θa ινε βλέπoμεν''', they will be seen
|'''θa ινε βλεπoμέν''', they will be seen
|}
|}


=====The Perfect Tenses- '''Ο Παρακείμεν Χρον'''=====  
=====The Perfect Tenses - '''Ο Παρακίμεν'''=====  
*064. The perfect tenses are formed by using the appropriate tense of '''εχω''' with the passive participle of '''ιμε'''.
*058. The perfect tenses are formed by using the appropriate tense of '''εχω''' with the passive participle of '''ιμε'''.
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!<center>present</center>
!<center>present</center>
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!future
!future
|-
|-
|'''εχω ιμεν βλέπoμεν'''<br>I have been seen, ''etc.''
|'''εχω ιμέν βλεπoμέν'''<br>I have been seen, ''etc.''
|'''ιχα ιμεν βλέπoμεν'''<br>I had been seen, ''etc.''
|'''ιχα ιμέν βλεπoμέν'''<br>I had been seen, ''etc.''
|'''θα εχω ιμεν βλέπoμεν'''<br>I shall have been seen, ''etc.''
|'''θα εχω ιμέν βλεπoμέν'''<br>I will have been seen, ''etc.''
|}
|}


====The Auxiliary Verbs - '''Το Βοιθιτίκ Ρίματα'''====
====The Auxiliary Verbs - '''Το Βοϊθιτίκ Ρίματα'''====
*065. The auxiliary verbs are two of the few remaining irregular verbs.  
*059. The auxiliary verbs are two of the few remaining irregular verbs.  
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|+'''εχω''', I have
|+'''εχω''', I have
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|'''εχω''', I have
|'''εχω''', I have
|'''ιχα''', I had
|'''ιχα''', I had
|'''θα εχω''', I shall have
|'''θα εχω''', I will have
|-
|-
!2nd singular
!2nd singular
|'''εχις''', you have
|'''εχις''', you have
|'''ιχες''', you had
|'''ιχες''', you had
|'''θα εχις''', you will have
|'''θα εχις''', you shall have
|-
|-
!3rd singular
!3rd singular
|'''εχι''', he, she, it has
|'''εχι''', he, she, it has
|'''ιχε''', he, she, it had
|'''ιχε''', he, she, it had
|'''θα εχι''', he, she, it will have
|'''θα εχι''', he, she, it shall have
|-
|-
!1st plural
!1st plural
|'''έχομε''', we have
|'''έχομε''', we have
|'''ίχαμε''', we hadεί
|'''ίχαμε''', we had
|'''θα έχομε''', we shall have
|'''θα έχομε''', we will have
|-
|-
!2nd plural
!2nd plural
|'''έχετε''', you have
|'''έχετε''', you have
|'''ίχατε''', you had,
|'''ίχατε''', you had,
|'''θα έχετε''', you will have
|'''θα έχετε''', you shall have
|-
|-
!3rd plural
!3rd plural
|'''εχoυν''', they have
|'''εχoυν''', they have
|'''ιχαν''', they had
|'''ιχαν''', they had
|'''θα εχoυν''', they will have
|'''θα εχoυν''', they shall have
|}
|}


Line 459: Line 499:
|'''ιμε''', I am,
|'''ιμε''', I am,
|'''ιμουν''', I was
|'''ιμουν''', I was
|'''θα ιμε''', I shall be
|'''θα ιμε''', I will be
|-
|-
!2nd singular
!2nd singular
|'''ιςε''', you are
|'''ιςε''', you are
|'''ιςουν''', you were
|'''ιςουν''', you were
|'''θα ιςε''', you will be
|'''θα ιςε''', you shall be
|-
|-
!3rd singular
!3rd singular
|'''ινε''', he, she, it is
|'''ινε''', he, she, it is
|'''ιταν''', he, she, it wαs
|'''ιταν''', he, she, it wαs
|'''θα ινε''', he, she, it will be
|'''θα ινε''', he, she, it shall be
|-
|-
!1st plural
!1st plural
|'''ίμαςτε''', wε are
|'''ίμαςτε''', wε are
|'''ίμαςταν''', we were
|'''ίμαςταν''', we were
|'''θα ίμαςτε''', we shall be
|'''θα ίμαςτε''', we will be
|-
|-
!2nd plural
!2nd plural
|'''ιςτε''', you are
|'''ιςτε''', you are
|'''ίςαςτε''', you were
|'''ίςαςτε''', you were
|'''θα ιςτε''', you will be
|'''θα ιςτε''', you shall be
|-
|-
!3rd plural
!3rd plural
|'''ινε''', they are
|'''ινε''', they are
|'''ιταν''', they were
|'''ιταν''', they were
|'''θα ινε''', they will be
|'''θα ινε''', they shall be
|}
|}


====The Use of '''να''' - '''Ι Χρις του να'''====
====The Subjunctive Mood - ''' Τι Ιποτακτίκ'''====
*066. Intention, hope, desire and the like are eχpressed by using the particle '''να'''.  
*060. The subjunctive mood expresses an action or state which is hypothetical or anticipated rather than actual, including wishes.
*067. With the present tense, '''να''' eχpresses a continuous intention, ''etc''.
*061. The subjunctive mood in Athonite is formed with the particle '''να'''.
::'''Θελω να δουλεβω εξι ωρες τι μερ.'''
::'''Εφχω να βρεχι.''' I wish that it would rain.
:::I want to be working six hours a day.
::'''Εφχω να έβρεχε.''' I wish that it had rained.
::'''Άρχιζε να τραγουδά'''.
 
:::He started singing.
*062. Certain verbs commonly used only in the third person are followed by '''να'''.  
*068. With the past tense, '''να''' eχpresses a past intention, ''etc''. This construction always follows a past tense.  
::'''Χτες το βραδυ έθελα να πίγενα ςτο θέατ αλά δεν έμπορα.'''
:::Last night I wanted to go to the theater, but I did not manage to.
*069. '''Να''' expresses a non-continuous future intention, ''etc''.  
::'''Ελπιζω να τανω ςε τι Aθíν τρις μ.μ.'''
:::I hope to arrive at Athens at 3 p.m.  
::'''Μπορω να περνω τςιγάρ.'''
:::May I take a cigarette?
*070. Certain verbs commonly used only in the third person are also followed by '''να'''.  
::'''πρεπι''', it is necessary; '''αξιζι''', it is worthwhile, ''etc''.  
::'''πρεπι''', it is necessary; '''αξιζι''', it is worthwhile, ''etc''.  
::'''Πρεπι να παω τορα.'''
::'''Πρεπι να παω τωρ.'''
:::I must be going now.  
:::I must be going now.  
%
====Negation====
*077. Negation is expressed by putting the negative particle '''δεν''' in front of the verb.
::'''το πρoíν ιν' ετιμ''', Breakfast is ready.
::'''το πρoíν δeν ιν' ετιμ''', Breakfast is not ready.
::'''το μπαρ δεν ινε γεμάτ''', The bar is not full.
::'''δεν παω''', I'm not going.


====The Imperative Mood - '''ι προςτακτίκ εγκλις'''====
====The Imperative Mood - ''' Τι προςτακτίκ'''====
*078. The formation of the imperative is greatly simplified in Athonite. There are only two forms.
*063. The formation of the imperative is greatly simplified in Athonite consisting of only one form.
*079. The imperative of the simple present expresses duration or repetition of the action.
*064. To form the imperative, Class I verbs replace the '''-ω''' of the present with '''-ε''' for the singular and '''-(ε)τε''' for the plural. Class II verbs replace the '''-ώ''' of the present with '''-ά''' for the singular and '''-(α)τε''' for the plural.
*080. To form the continuous imperative, '''-ε''' for the singular and '''-(ε)τε''' for the plural replace the '''-ω''' of the present.  
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
!<center>Singular</center>
!<center>Singular</center>
!Plural
!Plural
|-
|-
|'''βλεπε''', keep on seeing
|'''βλεπε''', see
|'''βλεπ(ε)τε''', keep on seeing
|'''βλεπ(ε)τε''', see
|-
|-
|'''αγαπα''', keep on loving
|'''αγαπά''', love
|'''αγαπατε''', keep on loving
|'''αγάπατε''', love
|}
|}


*081. The imperative of the simple past shows non-continuation which means either that the action is not ongoing or that the speaker is not interested in its duration.  
====The Infinitive - '''Το Απαρεμφατ'''====
*082. To form the simple past imperative, '''-ε''' for the singular and '''-(ε)τε''' for the plural replace the '''-ω''' of the indefinite.  
*065. The infinitive is a neutral form of the verb, that is, it does not express agent, tense or mood. It is treated as a noun and is accompanied by the neuter article '''το'''. As a verb it can govern an object.
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
::It is formed by adding the suffix '''-ςι''' to the verb stem, ''e.g.'' '''βλεπο''' > '''βγεπςι'''.
!<center>Singular</center>
::In certain instances, the final consonant of the verb stem is modified, ''e.g.'', '''κοβω''' > '''κοψι'''.
!Plural
*066. The infinitive also functions as a gerund.
|-
::'''Το τρεξι ινε καλ αςκις.''' Running is good exercise.
|'''βλεπςε''', see
|'''βλέπςετε''', see
|-
|'''αγάπιςε''', love
|'''αγαπιςτε''', love
|}


*083. A negative command is expressed by '''μι''' and the indefinite or present depending on whether the action is fixed or continuous.  
====Negation - '''Άρνις'''====
::'''Mι τον αγάπιςε''', Do not love him.  
*067. Negation in the indicative mood is expressed by putting the negative particle '''δεν''' in front of the verb.
::'''το πρoíν ιν' ετιμ''', Breakfast is ready.
::'''το πρoíν δeν ιν' ετιμ''', Breakfast is not ready.
::'''το μπαρ δεν ινε πλιρ''', The bar is not full.
::'''δεν παω''', I'm not going.
*068. Negation in the subjunctive and imperative moods  is expressed by putting the negative particle '''μι(ν)''' in front of the verb.
::'''Εφχω να μιν έβρεχε.''' I wish that it had not rained.
::'''μι τρεξε ι θα πεφτις.''' Don't run or you'll fall.


====There Is/Are====
====There Is/Are - {{Color|blue|'''βαρ'''}}/{{Color|blue|'''γιοκ'''}}====
*084. Athonite has abandoned the conjugated verbs '''υπαρχεί''' and '''υπαρχούν''' in favor of the Turkish {{Color|blue|'''βαρ'''}} and the negative {{Color|blue|'''γιοκ'''}}.
*069. Athonite has abandoned the conjugated verbs '''υπαρχεί''' and '''υπαρχούν''' in favor of the Turkish {{Color|blue|'''βαρ'''}} and its negative {{Color|blue|'''γιοκ'''}}.
::'''{{Color|blue|Βαρ}} ανθ εν το τραπέζ.'''
::'''{{Color|blue|Βαρ}} ανθ εν το τραπέζ.'''
:::There is a flower on the table.
:::There is a flower on the table.
::'''{{Color|blue|Γιοκ}} ανθ εν το τραπέζ.'''
::'''{{Color|blue|Γιοκ}} ανθ εν το τραπέζ.'''
:::There is no flower on the table.
:::There is no flower on the table.
*085. In reply to a {{Color|blue|'''βαρ'''}} or {{Color|blue|'''γιοκ'''}} question, the answer is always {{Color|blue|'''βαρ'''}} or {{Color|blue|'''γιοκ'''}}, never ''yes'' or ''no''.
*70. A modified form of the Turkish is used for the past tense.
::'''{{Color|blue|βαρ}} μιλα εν το τραπέζ;'''
::'''{{Color|blue|Βαρδ}} ανθ εν το τραπέζ.'''
:::There was a flower on the table.
::'''{{Color|blue|Γιοκτ}} ανθ εν το τραπέζ.'''
:::There was no flower on the table.
*071. In reply to a {{Color|blue|'''βαρ'''}} or {{Color|blue|'''γιοκ'''}} question, the answer is always {{Color|blue|'''βαρ'''}} or {{Color|blue|'''γιοκ'''}}, never ''yes'' or ''no''.
::'''{{Color|blue|Βαρ}} μιλα εν το τραπέζ;'''
:::Are there apples on the table?  
:::Are there apples on the table?  
::'''{{Color|blue|βαρ}}''', Yes, there are.
::'''{{Color|blue|Βαρ}}''', Yes, there are.
::'''{{Color|blue|γιοκ}}''', No, there are not.
::'''{{Color|blue|Γιοκ}}''', No, there are not.
 
*072. '''{{Color|blue|βαρ}}''' and '''{{Color|blue|γιοκ}}''' may also used to express possession. The possessor is expressed with the possessive adjective.
====To Have====
::'''{{Color|blue|Βαρ}} τρις μιλα μου'''; I have three apples.
*086. {{Color|blue|βαρ}} and {{Color|blue|γιοκ}} are also used to express possession. The possessor is expressed with the possessive adjective.
::'''{{Color|blue|Γιοκ}} αδέλφ τις '''; She does not have a sister.
::'''{{Color|blue|βαρ}} τρις μιλα μου'''; I have three apples.
::'''{{Color|blue|γιοκ}} αδέλφ τις '''; She does not have a sister.


====Deponent Verbs====
====Deponent Verbs - '''Αποθετίκ Ρίματα'''====
*087. The deponent verbs of Modern Greek have become regular verbs, ''e.g.'', '''έρχομαι''', I come, > '''ερχω'''.
*073. The deponent verbs of Modern Greek have become regular verbs, ''e.g.'', '''έρχομε''', I come, > '''ερχω'''.


====The Use of '''ίνε'''====
====The Use of '''ινε''' - '''Ι Χρις από το Ινε''''====
*088. When an adjective is used predicatively, the copula '''ίνε'''  is not used, ''e.g.'', '''το κυαν ςπιτ''', the blue house; but ''' το ςπιτ κυαν''', the house is blue.
*074. When an adjective is used predicatively, the copula '''ινε'''  is not used, ''e.g.'', '''το κιαν ςπιτ''', the blue house; but ''' το ςπιτ κιαν''', the house is blue.


====Questions====
====Questions - '''Ερώτιςις'''====
*089. A question with an interrogative pronoun has the same word order as a regular sentence.
*075. A question with an interrogative pronoun has the same word order as a regular sentence.
::'''Π' ιςε;''' Who are you?
::'''Π' ιςε;''' Who are you?
::'''πιόν έβλεπας;''' Whom did you see?
::'''πιόν έβλεπας;''' Whom did you see?
::'''ςε πιον μιλίςας;''' To whom were you talking?
::'''ςε πιον μίλαγες;''' To whom were you talking?
*090. A yes-no question has the same word order as a regular sentence, but is followed by the interrogative particle {{Color|blue|'''μι'''}}.
*076. A yes-no question has the same word order as a regular sentence, but is followed by the interrogative particle {{Color|blue|'''μι'''}}.
::'''Πας ςτο ςχολί.''' You are going to school.
::'''Πας ςτο ςχολί.''' You are going to school.
::'''Πας ςτο ςχολί {{Color|blue|μι}};''' Are you going to school?
::'''Πας ςτο ςχολί {{Color|blue|μι}};''' Are you going to school?
*091. A question with a tag has the same word order as a regular sentence, but is followed by the interrogative particle '''{{Color|blue|ντιλ μι}}'''.
*077. A question with a tag has the same word order as a regular sentence, but is followed by the interrogative particle '''{{Color|blue|ντιμι}}'''.
::'''αφτ ινε βιβλί, {{Color|blue|ντιλ μι}};''' This is a book, isn't it?
::'''αυτό ινε βιβλί, {{Color|blue|ντιμι}};''' This is a book, isn't it?
::'''ςυ έγραφα ι επιςτόλ, {{Color|blue|ντιλ μι}};''' You wrote the letter, didn't you?
::'''ςι έγραφα τι επιςτόλ, {{Color|blue|ντιμι}};''' You wrote the letter, didn't you?
::'''ςυ ερχις αβρι, {{Color|blue|ντιλ μι}}'''; You'll come tomorrow, won't you?
::'''ςι θα ερχις αβρι, {{Color|blue|ντιμι}}'''; You'll come tomorrow, won't you?


===Adverbs - '''επιρίματα'''===
===Adverbs - '''Επιρίματα'''===
*092. Adverbs are words used to modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs.  
*078. Adverbs are words used to modify verbs, adjectives or other adverbs.  
*093. Some common adverbs:
*079. Adverbs can be formed from many adjectives by adding '''-α/-ά''' to the adjective.
::'''εδó''', here
::'''το ιρεμ πεδ ''', the quiet child; '''τρεχε ιρεμα.''' Run quietly.
::'''εκί''', there
::'''το αργ τρεν''', the slow train; '''Προχώραγα αργά''', He proceeded slowly.
::'''πιςω''', behind
*080 .The comparative and superlative of adverbs are formed in the same way as with adjectives.  
::'''μπρoςτά''' in front
::'''εφκολ''', easy; '''έφκολα''', easily
::'''τωρα''', now
::'''πιο εφκολ''', easier, easiest; '''πιο έφκολα''', more/most easily
::'''υςτερ''', after, later
::'''νωρίς''', early
::'''αβρι''', tomorrow
::'''εχθές''', yesterday
::'''πolύ''', a lot, very
::'''ιδι''', already
::'''ποτέ''', never
::'''παλι''', again
::'''ιςως''', perhaps
::'''παντα''', always
::'''ακomι''', yet
::'''ετςι''', thus
*094. As in Turkish adjectives may be used as adverbs without any change in form.
::'''το ιςυχ πεδ ''', the quiet child.
::'''τρεχε ιςυχ.''' Run quietly.
*095.The comparative and superlative of adverbs are formed in the same way as with adjectives.  
::'''εφκολ''', easy; '''εφκολ''', easily
::'''πιο εφκολ''', easier, easiest; '''πιο εφκολ''', more/most easily




[[Athonite Grammar I]]
[[Athonite Grammar I]]

Latest revision as of 12:56, 8 November 2021

Pronunciation Table - Πινακ από Προφόρ

IPA /a/1 /af/2 /v/ /ɣ/3 /ŋ/ /g/ /ŋks/ /ŋç/ /ð/ /e/ /i/ /εf/4 /z/ /i/5 /θ/ /i/ /k/ /l/ /m/ /b/ /n/6 /d/ /ks/ /o/ /u/ /p/ /ɾ/ /s/7 /t/ /ʣ/ /i/ /f/ /ç/ /ps/ /o/
Greek α αυ β γ γγ γκ γξ γχ δ ε ει ευ ζ η θ ι κ λ μ μπ ν ντ ξ ο ου π ρ ς τ τζ υ φ χ ψ ω
Athonite α αφ/β β γ γγ γκ γξ γχ δ ε ι εφ/β ζ ι θ ι κ λ μ μπ ν ντ ξ ο ου π ρ ς τ τζ ι φ χ ψ ο
Latin a af/v v g ng g ngks nch dh e i ef/v z i th i k l m b n d ks o u p r s t tz y f ch ps ō

Notes - Σιμιωςις

  • 1 when accented, otherwise /ʌ/.
  • 2 /ɣ/ before α, ο and ου; /j/ before ε and ι.
  • 3 final <ν> before <π> and <μπ> becomes /m/, e.g., δεν μπορώ, <dhemboˈrṓ>, I cannot. The <π> becomes /b/, e.g., δεν πιραζι, <dhembiˈrazi>, it doesn't matter.
final <ν> before <κ>, <γ> and <χ> becomes /ŋ/, e.g., δεν κοβω, <dheng'kovō>, I cut.
  • 4 /z/ before voiced consonants, e.g., ος Δεβτέρ, <oz Dhevtér>, until Monday,

Verbs - Ρίματα

Verb Classes - Τι Ταξις από το Ρίματα

  • 038. The Athonite verb has been reduced from the many tenses present in Classical and Demotic Greek to six.
  • 039. The six tenses are the present, the past (the Greek imperfect), and the future (the Greek future continuous), and their perfect counterparts.
  • 040. Athonite verbs are divided into two classes, those in which the personal ending is not accented (I) and those in which the personal ending is accented (II).
  • 041. The endings on the verbs are changed to denote person and number.

The Active Voice - Τι Ενέργ Φων

  • 042. The active voice denotes that the agent is doing the action of the verb.
The Present Tense - Ο Ενεςτώτ
  • 043. In the present tense of Class I verbs, the accent remains on the stem of the verb. In the present tense of Class II verbs, the accent is on the endings.
Class I
Singular Plural
1st βλεπω, I see βλέπoμε, we see
2nd βλεπις, you see βλέπετε, you see
3rd βλεπι, he, she, it sees βλεπουν, they see
Class II
Singular Plural
1st αγαπώ, I love αγαπάμε, we love
2nd αγαπάς, you love αγαπάτε, you love
3rd αγαπά, he, she, it loves αγαπάν, they love
The Past Tense - Ο Παρατατίκ Χρων
  • 044. The past tense is formed by using endings different from the present and by placing the accent on the third syllable from the end.
  • 045. Class II verbs insert -άγ- between the stem and the ending.
  • 046. When there is no third syllable, the augment ε- is added.
Class I
Singular Plural
1st έβλεπα, I saw, was seeing βλέπαμε, we saw, were seeing
2nd έβλεπες, you saw, were seeing βλέπατε, you saw, were seeing
3rd έβλεπε, he, she, it saw, was seeing έβλεπαν, they saw, were seeing
Class II
Singular Plural
1st αγάπαγα, I loved, was loving αγαπάγαμε, we loved, were loving
2nd αγάπαγες, you loved, were loving αγαπάγατε, you loved, were loving
3rd αγάπαγε, he, she, it loved, was loving αγάπαγαν, they loved, were loving
The Future Tense - Ο Μελων Χρων
  • 047. The future tense is formed by putting the particle θα before the present tense.
Class I
Singular Plural
1st θa βλεπω, I see θa βλέπoμε, we see
2nd θa βλεπις, you see θa βλέπετε, you see
3rd θa βλεπι, he, she, it sees θa βλεπουν, they see
Class II
Singular Plural
1st θ' αγαπώ, I love θ' αγαπάμε, we love
2nd θ' αγαπάς, you love θ' αγαπάτε, you love
3rd θ' αγαπά, he, she, it loves θ' αγαπάν, they love
The Present Perfect Tense - Ο Παρακίμεν
  • 048. The perfect tenses are not used as frequently in Athonite as they are in English, the past tense usually being used.
  • 049. The present perfect tense is formed by the present tense of the auxiliary verb εχω, I have, and the passive participle.
  • 050. The present perfect tense is used to denote an event of the past which has a bearing on the present.
Singular Plural
1st εχω βλεπoμέν, I have seen έχoμe βλεπoμέν, we have seen
2nd εχις βλεπoμέν, you have seen έχετε βλεπoμέν, you have seen
3rd εχι βλεπoμέν, he, she, it has seen εχουν βλεπoμέν, they have seen
The Past Perfect Tense - Ο Ιπερςιντελικ
  • 051. The past perfect tense is more frequent than the present perfect. It is used to denote an event of the past which occurred before another event of the past.
  • 052. The past perfect tense is formed by the past tense of the auxiliary verb εχο and the passive participle.
Singular Plural
1st ιχα βλεπoμέν, I had seen ίχαμε βλεπoμέν, we had seen
2nd ιχεs βλεπoμέν, you had seen ίχατε βλεπoμέν, you had seen
3rd ιχε βλεπoμέν, he, she, it had seen ιχαν βλεπoμέν, they had seen
The Future Perfect Tense - Ο Σιντελεςμέν Μελων Χρων
  • 053. The future perfect tense is used to denote an event in the future which will have occurred before another event in the future.
  • 054. The future perfect tense is formed by the future tense of the auχiliary verb εχο and the passive participle.
Singular Plural
1st θa εχω βλεπoμέν, I shall have seen θa έχoμε βλεπoμέν, we shall have seen
2nd θa εχιs βλεπoμέν, you will have seen θa έχετε βλεπoμέν, you will have seen
3rd θa εχι βλεπoμέν, he, she, it will have seen θa εχoυν βλεπoμέν, they will have seen

The Progressive Tenses - Ι εξακολουθιτίκ Χρωνι

  • 055. The active participle is used with the appropriate tense of ιμε, I am, to form progressive tenses.
present
 past future present perfect past perfect future perfect
ιμε βλεποντ
I am seeing, etc. 		ιμουν βλεποντ
I was seeing, etc. 		θα ιμε βλεποντ
I will be seeing, etc. 		εχω ιμέν βλεποντ
I have been seeing, etc.' 		ιχα ιμέν βλεποντ
I had been seeing, etc. 		θα εχω ιμέν βλεποντ
I will have been seeing, etc.

The Passive Voice - Τι Παθιτίκ Φων

  • 056. The passive voice denotes that the agent is being acted upon.
  • 057. The many forms of the passive in Modern Greek have been abandoned in favor of periphrastic expressions using the verb ιμε, I am and the passive participle.
The Present Tense - Ο Ενεςτώτ
Singular Plural
1st ιμε βλεπoμέν, I am seen ίμαςτε βλεπoμέν, we are seen
2nd ιςε βλεπoμέν, you are seen ιςτε βλεπoμέν, you are seen
3rd ινε βλεπoμέν, he, she, it is seen ινε βλεπoμέν, they are seen
The Past Tense - Ο Παρατατίκ Χρων
Singular Plural
1st ιμουν βλεπoμέν, I was seen ίμαςτε βλεπoμέν, we were seen
2nd ιςουν βλεπoμέν, you were seen ίςαςτε βλεπoμέν, you were seen
3rd ιταν βλεπoμέν, he, she, it was seen ιταν βλεπoμέν, they were seen
The Future Tense - Ο Μελων Χρων
Singular Plural
1st θa ιμε βλεπoμέν, I shall be seen θa ίμαςτε βλεπoμέν, we shall be seen
2nd θa ιςε βλεπoμέν, you will be seen θa ιςτε βλεπoμέν, you will be seen
3rd θa ινε βλεπoμέν, he, she, it will be seen θa ινε βλεπoμέν, they will be seen
The Perfect Tenses - Ο Παρακίμεν
  • 058. The perfect tenses are formed by using the appropriate tense of εχω with the passive participle of ιμε.
present
 past future
εχω ιμέν βλεπoμέν
I have been seen, etc. 		ιχα ιμέν βλεπoμέν
I had been seen, etc. 		θα εχω ιμέν βλεπoμέν
I will have been seen, etc.

The Auxiliary Verbs - Το Βοϊθιτίκ Ρίματα

  • 059. The auxiliary verbs are two of the few remaining irregular verbs.
εχω, I have
Present Past Future
1st singular εχω, I have ιχα, I had θα εχω, I will have
2nd singular εχις, you have ιχες, you had θα εχις, you shall have
3rd singular εχι, he, she, it has ιχε, he, she, it had θα εχι, he, she, it shall have
1st plural έχομε, we have ίχαμε, we had θα έχομε, we will have
2nd plural έχετε, you have ίχατε, you had, θα έχετε, you shall have
3rd plural εχoυν, they have ιχαν, they had θα εχoυν, they shall have
ιμε, I am
Present Past Future
1st singular ιμε, I am, ιμουν, I was θα ιμε, I will be
2nd singular ιςε, you are ιςουν, you were θα ιςε, you shall be
3rd singular ινε, he, she, it is ιταν, he, she, it wαs θα ινε, he, she, it shall be
1st plural ίμαςτε, wε are ίμαςταν, we were θα ίμαςτε, we will be
2nd plural ιςτε, you are ίςαςτε, you were θα ιςτε, you shall be
3rd plural ινε, they are ιταν, they were θα ινε, they shall be

The Subjunctive Mood - Τι Ιποτακτίκ

  • 060. The subjunctive mood expresses an action or state which is hypothetical or anticipated rather than actual, including wishes.
  • 061. The subjunctive mood in Athonite is formed with the particle να.
Εφχω να βρεχι. I wish that it would rain.
Εφχω να έβρεχε. I wish that it had rained.
  • 062. Certain verbs commonly used only in the third person are followed by να.
πρεπι, it is necessary; αξιζι, it is worthwhile, etc.
Πρεπι να παω τωρ.
I must be going now.

The Imperative Mood - Τι προςτακτίκ

  • 063. The formation of the imperative is greatly simplified in Athonite consisting of only one form.
  • 064. To form the imperative, Class I verbs replace the -ω of the present with -ε for the singular and -(ε)τε for the plural. Class II verbs replace the -ώ of the present with -ά for the singular and -(α)τε for the plural.
Singular
 Plural
βλεπε, see βλεπ(ε)τε, see
αγαπά, love αγάπατε, love

The Infinitive - Το Απαρεμφατ

  • 065. The infinitive is a neutral form of the verb, that is, it does not express agent, tense or mood. It is treated as a noun and is accompanied by the neuter article το. As a verb it can govern an object.
It is formed by adding the suffix -ςι to the verb stem, e.g. βλεπο > βγεπςι.
In certain instances, the final consonant of the verb stem is modified, e.g., κοβω > κοψι.
  • 066. The infinitive also functions as a gerund.
Το τρεξι ινε καλ αςκις. Running is good exercise.

Negation - Άρνις

  • 067. Negation in the indicative mood is expressed by putting the negative particle δεν in front of the verb.
το πρoíν ιν' ετιμ, Breakfast is ready.
το πρoíν δeν ιν' ετιμ, Breakfast is not ready.
το μπαρ δεν ινε πλιρ, The bar is not full.
δεν παω, I'm not going.
  • 068. Negation in the subjunctive and imperative moods is expressed by putting the negative particle μι(ν) in front of the verb.
Εφχω να μιν έβρεχε. I wish that it had not rained.
μι τρεξε ι θα πεφτις. Don't run or you'll fall.

There Is/Are - βαρ/γιοκ

  • 069. Athonite has abandoned the conjugated verbs υπαρχεί and υπαρχούν in favor of the Turkish βαρ and its negative γιοκ.
Βαρ ανθ εν το τραπέζ.
There is a flower on the table.
Γιοκ ανθ εν το τραπέζ.
There is no flower on the table.
  • 70. A modified form of the Turkish is used for the past tense.
Βαρδ ανθ εν το τραπέζ.
There was a flower on the table.
Γιοκτ ανθ εν το τραπέζ.
There was no flower on the table.
  • 071. In reply to a βαρ or γιοκ question, the answer is always βαρ or γιοκ, never yes or no.
Βαρ μιλα εν το τραπέζ;
Are there apples on the table?
Βαρ, Yes, there are.
Γιοκ, No, there are not.
  • 072. βαρ and γιοκ may also used to express possession. The possessor is expressed with the possessive adjective.
Βαρ τρις μιλα μου; I have three apples.
Γιοκ αδέλφ τις ; She does not have a sister.

Deponent Verbs - Αποθετίκ Ρίματα

  • 073. The deponent verbs of Modern Greek have become regular verbs, e.g., έρχομε, I come, > ερχω.

The Use of ινε - Ι Χρις από το Ινε'

  • 074. When an adjective is used predicatively, the copula ινε is not used, e.g., το κιαν ςπιτ, the blue house; but το ςπιτ κιαν, the house is blue.

Questions - Ερώτιςις

  • 075. A question with an interrogative pronoun has the same word order as a regular sentence.
Π' ιςε; Who are you?
πιόν έβλεπας; Whom did you see?
ςε πιον μίλαγες; To whom were you talking?
  • 076. A yes-no question has the same word order as a regular sentence, but is followed by the interrogative particle μι.
Πας ςτο ςχολί. You are going to school.
Πας ςτο ςχολί μι; Are you going to school?
  • 077. A question with a tag has the same word order as a regular sentence, but is followed by the interrogative particle ντιμι.
αυτό ινε βιβλί, ντιμι; This is a book, isn't it?
ςι έγραφα τι επιςτόλ, ντιμι; You wrote the letter, didn't you?
ςι θα ερχις αβρι, ντιμι; You'll come tomorrow, won't you?

Adverbs - Επιρίματα

  • 078. Adverbs are words used to modify verbs, adjectives or other adverbs.
  • 079. Adverbs can be formed from many adjectives by adding -α/-ά to the adjective.
το ιρεμ πεδ , the quiet child; τρεχε ιρεμα. Run quietly.
το αργ τρεν, the slow train; Προχώραγα αργά, He proceeded slowly.
  • 080 .The comparative and superlative of adverbs are formed in the same way as with adjectives.
εφκολ, easy; έφκολα, easily
πιο εφκολ, easier, easiest; πιο έφκολα, more/most easily


Athonite Grammar I

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