User:Masako/Kalo: Difference between revisions

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* '''aku''' - hundred; 100; many; much; a lot
= Introduction =
* '''ami''' - friend
 
* '''ante''' - before; front; ahead; facing
'''Kalo''' is intended to be a minimalist [[wp:Artistic_language|artlang]], not an [[wp:International_auxiliary_language|auxlang]]. It draws primarily on vocabulary from the five most spoken languages in the world; [[wp:List_of_languages_by_number_of_native_speakers|Mandarin, Spanish, English, and Arabic]] ('''Hindi''' is used sparingly although it is spoken by more speakers than Arabic). The grammar is mostly isolating with very few elements of inflection, mostly to show plurality or possession. This is just a fun little side project that I mainly use as a thought experiment. '''Kalo''' is NOT meant to mimic, replace, or be inspired by Toki Pona or any other [[wp:International_auxiliary_language|IAL]]. Any similarities are based on design aesthetic coincidences and the minimalist nature of the language.
* '''anyo''' - year
 
* '''apa''' - man
= Phonology =
* '''asi''' - so (much); therefore; thus
 
* '''awa''' - or; other; either
'''Kalo''' has nine consonants (/p, t, k, s, m, n, l, j, w/) and five vowels (/a, e, i, o, u/). Stress is mostly word final.
* '''ayo''' - any/some (thing) [INDEF]
 
* '''ayo ko''' - someone
== Consonants ==
* '''ayo tenpo''' - sometimes
 
* '''e''' - and; also; as well; too
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;"
* '''enkali''' - English
!
* '''ila''' - go ((to)ward); leave
! Labial
* '''ipin''' - daughter, son, child
! Coronal
* '''kan/a''' - be; exist; yes [COP]
! Dorsal
* '''kasa''' - house
|-align=center
* '''kate''' - write
! Nasal
* '''ke''' - number marker
| m
* '''ke wa''' - first
| n
* '''ki''' - if
|
* '''kile''' - maybe [past]
|-align=center
* '''kisa''' - maybe [future]
! Plosive
* '''ko (lo)''' - she; he [3sg]; person(s)
| p
* '''kono''' - understand; know; be aware of
| t
* '''kowi''' - coffee
| k
* '''kula''' - all; every(thing); each; complete; whole
|-align=center
* '''kula ko''' - everyone
! Fricative
* '''kula tenpo''' - always
|
* '''kun''' - use; with; together
| s
* '''kute''' - hear; listen; ear
|
* '''le''' - past tense marker
|-align=center
* '''lete''' - milk
! Approximant
* '''li''' - two; 2; double
| w
* '''lo''' - plural marker
| l
* '''loka''' - place
| j ('''y''')
* '''luna''' - moon; month
|}
* '''ma''' - what; which
 
* '''ma ko''' - who
== Vowels ==
* '''ma laka''' - how much
 
* '''ma loka''' - where
{| class="wikitable"
* '''ma moto''' - how
|-
* '''ma sapa''' - why
! !!Front!!Back
* '''ma tenpo''' - when
|- align="center"
* '''maka''' - do; make; cause; happen [CAUS]; work
!Close
* '''maso (ke)''' - more (know how to say “more … than …”)
|i||u
* '''maso ta''' - most
|- align="center"
* '''me''' - but; however
!Mid
* '''meno (ke)''' - less (know how to say “less … than …”)
|e||o
* '''meno ta''' - least
|- align="center"
* '''mente''' - idea; think; mind; mental
!Open
* '''na''' - seven; 7
| colspan="2" |a
* '''nai''' - within; insdie; during; in
|}
* '''ne''' - no; not; nothing; zero
 
* '''ne ko''' - no one
=== Diphthongs ===
* '''ne tenpo''' - never
 
* '''nesi''' - need
There are two diphthongs [ai̯] '''ai''', and [au̯] '''au'''. These are rare and typically only occur word-finally.
* '''ni (lo)''' - you [2sg](pl)
 
* '''o''' - object marker
== Syllable Structure ==
* '''pa''' - eight; 8
All syllables are of the form (C)V(N), that is, optional consonant + vowel + optional final nasal, or V, CV, VN, CVN.
* '''pala''' - word
 
* '''pama''' - mother, father, parent
=== Syllables ===
* '''pan''' - food; bread
 
* '''po''' - for; about; through; across; because
The ordering of the syllables is based on Japanese [[wp:Gojūon|'''Gojūon''']].
* '''poka''' - few; little; small; tiny
 
* '''pu''' - this; these
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 300px;"
* '''pu loka''' - here
|-align=center
* '''pu tenpo''' - now
| '''a'''
* '''pu yuma''' - today
| '''ka'''
* '''sawa''' - wife, husband
| '''sa'''
* '''si''' - four; 4
| '''ta'''
* '''siti''' - city
| '''na'''
* '''solo''' - only
| '''pa'''
* '''su''' - that; those
| '''ma'''
* '''su loka''' - there
| '''ya'''
* '''su tenpo''' - then
| '''la'''
* '''ta''' - large; be big; grand; important; too; very
| '''wa'''
* '''te''' - of; from; about
|-align=center
* '''tela / talo''' - language; say; speak; talk; utter
| '''i'''
* '''tenpo''' - time (as in “a long time”)
| '''ki'''
* '''tenpo poka''' - soon
| '''si'''
* '''tenta''' - store
| '''ti'''
* '''tenyo''' - same
| '''ni'''
* '''teya''' - tea
| '''pi'''
* '''tipa''' - good; well; fine
| '''mi'''
* '''toma''' - consume; eat
| ''' '''
* '''tunya''' - world
| '''li'''
* '''uma''' - woman
| '''wi'''
* '''wa (lo)''' - I; me [1sg](pl) / one; 1
|-align=center
* '''wan''' - want
| '''u'''
* '''we''' - six; 6
| '''ku'''
* '''wen''' - country
| '''su'''
* '''wino''' - alcohol
| '''tu'''
* '''wite''' - see; look; watch; observe
| '''nu'''
* '''ye''' - ten; 10
| '''pu'''
* '''yen''' - money
| '''mu'''
* '''yo''' - have; possess
| '''yu'''
* '''yu''' - at; in
| '''lu'''
* '''yuma''' - day
| ''' '''
* '''yuma le''' - yesterday
|-align=center
* '''yuma na''' - week
| '''e'''
* '''yuma sa''' - tomorrow
| '''ke'''
| '''se'''
| '''te'''
| '''ne'''
| '''pe'''
| '''me'''
| '''ye'''
| '''le'''
| '''we'''
|-align=center
| '''o'''
| '''ko'''
| '''so'''
| '''to'''
| '''no'''
| '''po'''
| '''mo'''
| '''yo'''
| '''lo'''
| ''' '''
|}
 
== phonotactics ==
A few syllables sequences are disallowed; /ji, wu, wo/. Also, a syllable-final nasal may not occur before /m/ or /n/ in the same root.
 
== Allophony ==
 
The nasal at the end of a syllable can be pronounced as any nasal stop, though it is normally assimilated to the following consonant. That is, it typically occurs as an [n] before /t/ or /s/, as an [m] before /p/, as an [ŋ] before /k/, and as an [ɲ] before /j/. Because of its small phoneme inventory, '''Kalo''' allows for quite a lot of allophonic variation. For example, /p t k/ may be pronounced [b d ɡ] as well as [p t k], /s/ as [z] or [ʃ] as well as [s], /l/ as [ɾ] as well as [l], and vowels may be either long or short. Both its sound inventory and phonotactics (patterns of possible sound combinations) are found in the majority of human languages and are therefore readily accessible.
 
= Writing =
 
'''Kalo''' can be written with numerous writing systems, and is adaptable to various alphabets, abugidas, and even logographies, but for aesthetical reasons, a simplified adaptation of Hangul is used.
 
[[File:Kaloji.png]]
 
 
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Revision as of 04:25, 24 August 2021

Introduction

Kalo is intended to be a minimalist artlang, not an auxlang. It draws primarily on vocabulary from the five most spoken languages in the world; Mandarin, Spanish, English, and Arabic (Hindi is used sparingly although it is spoken by more speakers than Arabic). The grammar is mostly isolating with very few elements of inflection, mostly to show plurality or possession. This is just a fun little side project that I mainly use as a thought experiment. Kalo is NOT meant to mimic, replace, or be inspired by Toki Pona or any other IAL. Any similarities are based on design aesthetic coincidences and the minimalist nature of the language.

Phonology

Kalo has nine consonants (/p, t, k, s, m, n, l, j, w/) and five vowels (/a, e, i, o, u/). Stress is mostly word final.

Consonants

Labial Coronal Dorsal
Nasal m n
Plosive p t k
Fricative s
Approximant w l j (y)

Vowels

Front Back
Close i u
Mid e o
Open a

Diphthongs

There are two diphthongs [ai̯] ai, and [au̯] au. These are rare and typically only occur word-finally.

Syllable Structure

All syllables are of the form (C)V(N), that is, optional consonant + vowel + optional final nasal, or V, CV, VN, CVN.

Syllables

The ordering of the syllables is based on Japanese Gojūon.

a ka sa ta na pa ma ya la wa
i ki si ti ni pi mi li wi
u ku su tu nu pu mu yu lu
e ke se te ne pe me ye le we
o ko so to no po mo yo lo

phonotactics

A few syllables sequences are disallowed; /ji, wu, wo/. Also, a syllable-final nasal may not occur before /m/ or /n/ in the same root.

Allophony

The nasal at the end of a syllable can be pronounced as any nasal stop, though it is normally assimilated to the following consonant. That is, it typically occurs as an [n] before /t/ or /s/, as an [m] before /p/, as an [ŋ] before /k/, and as an [ɲ] before /j/. Because of its small phoneme inventory, Kalo allows for quite a lot of allophonic variation. For example, /p t k/ may be pronounced [b d ɡ] as well as [p t k], /s/ as [z] or [ʃ] as well as [s], /l/ as [ɾ] as well as [l], and vowels may be either long or short. Both its sound inventory and phonotactics (patterns of possible sound combinations) are found in the majority of human languages and are therefore readily accessible.

Writing

Kalo can be written with numerous writing systems, and is adaptable to various alphabets, abugidas, and even logographies, but for aesthetical reasons, a simplified adaptation of Hangul is used.

Kaloji.png

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