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The first use of tilde, ◌͂, was in Ancient Greek, though in that context it's called circumflex. This diacritic was used for indicating pitch accent.<ref name=greek_tilde>[[Wikipedia:Tilde#Pitch|Tilde, Pitch]] at Wikipedia.</ref> In medieval times scribes used tildes above letters to indicate omissions. It could stand for an omitted Mm or Nn, though it could also stand for whole sequences of letters. Ññ comes from a digraph, Nn nn, as the tilde is essentially the same as a small Nn. Vowels with tilde in Portuguese have a similar origin.<ref name=tilde_origins>[[Wikipedia:Tilde|Tilde]] at Wikipedia.</ref>
== Tilde in Unicode ==
== Tilde in Unicode ==
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
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| Tilde || Small Tilde || Combining Tilde || Latin Capital Letter A With Tilde || Latin Small Letter A With Tilde || Latin Capital Letter A With Circumflex And Tilde || Latin Small Letter A With Circumflex And Tilde || Latin Capital Letter A With Breve And Tilde || Latin Small Letter A With Breve And Tilde || Latin Capital Letter E With Tilde || Latin Small Letter E With Tilde || Latin Capital Letter E With Circumflex And Tilde || Latin Small Letter E With Circumflex And Tilde
| Tilde || Small Tilde || Combining Tilde || Latin Capital Letter A With Tilde || Latin Small Letter A With Tilde || Latin Capital Letter A With Circumflex And Tilde || Latin Small Letter A With Circumflex And Tilde || Latin Capital Letter A With Breve And Tilde || Latin Small Letter A With Breve And Tilde || Latin Capital Letter E With Tilde || Latin Small Letter E With Tilde || Latin Capital Letter E With Circumflex And Tilde || Latin Small Letter E With Circumflex And Tilde
|-
|-
| '''Note:''' May be confused with swung dash, ⁓ (U+2053). || || || || || || || || || || || ||
| colspan=3 | '''Note:''' May be confused with Combining Acute-Grave-Acute, ◌᷉ (U+1DC9); Swung Dash, ⁓ (U+2053); Tilde Operator, ∼ (U+223C); Reversed Tilde, ∽ (U+223D); or Fullwidth Tilde, ～ (U+FF5E). || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
|-
| style="font-size:180%" | Ĩ || style="font-size:180%" | ĩ || style="font-size:180%" | Ñ || style="font-size:180%" | ñ || style="font-size:180%" | Õ || style="font-size:180%" | õ || style="font-size:180%" | Ȭ || style="font-size:180%" | ȭ || style="font-size:180%" | Ṍ || style="font-size:180%" | ṍ || style="font-size:180%" | Ṏ || style="font-size:180%" | ṏ || style="font-size:180%" | Ỗ
| style="font-size:180%" | Ĩ || style="font-size:180%" | ĩ || style="font-size:180%" | Ñ || style="font-size:180%" | ñ || style="font-size:180%" | Õ || style="font-size:180%" | õ || style="font-size:180%" | Ȭ || style="font-size:180%" | ȭ || style="font-size:180%" | Ṍ || style="font-size:180%" | ṍ || style="font-size:180%" | Ṏ || style="font-size:180%" | ṏ || style="font-size:180%" | Ỗ
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! Letters
! Letters
! Notes
! Notes
|-
| rowspan=6 | Change of [[Wikipedia:Place_of_articulation|place of articulation]]
| [[Basque]]
| rowspan=2 | Ññ /ɲ/
| Borrowed from Spanish.<ref name=basque_n_tilde>[[Wikipedia:Ñ#Cross-linguistic_usage|Ñ, Cross-linguistic usage]] at Wikipedia.</ref>
|-
| [[Wikipedia:ISO_15919|ISO 15919]] romanization of Indic scripts
| Ññ is used for transcribing the Indic diacritic [[Wikipedia:Anusvara|anusvāra]] before palatal consonants.<ref name=iso_15919>[[Wikipedia:ISO_15919#Comparison_with_UNRSGN_and_IAST|ISO 15919, Comparison with UNRSGN and IAST]] at Wikipedia.</ref>
|-
| [[Wikipedia:Kazakh_language|Kazakh]] (revised 2021 alphabet and [[Wikipedia:Kazinform|Kazinform]]'s romanization)
| rowspan=2 | Ññ /ŋ/
| The 2021 alphabet, which was presented in January and scheduled to come into use in 2023, originally had the letter Ŋŋ. But in April this was changed to Ññ.<ref name=kazakh>[[Wikipedia:Kazakh_alphabets|Kazakh alphabets]] at Wikipedia.</ref>
|-
| [[Wikipedia:Malagasy_language|Malagasy]]
| This letter may occasionally be seen used instead of N̈n̈. Ng ng may also be used.<ref name=malagasy>[[Wikipedia:Malagasy_language#Diacritics|Malagasy language, Diacritics]] at Wikipedia.</ref>
|-
| [[Wikipedia:Moro_language|Moro]]
| rowspan=2 | Ññ /ɲ/
| The orthography for Moro did not have capital letters originally.<ref name=moro_capitalization>Guest, Elizabeth. 1997. [http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/Kordofanian/Moro/guest_moro-phonology1997.pdf Moro Phonology].</ref>
|-
| [[Spanish]]
| Stems from an older Nn nn.<ref name=spanish_n_tilde>[[Wikipedia:Tilde#Palatal_n|Tilde, Palatal n]] at Wikipedia.</ref>
|-
|-
| [[Wikipedia:Glottalization|Glottalized]] vowel
| [[Wikipedia:Glottalization|Glottalized]] vowel
| [[Wikipedia:Vietnamese_language|Vietnamese]]
| [[Wikipedia:Vietnamese_language|Vietnamese]]
| Ãã /aˀː˧˥/, Ẵẵ /aˀ˧˥/, Ẫẫ /əˀ˧˥/, Ẽẽ /ɛˀ˧˥/, Ễễ /eˀ˧˥/, Ĩĩ /iˀ˧˥/, Õõ /ɔˀ˧˥/, Ỗỗ /oˀ˧˥/, Ỡỡ /əˀː˧˥/, Ũũ /uˀ˧˥/, Ữữ /ɨˀ˧˥/, Ỹỹ /iˀ˧˥/
| Ãã /aˀː˧˥/, Ẵẵ /aˀ˧˥/, Ẫẫ /əˀ˧˥/, Ẽẽ /ɛˀ˧˥/, Ễễ /eˀ˧˥/, Ĩĩ /iˀ˧˥/, Õõ /ɔˀ˧˥/, Ỗỗ /oˀ˧˥/, Ỡỡ /əˀː˧˥/, Ũũ /uˀ˧˥/, Ữữ /ɨˀ˧˥/, Ỹỹ /iˀ˧˥/
| The tilde stands for mid rising tone interrupted by a glottal stop.{{ref|Vietnamese_tones}} There are many exceptions to the phonemic values of these letters though.{{ref|Vietnamese_orthography}}
| The tilde stands for mid rising tone interrupted by a glottal stop.<ref name=vietnamese_tones>[[Wikipedia:Vietnamese_language#Tones_2|Vietnamese language, Language variation, Tones]] at Wikipedia.</ref> There are many exceptions to the phonemic values of these letters though.<ref name=vietnamese_orthography>[[Wikipedia:Vietnamese_orthography#Pronunciation|Vietnamese orthography, Pronunciation]] at Wikipedia.</ref>
|-
| [[Wikipedia:Nasalization|Nasalization]]
| [[Wikipedia:Portuguese_language|Portuguese]]
| Ãã /ɐ̃/, Õõ /õ/
| They stem from older Aᷠaᷠ, Oᷠoᷠ.<ref name=portuguese>[[Wikipedia:Tilde#Nasalization|Tilde, Nasalization]] at Wikipedia.</ref>
|-
|-
| [[Wikipedia:Roundedness|Unrounded vowel]]
| [[Wikipedia:Roundedness|Unrounded vowel]]
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|
|
|-
|-
| rowspan=2 | Other
| Other
| [[Wikipedia:ISO_15919|ISO 15919]] romanization of Indic scripts
| Ññ
| Ññ is used for transcribing the Indic diacritic [[Wikipedia:Anusvara|anusvāra]] before palatal consonants.{{ref|ISO_15919}}
|-
| [[Wikipedia:Livonian_language|Livonian]]
| [[Wikipedia:Livonian_language|Livonian]]
| Õõ /ɨ/, Ȭȭ /ɨː/
| Õõ /ɨ/, Ȭȭ /ɨː/
|
|
|}
|}
The '''tilde''' is a variable-use diacritic.


Unicode recognizes the following precomposed tilde-appended letters: ''ã ẽ ĩ ɫ ñ õ ũ ṽ ỹ''
== Tilde in Conlangs ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Uses of Tilde
! Use
! Language
! Letters
! Notes
|-
| Change of [[Wikipedia:Place_of_articulation|place of articulation]]
| [[Quenya]]
| Ññ /ŋ/
|
|}


The two most common uses originate from the Iberian peninsula:
== Tilde in Phonetic Transcriptions ==
* '''Nasalization'''
{| class="wikitable"
** [[Portuguese]] marks its nasal vowels by ''ã õ'' (from older ''aⁿ oⁿ'').
|+ Uses of Tilde
** Inspired by this, the [[IPA]] marks [[nasalization]] of any segment with a superscript tilde, as in [ã].
! Use
** Several other nat- and conlangs follow suit.
! Transcription system
* '''Palatalization'''
! Characters
** [[Spanish]] ''ñ'' (from older ''nn'') represents a [[palatal nasal]] /ɲ/.
! Notes
** This has also been adpoted for [[Basque]].
|-
 
| [[Wikipedia:Nasalization|Nasalization]]
Other uses include:
| [[Wikipedia:International_phonetic_alphabet|International Phonetic Alphabet]] (IPA)
* '''Emphasis'''
| ◌̃
** Older IPA standards use a middle tilde for [[velarization]] or [[pharyngealization]]. This still survives in ''[[ɫ]]''.
| Used for both nasalized vowels and nasalized consonants.
** Transcription of [[Quenya]] uses ''ñ'' to represent a [[velar nasal]] /ŋ/.
|}
* '''Derounding''': [[Estonian]] uses ''õ'' to represent a [[close-mid back unrounded vowel]] /ɤ/.
* '''Tone''': Falling tone in ancient [[Greek]] is sometimes marked with a tilde (the usual diacritic is [[circumflex]]).


== See Also ==
== See Also ==
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== References ==
== References ==
# {{note|Vietnamese_tones}} [[Wikipedia:Vietnamese_language#Tones_2|Vietnamese tones]] at Wikipedia.
<references/>
# {{note|Vietnamese_orthography}} [[Wikipedia:Vietnamese_orthography#Pronunciation|Vietnamese orthography]] at Wikipedia.
<br>
# {{note|ISO_15919}} [[Wikipedia:ISO_15919#Comparison_with_UNRSGN_and_IAST|ISO 15919]] at Wikipedia.
 
[[Category:Natscripts]]
[[Category:Natscripts]]
[[Category:Orthography]]
[[Category:Orthography]]

Latest revision as of 07:34, 28 June 2021

The first use of tilde, ◌͂, was in Ancient Greek, though in that context it's called circumflex. This diacritic was used for indicating pitch accent.[1] In medieval times scribes used tildes above letters to indicate omissions. It could stand for an omitted Mm or Nn, though it could also stand for whole sequences of letters. Ññ comes from a digraph, Nn nn, as the tilde is essentially the same as a small Nn. Vowels with tilde in Portuguese have a similar origin.[2]

Tilde in Unicode

Characters with Tilde
~ ˜ ​ ◌̃ Ã ã Ẫ ẫ Ẵ ẵ Ẽ ẽ Ễ ễ
U+007E U+02DC U+0303 ​ U+00C3 U+00E3 ​ U+1EAA U+1EAB U+1EB4 U+1EB5 U+1EBC U+1EBD U+1EC4 U+1EC5
Tilde Small Tilde Combining Tilde Latin Capital Letter A With Tilde Latin Small Letter A With Tilde Latin Capital Letter A With Circumflex And Tilde Latin Small Letter A With Circumflex And Tilde Latin Capital Letter A With Breve And Tilde Latin Small Letter A With Breve And Tilde Latin Capital Letter E With Tilde Latin Small Letter E With Tilde Latin Capital Letter E With Circumflex And Tilde Latin Small Letter E With Circumflex And Tilde
Note: May be confused with Combining Acute-Grave-Acute, ◌᷉ (U+1DC9); Swung Dash, ⁓ (U+2053); Tilde Operator, ∼ (U+223C); Reversed Tilde, ∽ (U+223D); or Fullwidth Tilde, ～ (U+FF5E).
Ĩ ĩ Ñ ñ Õ õ Ȭ ȭ Ṍ ṍ Ṏ ṏ Ỗ
U+0128 U+0129 ​ U+00D1 U+00F1 U+00D5 U+00F5 U+022C U+022D U+1E4C U+1E4D U+1E4E U+1E4F U+1ED6
Latin Capital Letter I With Tilde Latin Small Letter I With Tilde Latin Capital Letter N With Tilde Latin Small Letter N With Tilde Latin Capital Letter O With Tilde Latin Small Letter O With Tilde Latin Capital Letter O With Tilde And Macron Latin Small Letter O With Tilde And Macron Latin Capital Letter O With Tilde And Acute Latin Small Letter O With Tilde And Acute Latin Capital Letter O With Tilde And Diaeresis Latin Small Letter O With Tilde And Diaeresis Latin Capital Letter O With Circumflex And Tilde
ỗ Ỡ ỡ Ũ ũ Ṹ ṹ Ữ ữ Ṽ ṽ Ỹ ỹ
U+1ED7 U+1EE0 U+1EE1 U+0168 U+0169 U+1E78 U+1E79 U+1EEE U+1EEF U+1E7C U+1E7D U+1EF8 U+1EF9
Latin Small Letter O With Circumflex And Tilde Latin Capital Letter O With Horn And Tilde Latin Small Letter O With Horn And Tilde Latin Capital Letter U With Tilde Latin Small Letter U With Tilde Latin Capital Letter U With Tilde And Acute Latin Small Letter U With Tilde And Acute Latin Capital Letter U With Horn And Tilde Latin Small Letter U With Horn And Tilde Latin Capital Letter V With Tilde Latin Small Letter V With Tilde Latin Capital Letter Y With Tilde Latin Small Letter Y With Tilde

Tilde in Natlangs

Uses of Tilde
Use Language Letters Notes
Change of place of articulation Basque Ññ /ɲ/ Borrowed from Spanish.[3]
ISO 15919 romanization of Indic scripts Ññ is used for transcribing the Indic diacritic anusvāra before palatal consonants.[4]
Kazakh (revised 2021 alphabet and Kazinform's romanization) Ññ /ŋ/ The 2021 alphabet, which was presented in January and scheduled to come into use in 2023, originally had the letter Ŋŋ. But in April this was changed to Ññ.[5]
Malagasy This letter may occasionally be seen used instead of N̈n̈. Ng ng may also be used.[6]
Moro Ññ /ɲ/ The orthography for Moro did not have capital letters originally.[7]
Spanish Stems from an older Nn nn.[8]
Glottalized vowel Vietnamese Ãã /aˀː˧˥/, Ẵẵ /aˀ˧˥/, Ẫẫ /əˀ˧˥/, Ẽẽ /ɛˀ˧˥/, Ễễ /eˀ˧˥/, Ĩĩ /iˀ˧˥/, Õõ /ɔˀ˧˥/, Ỗỗ /oˀ˧˥/, Ỡỡ /əˀː˧˥/, Ũũ /uˀ˧˥/, Ữữ /ɨˀ˧˥/, Ỹỹ /iˀ˧˥/ The tilde stands for mid rising tone interrupted by a glottal stop.[9] There are many exceptions to the phonemic values of these letters though.[10]
Nasalization Portuguese Ãã /ɐ̃/, Õõ /õ/ They stem from older Aᷠaᷠ, Oᷠoᷠ.[11]
Unrounded vowel Estonian Õõ /ɤ/
Other Livonian Õõ /ɨ/, Ȭȭ /ɨː/

Tilde in Conlangs

Uses of Tilde
Use Language Letters Notes
Change of place of articulation Quenya Ññ /ŋ/

Tilde in Phonetic Transcriptions

Uses of Tilde
Use Transcription system Characters Notes
Nasalization International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) ◌̃ Used for both nasalized vowels and nasalized consonants.

See Also

References

  1. ↑ Tilde, Pitch at Wikipedia.
  2. ↑ Tilde at Wikipedia.
  3. ↑ Ñ, Cross-linguistic usage at Wikipedia.
  4. ↑ ISO 15919, Comparison with UNRSGN and IAST at Wikipedia.
  5. ↑ Kazakh alphabets at Wikipedia.
  6. ↑ Malagasy language, Diacritics at Wikipedia.
  7. ↑ Guest, Elizabeth. 1997. Moro Phonology.
  8. ↑ Tilde, Palatal n at Wikipedia.
  9. ↑ Vietnamese language, Language variation, Tones at Wikipedia.
  10. ↑ Vietnamese orthography, Pronunciation at Wikipedia.
  11. ↑ Tilde, Nasalization at Wikipedia.


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