Diaeresis and Umlaut: Difference between revisions

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! Notes
! Notes
|-
|-
| rowspan=8 | [[Wikipedia:Front_vowel|Front]] version of [[Wikipedia:Back_vowel|back vowel]] (this includes Ää even though its unaccented version is not a back vowel in all of these languages)
| rowspan=3 | [[Wikipedia:Central_vowel|Central vowel]]
| [[Wikipedia:Albanian_language|Albanian]] (Manastir (current) alphabet)
| Ëë /ə/
|
|-
| [[Wikipedia:Kazakh_language|Kazakh]] (2019 and 2021 alphabets, as well as [[Wikipedia:Kazinform|Kazinform]]'s romanization)
| Üü /ʉ/
| Unaccented Uu stands for /ʊ/ in the 2019 alphabet and Kazinform's romanization, and for /ʊw/ and /w/ in the 2021 alphabet.<ref name=kazakh>[[Wikipedia:Kazakh_alphabets|Kazakh alphabets]] at Wikipedia. See also [[Wikipedia:Kazakh_language#Phonology|Kazakh language, Phonology]] on Wikipedia.</ref>
|-
| [[Wikipedia:Moro_language|Moro]]
| Ëë /ˈəː/
| This letter represents a "long or stressed ‘ə’",<ref name=stressed_moro_schwa1>Guest, Elizabeth. 1997. [http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/Kordofanian/Moro/guest_moro-phonology1997.pdf Moro Phonology].</ref> but the phonemicity of it is contested.<ref name=stressed_moro_schwa2>Blench, Roger. 2005. [http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/Kordofanian/Moro/guest_moro-phonology1997.pdf A dictionary of the Moro language of the Nuba hills, Sudan ].</ref> The orthography for Moro did not have capital letters originally.<ref name=stressed_moro_schwa1/>
|-
| Change of [[Wikipedia:Place_of_articulation|place of articulation]]
| [[Wikipedia:Malagasy_language|Malagasy]]
| N̈n̈ /ŋ/
| This letter is used in some dialects. It may optionally be replaced by Ññ or Ng ng.<ref name=malagasy>[[Wikipedia:Malagasy_language#Diacritics|Malagasy language, Diacritics]] at Wikipedia.</ref> Note that N̈n̈ is not a precomposed letter.
|-
| [[Wikipedia:Diphthong|Diphthong]]
| [[Wikipedia:Adyghe_language|Adyghe]] (BGN/PCGN 2012 romanization)
| Ëë /jo/
| Ëë only appears in Russian loan words, as transliteration of Cyrillic Ёё.<ref name=adyghe>[https://geonames.nga.mil/gns/html/Romanization/ROMANIZATION%20OF%20ADYGHE.pdf Romanization of Adyghe] (PDF).</ref>
|-
| [[Wikipedia:Kazakh_language|Kazakh]] ([[Wikipedia:Kazinform|Kazinform]]'s romanization)
| Ïï /əj/
| This romanizations also used Iı for /ə/ and İi for /ɪ/.<ref name=kazakh>[[Wikipedia:Kazakh_alphabets|Kazakh alphabets]] at Wikipedia. See also [[Wikipedia:Kazakh_language#Phonology|Kazakh language, Phonology]] on Wikipedia.</ref>
|-
| Disambiguation of [[Wikipedia:Homograph|homographs]]
| [[Wikipedia:Tahitian_language|Tahitian]]
| Ïï /iː/
| This letter is only used in the reflexive pronoun ''ïa'' to distinguish from some other word, pronounced the same. The letter is barely used nowadays however.<ref name=tahitian>[[Wikipedia:Tahitian_language#Phonology|Tahitian language, Phonology]] at Wikipedia. The source is not entirely clear regarding the word ''ïa'', but it seems to be pronounced /iːa/.</ref>
|-
| rowspan=11 | [[Wikipedia:Front_vowel|Front]] version of [[Wikipedia:Back_vowel|back vowel]] (Ää is included here, even though its unaccented version is not a back vowel in all of these languages)
| [[Wikipedia:Estonian_language|Estonian]]
| [[Wikipedia:Estonian_language|Estonian]]
| Ää /æ/, Öö /ø/, Üü /y/
| Ää /æ/, Öö /ø/, Üü /y/
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| Öö /œ/
| Öö /œ/
|
|
|-
| [[Wikipedia:Kazakh_language|Kazakh]] (2019 and 2021 alphabets, as well as [[Wikipedia:Kazinform|Kazinform]]'s romanization)
| Ää /æ/, Öö /œ/
| Unaccented Aa and Oo stand for /ɑ/ and /o/ respectively.<ref name=kazakh>[[Wikipedia:Kazakh_alphabets|Kazakh alphabets]] at Wikipedia. See also [[Wikipedia:Kazakh_language#Phonology|Kazakh language, Phonology]] on Wikipedia.</ref>
|-
|-
| [[Wikipedia:Livonian_language|Livonian]]
| [[Wikipedia:Livonian_language|Livonian]]
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| [[Wikipedia:Slovak_language|Slovak]]
| [[Wikipedia:Slovak_language|Slovak]]
| Ää /æ~ɛ/
| Ää /æ~ɛ/
| /æ/ is archaic or dialectal pronunciation.<ref name=slovak>[[Wikipedia:Slovak_language|Slovak language]] at Wikipedia.</ref>
| [æ] is dialectal pronunciation, with most speakers merging it with the phoneme /ɛ/ or /a/.<ref name=slovak>[[Wikipedia:Slovak_phonology|Slovak phonology]] at Wikipedia.</ref>
|-
|-
| [[Wikipedia:Swedish_language|Swedish]]
| [[Wikipedia:Swedish_language|Swedish]]
| Ää /ɛ/, Öö /ø/, Üü /y/
| Ää /ɛ/, Öö /ø/, Üü /y/
| The umlaut evolved from the letter e in the digraphs ae<ref name=ae>[[Wikipedia:Ä|Ä]] at Wikipedia.</ref> and oe.<ref name=oe>[[Wikipedia:Ö|Ö]] at Wikipedia.</ref> Üü is not really a part of the Swedish alphabet, but is used in some loanwords and in many surnames.
| The umlaut evolved from the letter e in the digraphs ae<ref name=ae>[[Wikipedia:Ä|Ä]] at Wikipedia.</ref> and oe.<ref name=oe>[[Wikipedia:Ö|Ö]] at Wikipedia.</ref> Üü is not really a part of the Swedish alphabet, but is regularly used in some loanwords and surnames.
|-
| [[Wikipedia:Turkish_language|Turkish]]
| Öö /œ/, Üü /y/
| Oo and Uu stand for /o/ and /u/, respectively.
|-
|-
| rowspan=2 | [[Wikipedia:Hiatus_(linguistics)|Hiatus]]
| rowspan=3 | [[Wikipedia:Hiatus_(linguistics)|Hiatus]]
| [[Wikipedia:Catalan_language|Catalan]]
| [[Wikipedia:Catalan_language|Catalan]]
| Ïï /i/, Üü /u/
| Ïï /i/, Üü /u/
| Diaeresis on an Ii or Uu following another vowel marks that the two vowels are in different syllables. Without diaresis, the Ii or Uu would stand for a semivowel.<ref name=catalan_alphabet>[[Wikipedia:Catalan_alphabet#Diaeresis|Catalan alphabet, Diaeresis]] at Wikipedia.</ref>
| Diaeresis on an Ii or Uu following another vowel marks that the two vowels are in different syllables. Without diaeresis, the Ii or Uu would stand for a semivowel.<ref name=catalan_alphabet>[[Wikipedia:Catalan_alphabet#Diaeresis|Catalan alphabet, Diaeresis]] at Wikipedia.</ref>
|-
|-
| [[Wikipedia:French_language|French]]
| [[Wikipedia:French_language|French]]
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|
|
|-
|-
| Non-silent vowel
| [[Wikipedia:Welsh_language|Welsh]]
| Ëë /ɛ, eː/, Ïï /ɪ, iː, ij/, Üü /ɨ̞, ɨː, ɪ, iː/, Ẅẅ /ʊ, uː/, Ÿÿ /ɨ̞, ɨː, ɪ, iː, ə, əː/
| The diaeresis is used for marking that a vowel is not part of a diphthong. The diaeresis is sometimes omitted in casual speech. Ïï stands for /ij/ when it is followed by another vowel.<ref name=welsh>[[Wikipedia:Welsh_orthography#Diacritics|Welsh orthography]] at Wikipedia.</ref> Regarding Üü and Ÿÿ: The realizations /ɨ̞, ɨː, ə/ are used in northern dialects and /ɪ, iː, ə, əː/ in southern dialects.
|-
| rowspan=2 | Non-silent vowel
| [[Wikipedia:Catalan_language|Catalan]]
| [[Wikipedia:Catalan_language|Catalan]]
| Üü /w/
| Üü /w/
| Diaresis on an Uu that is between Gg or Qq and a front vowel marks that this letter stands for /w/. Otherwise it would be a part of the digraph Gu gu /g/ or Qu qu /k/ that is used before front vowels.<ref name=catalan_alphabet/>
| Diaeresis on an Uu that is between Gg or Qq and a front vowel marks that this letter stands for /w/. Otherwise it would be a part of the digraph Gu gu /g/ or Qu qu /k/ that is used before front vowels.<ref name=catalan_alphabet/>
|-
| [[Spanish]]
| Üü [w]
| Diaeresis is used on a Uu between Gg and a front vowel, to show that the Uu is not a silent letter as would otherwise be the case.<ref name=spanish>[[Wikipedia:Spanish_orthography#Special and modified letters|Spanish orthography, Special and modified letters]] at Wikipedia.</ref>
|-
|-
| Raised vowel
| Raised vowel
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| Ëë /e/
| Ëë /e/
| Unaccented Ee stands for /ɛ/. Ëë is not really a part of the Hungarian alphabet however; it is used when writing down spoken or sung language in a dialect that has this phoneme.
| Unaccented Ee stands for /ɛ/. Ëë is not really a part of the Hungarian alphabet however; it is used when writing down spoken or sung language in a dialect that has this phoneme.
|-
| [[Wikipedia:Vowel_length|Short vowel]]
| [[Wikipedia:Adyghe_language|Adyghe]] (BGN/PCGN 2012 romanization)
| Ää /a/
| Unaccented Aa represents /aː/.<ref name=adyghe/>
|-
| Other
| [[Wikipedia:Arabic_language|Arabic]] ([[Wikipedia:ISO_233|ISO 233]] romanization)
| T̈ẗ /a(t)/
| This letter is used for transcribing the Arabic letter ة which is used for a suffix which may or may not include a /t/, depending on context.<ref name=ta'_marbutah>[[Wikipedia:Taw#Tāʼ marbūṭah|Taw, Tāʼ marbūṭah]] at Wikipedia.</ref> Note that there is no precomposed form of capital T̈.
|}
== Diaeresis/Umlaut in Phonetic Transcription ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Uses of diaeresis/umlaut
! Use
! Transcription system
! Notes
|-
| [[Wikipedia:Relative_articulation#Centralized|Centralized]] vowel
| [[IPA|International Phonetic Alphabet]] (IPA)
| Used for marking that a vowel has (more) centralized place of articulation (than what the base letter implies).<ref name=centralization>[[Wikipedia:Relative_articulation#Centralized|Relative articulation, Centralized]] at Wikipedia.</ref>
|}
|}


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|-
|-
| Digraph disambiguation
| Digraph disambiguation
| [[Lhueslue]]
| [[Lhueslue]] (external romanization)
| [[User:Qwynegold|Qwynegold]]
| [[User:Qwynegold|Qwynegold]]
| Ëë /e/
| Ëë /e/
| The diaeresis is used when /e/ follows another vowel, and signals that these two vowel letters do not form a digraph. These two vowels are pronounced as a diphthong.<ref name=lhueslue>[[Lhueslue#Romanization|Lhueslue, Romanization]] at FrathWiki.</ref>
| The diaeresis is used when /e/ follows another vowel, and signals that these two vowel letters do not form a digraph. These two vowels are pronounced as a diphthong.<ref name=lhueslue>[[Lhueslue#Romanization|Lhueslue, Romanization]] at FrathWiki.</ref>
|-
| rowspan = 2 | [[Wikipedia:Front_vowel|Front]] version of [[Wikipedia:Back_vowel|back vowel]]
| [[Qwynegold]] (Qwadralónia dialect)
| [[User:Qwynegold|Qwynegold]]
| Ää /æ, ɛ/, Ä́ä́ /æˑ, ɛˑ/, Ā̈ā̈ /æː, ɛː/, Öö /ø, œ/, Ö́ö́ /øˑ, œˑ/, Ō̈ō̈ /øː, œː/
| Ä́ä́, Ā̈ā̈, Ö́ö́, Ō̈ō̈ have no precomposed forms.
|-
| [[Songulda_language|Songulda]] (external romanization)
| [[User:Qwynegold|Qwynegold]]
| Öö /ø/, Üü /y/
| Unaccented Oo, Uu stand for /o, u/.<ref name=songulda>[[Songulda_language#Romanization_and_pronunciation|Songulda language, Romanization and pronunciation]] at FrathWiki.</ref>
|-
| [[Wikipedia:Stress_(linguistics)|Stress]]
| [[Seebee]] (external romanization)
| [[User:Qwynegold|Qwynegold]]
| ȷ̈ /ˈj/
| Normally a dot is placed below the first letter of a stressed syllable, but in the case of lower case j, umlaut is used instead because there is not space for a dot neither below or above the letter otherwise. Note that ȷ̈ is not a precomposed letter, but a combination of dotless ȷ and combining diaeresis.
|}
|}


Latest revision as of 02:42, 6 July 2021

Diaeresis (known as tréma in French) and umlaut both employ the same character. But there is a difference of use between diaeresis and umlaut. Letters with umlaut stand for completely different sounds than their non-accented counterparts. For example in Swedish Oo represents /u/ while Öö represents /ø/. Diaeresis on the other hand does not change the sound value of a letter, but instead marks that a vowel is not part of a diphthong or digraph. Both are also known under the general name trema.

The diaeresis and umlaut characters have different origins. Diaeresis was borrowed from the Greek alphabet,[1] while umlaut began as a small e placed on top of Aa, Oo or Uu. This e then later evolved into the same shape as diaeresis.[2]

Diaeresis/Umlaut in Unicode

Characters with Diaeresis/Umlaut
¨ ◌̈ Ä ä Ǟ ǟ Ë ë Ḧ ḧ Ï ï Ḯ
U+00A8 U+0308 U+00C4 U+00E4 U+01DE U+01DF U+00CB U+00EB U+1E26 U+1E27 U+00CF ​ U+00EF U+1E2E
Diaeresis Combining Diaeresis Latin Capital Letter A With Diaeresis Latin Small Letter A With Diaeresis Latin Capital Letter A With Diaeresis And Macron Latin Small Letter A With Diaeresis And Macron Latin Capital Letter E With Diaeresis Latin Small Letter E With Diaeresis Latin Capital Letter H With Diaeresis Latin Small Letter H With Diaeresis Latin Capital Letter I With Diaeresis Latin Small Letter I With Diaeresis Latin Capital Letter I With Diaeresis And Acute
ḯ Ö ö Ȫ ȫ Ṏ ṏ ẗ Ü ü Ǖ ǖ Ǘ
U+1E2F U+00D6 U+00F6 ​ U+022A U+022B U+1E4E U+1E4F U+1E97 U+00DC ​ U+00FC U+01D5 U+01D6 U+01D7
Latin Small Letter I With Diaeresis And Acute ​ Latin Capital Letter O With Diaeresis Latin Small Letter O With Diaeresis ​ Latin Capital Letter O With Diaeresis And Macron Latin Small Letter O With Diaeresis And Macron Latin Capital Letter O With Tilde And Diaeresis Latin Small Letter O With Tilde And Diaeresis Latin Small Letter T With Diaeresis Latin Capital Letter U With Diaeresis Latin Small Letter U With Diaeresis Latin Capital Letter U With Diaeresis And Macron Latin Small Letter U With Diaeresis And Macron ​ Latin Capital Letter U With Diaeresis And Acute
ǘ Ǚ ǚ Ǜ ǜ Ṻ ṻ Ẅ ẅ Ẍ ẍ Ÿ ÿ
U+01D8 U+01D9 U+01DA U+01DB U+01DC U+1E7A U+1E7B U+1E84 U+1E85 U+1E8C U+1E8D U+0178 U+00FF
Latin Small Letter U With Diaeresis And Acute Latin Capital Letter U With Diaeresis And Caron Latin Small Letter U With Diaeresis And Caron Latin Capital Letter U With Diaeresis And Grave Latin Small Letter U With Diaeresis And Grave Latin Capital Letter U With Macron And Diaeresis Latin Small Letter U With Macron And Diaeresis Latin Capital Letter W With Diaeresis Latin Small Letter W With Diaeresis Latin Capital Letter X With Diaeresis Latin Small Letter X With Diaeresis Latin Capital Letter Y With Diaeresis Latin Small Letter Y With Diaeresis

Diaeresis/Umlaut in Natlangs

Uses of Diaeresis or Umlaut
Usage Language Letters Notes
Central vowel Albanian (Manastir (current) alphabet) Ëë /ə/
Kazakh (2019 and 2021 alphabets, as well as Kazinform's romanization) Üü /ʉ/ Unaccented Uu stands for /ʊ/ in the 2019 alphabet and Kazinform's romanization, and for /ʊw/ and /w/ in the 2021 alphabet.[3]
Moro Ëë /ˈəː/ This letter represents a "long or stressed ‘ə’",[4] but the phonemicity of it is contested.[5] The orthography for Moro did not have capital letters originally.[4]
Change of place of articulation Malagasy N̈n̈ /ŋ/ This letter is used in some dialects. It may optionally be replaced by Ññ or Ng ng.[6] Note that N̈n̈ is not a precomposed letter.
Diphthong Adyghe (BGN/PCGN 2012 romanization) Ëë /jo/ Ëë only appears in Russian loan words, as transliteration of Cyrillic Ёё.[7]
Kazakh (Kazinform's romanization) Ïï /əj/ This romanizations also used Iı for /ə/ and İi for /ɪ/.[3]
Disambiguation of homographs Tahitian Ïï /iː/ This letter is only used in the reflexive pronoun ïa to distinguish from some other word, pronounced the same. The letter is barely used nowadays however.[8]
Front version of back vowel (Ää is included here, even though its unaccented version is not a back vowel in all of these languages) Estonian Ää /æ/, Öö /ø/, Üü /y/
Finnish Ää /æ/, Öö /ø/ Usage borrowed from Swedish.
German Ää /ɛ/, Öö /ø/, Üü /y/ The umlaut evolved from the letter e in the digraphs ae, oe and ue.
Hungarian Öö /ø/, Üü /y/
Icelandic Öö /œ/
Kazakh (2019 and 2021 alphabets, as well as Kazinform's romanization) Ää /æ/, Öö /œ/ Unaccented Aa and Oo stand for /ɑ/ and /o/ respectively.[3]
Livonian Ää /æ/, Ǟǟ /æː/
Mandarin (Pinyin romanization) Üü /y/, Ǖǖ /y˥/, Ǘǘ /y˧˥/, Ǚǚ /y˨˩˦/, Ǜǜ /˥˩/ Üü without tone markings may stand for the so called neutral tone,[9] or it is simply due to no tone marks being used in the given text.[10] Note that these tone values are based on the Beijing dialect.[11]
Slovak Ää /æ~ɛ/ [æ] is dialectal pronunciation, with most speakers merging it with the phoneme /ɛ/ or /a/.[12]
Swedish Ää /ɛ/, Öö /ø/, Üü /y/ The umlaut evolved from the letter e in the digraphs ae[13] and oe.[14] Üü is not really a part of the Swedish alphabet, but is regularly used in some loanwords and surnames.
Turkish Öö /œ/, Üü /y/ Oo and Uu stand for /o/ and /u/, respectively.
Hiatus Catalan Ïï /i/, Üü /u/ Diaeresis on an Ii or Uu following another vowel marks that the two vowels are in different syllables. Without diaeresis, the Ii or Uu would stand for a semivowel.[15]
French Ëë, Ïï, Üü, Ÿÿ
Welsh Ëë /ɛ, eː/, Ïï /ɪ, iː, ij/, Üü /ɨ̞, ɨː, ɪ, iː/, Ẅẅ /ʊ, uː/, Ÿÿ /ɨ̞, ɨː, ɪ, iː, ə, əː/ The diaeresis is used for marking that a vowel is not part of a diphthong. The diaeresis is sometimes omitted in casual speech. Ïï stands for /ij/ when it is followed by another vowel.[16] Regarding Üü and Ÿÿ: The realizations /ɨ̞, ɨː, ə/ are used in northern dialects and /ɪ, iː, ə, əː/ in southern dialects.
Non-silent vowel Catalan Üü /w/ Diaeresis on an Uu that is between Gg or Qq and a front vowel marks that this letter stands for /w/. Otherwise it would be a part of the digraph Gu gu /g/ or Qu qu /k/ that is used before front vowels.[15]
Spanish Üü [w] Diaeresis is used on a Uu between Gg and a front vowel, to show that the Uu is not a silent letter as would otherwise be the case.[17]
Raised vowel Hungarian Ëë /e/ Unaccented Ee stands for /ɛ/. Ëë is not really a part of the Hungarian alphabet however; it is used when writing down spoken or sung language in a dialect that has this phoneme.
Short vowel Adyghe (BGN/PCGN 2012 romanization) Ää /a/ Unaccented Aa represents /aː/.[7]
Other Arabic (ISO 233 romanization) T̈ẗ /a(t)/ This letter is used for transcribing the Arabic letter ة which is used for a suffix which may or may not include a /t/, depending on context.[18] Note that there is no precomposed form of capital T̈.

Diaeresis/Umlaut in Phonetic Transcription

Uses of diaeresis/umlaut
Use Transcription system Notes
Centralized vowel International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) Used for marking that a vowel has (more) centralized place of articulation (than what the base letter implies).[19]

Diaeresis/Umlaut in Conlangs

Uses of Diaeresis or Umlaut
Usage Language Creator Letters Notes
Digraph disambiguation Lhueslue (external romanization) Qwynegold Ëë /e/ The diaeresis is used when /e/ follows another vowel, and signals that these two vowel letters do not form a digraph. These two vowels are pronounced as a diphthong.[20]
Front version of back vowel Qwynegold (Qwadralónia dialect) Qwynegold Ää /æ, ɛ/, Ä́ä́ /æˑ, ɛˑ/, Ā̈ā̈ /æː, ɛː/, Öö /ø, œ/, Ö́ö́ /øˑ, œˑ/, Ō̈ō̈ /øː, œː/ Ä́ä́, Ā̈ā̈, Ö́ö́, Ō̈ō̈ have no precomposed forms.
Songulda (external romanization) Qwynegold Öö /ø/, Üü /y/ Unaccented Oo, Uu stand for /o, u/.[21]
Stress Seebee (external romanization) Qwynegold ȷ̈ /ˈj/ Normally a dot is placed below the first letter of a stressed syllable, but in the case of lower case j, umlaut is used instead because there is not space for a dot neither below or above the letter otherwise. Note that ȷ̈ is not a precomposed letter, but a combination of dotless ȷ and combining diaeresis.

See Also

References

  1. ↑ Diaeresis, Diaeresis, History at Wikipedia.
  2. ↑ Diaeresis, Umlaut, History at Wikipedia.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Kazakh alphabets at Wikipedia. See also Kazakh language, Phonology on Wikipedia.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Guest, Elizabeth. 1997. Moro Phonology.
  5. ↑ Blench, Roger. 2005. A dictionary of the Moro language of the Nuba hills, Sudan .
  6. ↑ Malagasy language, Diacritics at Wikipedia.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Romanization of Adyghe (PDF).
  8. ↑ Tahitian language, Phonology at Wikipedia. The source is not entirely clear regarding the word ïa, but it seems to be pronounced /iːa/.
  9. ↑ Pinyin, Numerals in place of tone marks at Wikipedia.
  10. ↑ Pinyin at Wikipedia.
  11. ↑ Mandarin Chinese, Tones at Wikipedia.
  12. ↑ Slovak phonology at Wikipedia.
  13. ↑ Ä at Wikipedia.
  14. ↑ Ö at Wikipedia.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Catalan alphabet, Diaeresis at Wikipedia.
  16. ↑ Welsh orthography at Wikipedia.
  17. ↑ Spanish orthography, Special and modified letters at Wikipedia.
  18. ↑ Taw, Tāʼ marbūṭah at Wikipedia.
  19. ↑ Relative articulation, Centralized at Wikipedia.
  20. ↑ Lhueslue, Romanization at FrathWiki.
  21. ↑ Songulda language, Romanization and pronunciation at FrathWiki.


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