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''See also:'' [[Kala/lexicon|Kala lexicon]]
''See also:'' [[Kala/lexicon|Kala lexicon]] & [[Kala/affixes/use|Affixes by use]]


These are the functional affixes used in Kala. There are notes at the bottom of the page to explain exceptions and special cases.
These are the functional affixes used in Kala.  


==== pa ====
{{Template:Nkala2}}


'''-pa''' is taken from '''[[Kala/lexicon#pa|pala]]''', meaning "be able; can; ability; be possible". It is used to convey the concept of capability or what is possible. It can also be analyzed as a abilitative mood [ABIL] affix.
== pa ==


* '''na inapa'''
* '''-pa''' marks the [[wp:Natchez_language#Preverbs|Abilitative]] ('''ABIL''')
: I am able to eat.
: from [[Kala/lexicon#pa|'''pala''']]
:: '''na mokuye<span style="color:red">pa</span>k''' - <small>1s sleep-PST-ABIL-NEG</small> - ''I was unable to sleep.''
:: '''nam mue pana ke mauam anya<span style="color:red">pa</span>k''' - <small>1pl without rain O flower-PL see-ABIL-NEG</small> - ''We cannot see the flowers without rain.''


* '''kamena anyapayek'''
* '''-pe''' marks "piece; part of ~" ('''part''')
: They were unable to see me.
: from [[Kala/lexicon#pa|'''peya''']]
:: '''mita ke ina<span style="color:red">pe</span> yatsi''' - <small>dog O food-part chew</small> - ''The dog is chewing the morsel.''


==== pe ====
* '''-pu''' marks "clothing of/for ~" ('''wear''')
: from [[Kala/lexicon#pa|'''puku''']]
:: '''naya tayo ke ana<span style="color:red">pu</span> nomo ka''' - <small>wife 2sg.GEN O head-wear like Q</small> - ''Does your wife like hats?''


'''-pe''' is taken from '''[[Kala/lexicon#pa|peya]]''', meaning "part of; piece of". It is used to convey the concept of a partitive construction or what is partial.
* '''-pua''' marks the [[wp:Perfective_aspect|Perfective]] ('''PFV''')
: from [[Kala/lexicon#a|'''opua''']]
:: '''kam ina<span style="color:red">pua</span>''' - <small>3pl eat-PFV</small> - ''They have eaten.''


* '''etla inape'''
* '''-pya''' marks the Attemptative ('''ATT''')
: It is a crumb.
: from [[Kala/lexicon#a|'''upya''']]
:: '''neko ke panya mata<span style="color:red">pya</span>''' - <small>cat O mouse kill-ATT</small> - ''The cat is trying to kill the mouse.''
:: '''ima ha ina<span style="color:red">pya</span>k''' - <small>now 3s eat-ATT-NEG</small> - ''She hasn't tried to eat yet.''


* '''itsakape hikyampa'''
* '''-pye''' marks the Excessive ('''EXC''')
: This section of the house is very old.
: from [[Kala/lexicon#ka|'''kupye''']]
:: '''itanu taha<span style="color:red">pye</span>''' - <small>PROX-plate big-EXC</small> - ''This plate is too big.''


==== pi ====
* '''-pyo''' marks "disease (of ~); ill; sick" ('''ill''')
: from [[Kala/lexicon#pa|'''pyoki''']]
:: '''ha ke tsini<span style="color:red">pyo</span> yoha''' - <small>3sg O sugar-ill have</small> - ''He has diabetes.''


==== po ====
* '''-pao''' marks "crooked; warped; unbalanced" ('''warp''')
: from [[Kala/lexicon#pa|'''payo''']]
:: '''ke mita hayo anya<span style="color:red">pao</span> yoha''' - <small>O dog 3sg.GEN eye-warp have</small> - ''Her dog has a crooked eye (Strabismus).''


'''-po''' is taken from '''[[Kala/lexicon#na|nipo]]''', meaning "compel, force". It is used to convey the concept being forced or compelled to  do something.
=== mpa ===


* '''ena inapo'''
* '''-mpa''' marks "many/much~" ('''many''')
: I am compelled to eat.
: from [[Kala/lexicon#mpa|'''mpa''']] (originally from '''-m''' "plural" + '''-ha''' "augmentative")
:: '''yemita<span style="color:red">mpa</span>''' - <small>DIST-dog-many</small> - ''Those many dogs (over there).''


* '''ha'ena inapopapuak'''
* '''-mpe''' marks the Limitative ('''LIM''')
: She has not been able to compel me to eat.
: from [[Kala/lexicon#mpa|'''mpe''']]
:: '''tlana<span style="color:red">mpe</span> kala''' - <small>people-LIM speak</small> - ''Only people speak.''


==== pu ====
* '''-mpo''' marks "bad; unfavorable; unpleasant" ('''bad''')
: from [[Kala/lexicon#ma|'''mala''']]
:: '''ke naku nayo keha<span style="color:red">mpo</span>''' - <small>O sister 1s.GEN body-bad</small> - ''My sister is infirmed.''


'''-pu''' is taken from '''[[Kala/lexicon#pa|puku]]''', meaning "attire; clothes; clothing". It is used to mark clothing as it relates to the portion of the body it covers.
* '''-mpu''' marks "~ formed/shaped" ('''shape''')
: from [[Kala/lexicon#a|'''umpu''']]  
:: '''na'am ke panu tsaka<span style="color:red">mpu</span> inaye''' - <small>1pl.EXCL O cake house-shape eat-PST</small> - ''We ate a house-shaped cake.''


* '''mo anapu tayo ka'''
== ta ==
: Where is your hat?


* '''yakapu kue hakanke'''
* '''-ta''' marks the [[wp:Grammatical_gender|Masculine]] ('''MASC''')
: A pant leg is not pants.
: from [[Kala/lexicon#tla|'''tlaka''']]
:: '''mo ke uma<span style="color:red">ta</span> hayo ka''' - <small>place O horse-MASC 3s.GEN Q</small> - ''Where's her stallion?''


==== pua ====
* '''-te''' marks the [[wp:Irrealis_mood#List_of_irrealis_moods|Precative]] ('''PREC''')
: from [[Kala/lexicon#ta|'''teya''']]
:: '''ke asi yeta<span style="color:red">te</span>''' - <small>O salt give-PREC</small> - ''Will you please pass me the salt?''
:: '''sima<span style="color:red">te</span>''' - <small>sit-PREC</small> - ''Please, sit.''


'''-pua''' is taken from '''[[Kala/lexicon#a|opua]]''', meaning "finished; complete". It is used to mark the [[wp:Perfective_aspect|perfective aspect]].
* '''ti-''' marks a [[wp:Tuple|Multiple]] ('''MUL''')
: from [[Kala/lexicon#ta|'''tiha''']]
:: '''<span style="color:red">ti</span>ueta'o''' - <small>MUL-ten-two</small> - ''duodecuple''


* '''ha inapua'''
* '''-to''' marks "manner/method of ~" ('''way''')
: He has eaten.
: from [[Kala/lexicon#ta|'''to''']]
:: '''yama<span style="color:red">to</span>''' - <small>mountain-way</small> - ''mountaineering''
:: '''muhi<span style="color:red">to</span>''' - <small>environment-way</small> - ''environmentalism''


* '''ta ke mita anyapuaye ka'''
* '''-tai''' "so-called" ('''so.called''')
: Had you seen the dog?
: from [[Kala/lexicon#a|'''ata''']]
:: '''kamahi<span style="color:red">tai</span>''' - <small>village-so.called</small> - ''The so-called village.''
::: <small>indicates that the speaker thinks what he is referencing is not actually represented by the noun</small>


==== pya ====
=== nta ===


'''-pya''' is taken from '''[[Kala/lexicon#a|upya]]''', meaning "attempt; try". It is used to mark the attemptive mood.
* '''-nta''' marks "relative; kin" ('''kin''')
: from [[Kala/lexicon#na|'''nata''']]
:: '''<span style="color:red">nta</span>ku''' - <small>sibling</small> - ''sibling''
:: '''<span style="color:red">nta</span>ya''' - <small>kin-marriage</small> - ''spouse''
::: <small>This suffix is also used when gender is neutral, or ambivalent.</small>


* '''ona hayo inapya'''
== ka ==
: Her mother is trying to eat.


* '''ta topupyaye ka'''
* '''-k''' marks [[wp:Affirmative_and_negative#Simple_negation_of_verbs_and_clauses|Negation]] ('''NEG''')
: Did you try to jump?
: from [[Kala/lexicon#nka|'''nke''']]
:: '''mita ina<span style="color:red">k</span>''' - <small>dog eat-NEG</small> - ''The dog doesn't eat.''
:: '''ya sima<span style="color:red">k</span>''' - <small>VOC sit-NEG</small> - ''Don't sit.''
::: <small>This suffix is changes to '''-nke''' when preceding syllable contains /k/. ''See [[Kala/affixes#nka|-nke]]''</small>


==== pye ====
* '''-ke''' marks the [[wp:Irrealis_mood#Dubitative|Dubitative]] ('''DUB''')
: from [[Kala/lexicon#ka|'''ketsa''']]
:: '''ha tsakahue<span style="color:red">ke</span>''' - <small>3s home-LOC-DUB</small> - ''I guess he is at home.'' <tt>lit: He is at home, supposedly.</tt>
:: '''kam inya<span style="color:red">ke</span>''' - <small>3pl hunger-DUB</small> - ''(It's doubtful that) they are hungry.''


'''-pye''' is taken from '''[[Kala/lexicon#ka|kupye]]''', meaning "too much/many; excessive(ly)". It is used to indicate excessiveness.
* '''-ki''' marks the [[wp:Reflexive_verb|Reflexive]] ('''REFL''')
: from [[Kala/lexicon#ka|'''ki''']]
:: '''na ma'a enya anya<span style="color:red">ki</span>''' - <small>1s with mirror see-REFL</small> - ''I look at myself with a mirror.''
::: <small>This can also mark the [[wp:Reflexive_pronoun|pronoun]]. ''See [[Kala/affixes#a|-i]]''</small>


* '''ke inapye'''
* '''ki-''' marks [[wp:Ordinal_number_(linguistics)|Ordinal]] numbers ('''ORD''')
: There's too much food.
: from [[Kala/lexicon#tsa|'''tsuki''']]
:: '''<span style="color:red">ki</span>ha'o''' - <small>ORD-three</small> - ''third / 3rd''


* '''kam tanapyenua'''
* '''-ko''' marks an [[wp:Agent_noun|Agent]] noun ('''AG''')
: They often fight too much.
: from [[Kala/lexicon#ka|'''ko''']]
:: '''taue kamyo tiya<span style="color:red">ko</span>''' - <small>cousin.male 3pl.GEN bread-AG</small> - ''Their cousin is a baker.''
:: '''ke yama<span style="color:red">ko</span> tipua'u''' - <small>O mountain-AG fall-PFV</small> - ''The mountaineer has fallen.''
::: <small>This suffix is changes to '''-tlo''' when preceding syllable contains /k/. ''See [[Kala/affixes#tla|-tlo]]''</small>


==== pyo ====
* '''-kua''' marks "all of ~; every ~" ('''all''')
: from [[Kala/lexicon#ka|'''kua''']]
:: '''mita<span style="color:red">kua</span> ina ma moku''' - <small>dog-all eat and sleep</small> - ''All dogs eat and sleep.''


'''-pyo''' is taken from '''[[Kala/lexicon#pa|pyoki]]''', meaning "disease; ill; (be) sick". It is used to indicate a type of illness.
* '''-kya''' marks the [[wp:Hortative#Cohortative|Hortative]] ('''HORT''')
: from [[Kala/lexicon#ka|'''kya''']]
:: '''ina<span style="color:red">kya</span>''' - <small>eat-HORT</small> - ''Let's eat!''


* '''naku na'amyo tsinipyoko'''
* '''-kyo''' marks "do ~ quickly" ('''quick''') (<small>This is a type of [[wp:Imperative_mood|imperative]].</small>)
: Our sister is a diabetic.
: from [[Kala/lexicon#ka|'''kyolo''']]
:: '''ua'e<span style="color:red">kyo</span>''' - <small>upward-quick</small> - ''Get up!''
:: '''kuama nam ina<span style="color:red">kyo</span>''' - <small>always 1pl eat-quick</small> - ''We always eat quickly.''


* '''ha ke pusupyo tese'''
* '''-kyo''' marks "school of ~" (<small>[[wp:-ism|-ism]]</small>) ('''school''')
: He suffers from Parkinson's disease.
: from [[Kala/lexicon#ha|'''hakyo''']]
:: '''tana<span style="color:red">kyo</span>''' - <small>fight-school</small> - ''dojo; martial arts training academy; etc''
:: '''kuha<span style="color:red">kyo</span>''' - <small>cook-school</small> - ''culinary-school; chef’s academy''
::: <small>This suffix is used to specify a location where students learn. This can also be used to indicate a school of thought, or ideology.</small>


==== pao ====
* '''-kan''' marks "chief/leader of ~" ('''chief''')
: from [[Kala/lexicon#ka|'''kana''']]
:: '''ta ke hakyo<span style="color:red">kan</span> unya ka''' - <small>2s O school-chief know Q</small> - ''Do you know the headmaster?''


'''-pao''' is taken from '''[[Kala/lexicon#pa|payo]]''', meaning "crooked; warped; unbalanced". It is used to indicate something is unusual, abnormal, or weird.
=== nka ===


* '''ueta nayo ke anyapao yoha'''
* '''-nke''' marks [[wp:Affirmative_and_negative#Simple_negation_of_verbs_and_clauses|Negation]] ('''NEG''')
: My uncle has a crooked eye.
: from [[Kala/lexicon#nka|'''nke''']]
:: '''ha aka<span style="color:red">nke</span>''' - <small>3s drive-NEG</small> - ''She doesn't drive.''
:: '''ya etla tseka<span style="color:red">nke</span>''' - <small>VOC P.4s pull-NEG</small> - ''Don't pull it.''
::: <small>This suffix is only used when the preceding syllable contains /k/. ''See [[Kala/affixes#ka|-k]]''</small>


* '''ke mutapao hayo nya yala nkumumya'''
* '''-nko''' marks the [[wp:Continuous_and_progressive_aspects|Progressive]] ('''PROG/CONT''')
: His warped spine causes (him) difficulty.
: from [[Kala/lexicon#nka|'''nkoso''']]
:: '''na ke niye puku<span style="color:red">nko</span>''' - <small>1s O undergarment wear-CONT</small> - ''I am wearing underclothes.''


==== mpa ====
* '''-nku''' marks the [[wp:Reciprocal_pronoun|Reciprocal]] ('''RECP''')
: from [[Kala/lexicon#a|'''anku''']]
:: '''ka<span style="color:red">nku</span> anya''' - <small>3pl.RECP see</small> - ''They see each other.''
::: <small>This suffix is only used with plural pronouns. It corresponds to "each other."</small>


'''-mpa''' is taken from '''[[Kala/lexicon#pa|mpa]]''', meaning "many; a lot; much". It is used to indicate a large indefinite quantity.
== ma ==


* '''mitampa ina'''
* '''-m''' marks the [[wp:Plural|Plural]] ('''PL''')
: Many dogs are eating.
: from [[Kala/lexicon#ma|'''ma''']]
:: '''nam ke mita<span style="color:red">m</span> yoha''' - <small>1pl O dog-PL have</small> - ''We have dogs.''
::: <small>This suffix changes to "'''-lo'''" when the preceding syllable contains a /m/, /mp/, and sometimes a /p/, also, when the word begins with a vowel.</small>


* '''kamyo ke nukumpa yoha'''
* '''-ma''' marks "time for ~" ('''time.for''')
: They are filled with much hate.
: from [[Kala/lexicon#a|'''ama''']]
:: '''yomatli tsula<span style="color:red">ma</span>''' - <small>tomorrow clebrate-time.for</small> - ''Tomorrow is time for celebration.''


==== mpe ====
* '''-me''' marks the Reversative ('''REV''')
: from [[Kala/lexicon#ka|'''kume''']]
:: '''ha ke nauam tlipi<span style="color:red">me</span> palayek''' - <small>3sg O rope-PL tie-REV be.able-PST-NEG</small> - ''He was unable to untie the ropes.''
::: <small>This could also be '''ha ke nauam tlipi<span style="color:red">me</span>payek'''</small>


'''-mpe''' is taken from '''[[Kala/lexicon#a|amye]]''', meaning "only; just; merely [LIM]". It is used to mark the limitative case.
* '''-mi''' marks the [[wp:Grammatical_number#Paucal|Paucal]] ('''PAU''')
: from [[Kala/lexicon#ma|'''mi''']] (originally from '''-m''' "plural" + '''-hi''' "diminutive")
:: '''yemua mita<span style="color:red">mi</span> moku''' - <small>yonder dog-PAU sleep</small> - ''A few dogs are asleep over there.''


* '''tlanampe kala'''
* '''-mo''' marks "place/location of/for ~" ('''place''')
: Only people speak.
: from [[Kala/lexicon#ma|'''mo''']]
:: '''na ke ina<span style="color:red">mo</span> ayek''' - <small>1sg O eat-place past-NEG</small> - ''I've not been to a restaurant.''


* '''tila ya'ompe yatohue'''
* '''-mu''' marks the [[wp:Inchoative_aspect|Inchoative]] ('''INCH''')
: They are only five fingers on a hand.
: from [[Kala/lexicon#ma|'''mula''']]
:: '''nahi yoti<span style="color:red">mu</span>''' - <small>girl play-INCH</small> - ''The girl begins to play.''


==== mpo ====
* '''-mua''' marks "a lack of ~; be without ~" ('''lack''')
: from [[Kala/lexicon#pa|'''pamua''']]
:: '''intahim ina<span style="color:red">mua</span>''' - <small>PROX-child-PL food-lack</small> - ''These children are without food.''


'''-mpo''' is taken from '''[[Kala/lexicon#ma|mala]]''', meaning "bad; unfavorable; poor quality". It is used to indicate that something is unfavorable or undesired.
* '''-mue''' marks "man-made; artificail" ('''ART''')
: from [[Kala/lexicon#a|'''ume''']]
:: '''mo ke motsi<span style="color:red">mue</span>lo ka''' - <small>place O bag-ART-PL Q</small> - ''Where are the plastic bags?''


* '''inampo'''
* '''-mya''' marks the [[wp:Causative|Causative]] ('''CAUS''')
: rotten food
: from [[Kala/lexicon#ma|'''muya''']]
:: '''tahi kamyo ena eno<span style="color:red">mya</span>''' - <small>son 3pl.GEN P.1s anger-CAUS</small> - ''Their son is annoying me.''


* '''tla yohuampoye'''
* '''-mye''' marks "redo ~; do ~ again" ('''redo''')
: It was a bad night.
: from [[Kala/lexicon#ma|'''muya''']] + '''-ye'''
:: '''ta ke ina kuha<span style="color:red">mye</span> ka''' - <small>2s O food cook-redo Q</small> - ''Are you reheating the food?''


==== mpu ====
* '''-myo''' marks the [[wp:Irrealis_mood#List_of_irrealis_moods|Permissive]] ('''PERM''')
: from [[Kala/lexicon#ma|'''myonta''']]
:: '''ta ke hina sima<span style="color:red">myo</span>k''' - <small>2s O here sit-PERM-NEG</small> - ''You are not allowed to sit here.''


'''-mpu''' is taken from '''[[Kala/lexicon#a|umpu]]''', meaning "shape; form". It is used to indicate resemblance to a from or shape.
== na ==


* '''pyotampu'''
* '''-n''' marks Adverb(ial)s ('''ADV''')
: cube-shaped
: from [[Kala/lexicon#na|'''no''']]
:: '''tsumu<span style="color:red">n</span> nam yokone''' - <small>caution-ADV 1pl swim-SUG</small> - ''We should swim cautiously.''
::: <small>Kala lacks morphological adverbs, verbs modified with the adverbial ending -'''n''' tend to precede the verb phrase they modify.</small>


* '''ana hayo kapumpu'''
* '''-na''' marks the [[wp:Grammatical_gender|Feminine]] ('''FEM''')
: His head is box-shaped.
: from [[Kala/lexicon#na|'''naka''']]
:: '''mo ke uma<span style="color:red">na</span> hayo ka''' - <small>place O horse-FEM 3s.GEN Q</small> - ''Where's his mare?''


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 800px;"
* '''-ne''' marks the [[wp:Propositive_mood|Propositive]] ('''PROP''')
|-
: from [[Kala/lexicon#na|'''neya''']]
! affix !! modifies !! gloss !! derived from !! example
:: '''ta moku<span style="color:red">ne</span>''' - <small>2s sleep-PROP</small> - ''You should sleep.''
|-
| '''-ta''' || ''n'' || male; masculine [MASC] || '''[[Kala/lexicon#tla|tlaka]]''' || '''umata'''<br>stallion
|-
| '''-tai''' || ''n'' || named; (so-)called ~ || '''[[Kala/lexicon#a|ata]]''' || '''kumatai'''<br>''a so-called bear''
|-
| '''-te''' || ''v'' || propose; request [PREC]; suggest || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ta|teya]]''' || '''inate'''<br>Please eat.
|-
| '''ti-''' || ''num'' || diverse; multi-; multiply || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ta|tiha]]''' || '''tika'o'''<br>septuplet; seven times
|-
| '''-to''' || ''n / v'' || manner; method; way || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ta|to]]''' || '''yamato'''<br>mountaineering
|}


* '''-ni''' marks "fine/pleasant/nice ~" ('''nice''')
: from [[Kala/lexicon#na|'''niha''']]
:: '''ha ina<span style="color:red">ni</span>myaye''' - <small>3s food-nice-CAUS-PST</small> - ''He made nice food.''
:: '''yoma<span style="color:red">ni</span>''' - <small>day-nice</small> - ''Good day.'' / ''Hello.''


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 800px;"
* '''-nu''' marks [[wp:Evidentiality|Hearsay]] ('''HSY''')
|-
: from [[Kala/lexicon#a|'''anu''']]
! affix !! modifies !! gloss !! derived from !! example
:: '''ha ina<span style="color:red">nu</span>''' - <small>3s eat-HSY</small> - ''She eats (I hear).'' / ''(It's said) She is eating.''
|-
| '''-kan''' || ''n / v'' || leader; chief; senior || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ka|kana]]''' || '''mitakan'''<br>alpha-dog
|-
| '''-ke''' || ''v'' || doubt; suspect; suspicion [dubitative DUB] || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ka|ketsa]]''' || '''ta unyake'''<br>[it is doubted that] you know
|-
| '''ki-''' || ''num'' || next; order; sequence [ordinal] || '''[[Kala/lexicon#tsa|tsuki]]''' || '''kiha'o'''<br>third; 3rd
|-
| '''-ko (-tlo)''' || ''n / v'' || agentive [AG]; one who ~ || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ka|ko]]''' || '''yalako'''<br>walker
|-
| '''-kua''' || ''n'' || all; entire; every; whole || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ka|kua]]''' || '''mitakua hinatle'''<br>all dogs that are here
|-
| '''-kya''' || ''v'' || co-hortative [HORT] || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ka|kya]]''' || '''yalakya'''<br>Let's go.
|-
| '''-kyo''' || ''n / v'' || college; school; university || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ha|hakyo]]''' || '''hayakyo'''<br>veterinarian school
|-
| '''-kyo''' || ''v'' || fast; rapidly; quickly || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ka|kyolo]]''' || '''nam inakyo'''<br>We eat quickly.
|-
| '''-nke (-k)''' || ''n / v'' || negative [NEG]; no; not || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ka|nke]]''' || '''hinak'''<br>not [be] here
|-
| '''-nko''' || ''v'' || continue; proceed; progressive [PROG] || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ka|nkoso]]''' || '''ha mokunko'''<br>She is sleeping.
|-
| '''-nku''' || ''pro'' || reciprocate; [in] return; reciprocal [RECP] || '''[[Kala/lexicon#a|anku]]''' || '''nanku anyatli'''<br>we will see each other
|}


* '''-nua''' marks the [[wp:Frequentative|Frequentative]] ('''FREQ''')
: from [[Kala/lexicon#na|'''nua''']]
:: '''tlaka ke apua tlato<span style="color:red">nua</span>''' - <small>man O song recite-FREQ</small> - ''The man recites the song repetitively.''


* '''-nai''' marks "~ food" ('''food''')
: from [[Kala/lexicon#a|'''ina''']]
:: '''ke mita<span style="color:red">nai</span> ka''' - <small>O dog-food Q</small> - ''Is there any dog food?''


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 800px;"
== nya ==
|-
! affix !! modifies !! gloss !! derived from !! example
|-
| '''-m (-lo)''' || ''n'' || general plural || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ma|ma]]''' || '''mitam'''<br>dogs
|-
| '''-ma''' || ''n / v'' || time for/to ~ || '''[[Kala/lexicon#a|ama]]''' || '''inama'''<br>(the) time to eat
|-
| '''-me''' || ''v'' || cancel; undo ~ || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ka|kume]]''' || '''iname'''<br>vomit [un-eat]
|-
| '''-mi''' || ''n'' || few; small amount [paucal PAU] || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ma|ma + ahi]]''' || '''mitami moku'''<br>a few dogs sleep
|-
| '''-mo''' || ''n / v'' || location; place; where || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ma|mo]]''' || '''inamo'''<br>restaurant; diner
|-
| '''-mu''' || ''v'' || begin; initial; start [inchoative INCH] || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ma|mula]]''' || '''ha inamu'''<br>he begins to eat
|-
| '''-mua''' || ''n / v'' || lack, be without, be in need of; insufficient || '''[[Kala/lexicon#pa|pamua]]''' || '''inamua'''<br>famine ; hunger
|-
| '''-mue''' || ''n / v'' || man-made; artificial; synthetic || '''[[Kala/lexicon#u|ume]]''' || '''motsimue'''<br>plastic bag
|-
| '''-mya''' || ''v'' || cause; do; make [causative CAUS] || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ma|muya]]''' || '''ta'ena nukumya'''<br>You cause me to hate.
|-
| '''-mye''' || ''v'' || redo; resume || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ma|muyaye]]''' || '''ha inamye'''<br>She is eating (it) again.
|-
| '''-myo''' || ''v'' || allow; permit [permissive PERM] || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ma|myonta]]''' || '''eta inamyo'''<br>You are allowed to eat.
|}


* '''-nya''' marks [[wp:Evidentiality|Visual Sensory]] ('''VIS''')
: from [[Kala/lexicon#a|'''anya''']]
:: '''ke kana kupaye<span style="color:red">nya</span>''' - <small>O chief die-PST-VIS</small> - ''The chief died.'' <tt>and I saw it</tt>


* '''-nyo''' marks "machine/tool/device for ~" ('''tool''')
: from [[Kala/lexicon#ma|'''mayo''']]
:: '''ke amo<span style="color:red">nyo</span> tanyapua''' - <small>O carry-tool break-PFV</small> - ''The handle has been broken.''
:: '''na ke ila<span style="color:red">nyo</span> anya''' - <small>1s O fly-tool see</small> - ''I see the plane.''


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 800px;"
== sa ==
|-
! affix !! modifies !! gloss !! derived from !! example
|-
| '''-n (-no)''' || ''v'' || adverbial; object; thing-like; (-ish, -ly, -ous) || '''[[Kala/lexicon#na|no]]''' || '''mita oyan'''<br>a blackish dog
|-
| '''-na''' || ''n'' || woman; feminine [FEM] || '''[[Kala/lexicon#na|naka]]''' || '''umana'''<br>mare
|-
| '''-nai''' || ''n / v'' || type of food; food of ~ || '''[[Kala/lexicon#a|ina]]''' || '''mitanai'''<br>dog food
|-
| '''-ne''' || ''v'' || ought to; suggest [SUG] || '''[[Kala/lexicon#na|neya]]''' || '''ta inane'''<br>You should eat.
|-
| '''-ni''' || ''n / v'' || good; pleasant; regular || '''[[Kala/lexicon#na|niha]]''' || '''inani'''<br>nice food / fine cuisine
|-
| '''-nua''' || ''n / v'' || frequent; often; regular [FREQ] || '''[[Kala/lexicon#na|nua]]''' || '''kam inanua'''<br>They eat frequently.
|}


* '''-sa''' marks "room for/of ~" ('''room''')
: from [[Kala/lexicon#sa|'''sala''']]
:: '''nahi moku<span style="color:red">sa</span>hue hayo''' - <small>girl sleep-room-LOC 3s.GEN</small> - ''The girl is in her bedroom.''


* '''-si''' marks "color of ~" ('''color''')
: from [[Kala/lexicon#sa|'''sahi''']]
:: '''tima<span style="color:red">si</span> ena kyopo''' - <small>blood-color P.1s fright</small> - ''The color of blood (dark red) frightens me.''
:: '''ke senu<span style="color:red">si</span> hayo ka''' - <small>O hair-color 3s.GEN Q</small> - ''What color is her hair?''


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 800px;"
* '''-so''' marks "type/kind of ~" ('''type''')
|-
: from [[Kala/lexicon#sa|'''so''']]
! affix !! modifies !! gloss !! derived from !! example
:: '''ke itla mita<span style="color:red">so</span> ka''' - <small>O this dog-type Q</small> - ''What is this breed of dog?''
|-
| '''-nyo''' || ''n / v'' || device; equipment; tool [INSTR] || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ma|mayo]]''' || '''inanyo'''<br>eating utensil [fork; spoon]
|}


* '''-su''' marks "market/shop of ~" ('''shop''')
: from [[Kala/lexicon#sa|'''suku''']]
:: '''mo tiya<span style="color:red">su</span> ka''' - <small>place bread-shop Q</small> - ''Where is the bakery?''


* '''-sue''' marks the Preparative ('''PREP''')
: from [[Kala/lexicon#ya|'''yaso''']]
:: '''na ina<span style="color:red">sue</span>''' - <small>1s eat-PREP</small> - ''I'm ready to eat.''


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 800px;"
== ha ==
|-
! affix !! modifies !! gloss !! derived from !! example
|-
| '''-sa''' || ''n / v'' || room; chamber; section || '''[[Kala/lexicon#sa|sala]]''' || '''inasa'''<br>dining room
|-
| '''-si''' || ''n / v'' || color of ~ || '''[[Kala/lexicon#sa|sahi]]''' || '''senusi'''<br>hair color
|-
| '''-so''' || ''n'' || class; type; kind || '''[[Kala/lexicon#sa|so]]''' || '''mitaso'''<br>a dog breed
|-
| '''-su''' || ''n / v'' || market; shop; store || '''[[Kala/lexicon#sa|suku]]''' || '''inasu'''<br>grocery; food market
|-
| '''-sue''' || ''v'' || prepare; get/be ready || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ya|yaso]]''' || '''na inasue'''<br>I am ready to eat.
|}


* '''-ha''' marks the [[wp:Augmentative|Augmentative]] ('''AUG''')
: from [[Kala/lexicon#ta|'''taha''']]
:: '''ke tsaka<span style="color:red">ha</span> kamyo nyome''' - <small>O house-AUG 3pl.GEN beige</small> - ''Their mansion is beige.''
::: <small>This suffix is changes to '''-ka''' when preceding syllable contains /h/.</small>


* '''-he''' marks the [[wp:Necessitative_mood|Necessitative]] ('''NEC''')
: from [[Kala/lexicon#ha|'''heya''']]
:: '''nahi na'amyo nya mase onyo<span style="color:red">he</span>''' - <small>daughter 1pl.EXCL.GEN for dance learn-NEC</small> - ''Our daughter needs to learn to dance.''
:: '''ta yala<span style="color:red">he</span>k''' - <small>2s go-NEC-NEG</small> - ''You don't need to go.''


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 800px;"
* '''-hi''' marks the [[wp:Diminutive|Diminutive]] ('''DIM''')
|-
: from [[Kala/lexicon#a|'''ahi''']]
! affix !! modifies !! gloss !! derived from !! example
:: '''na mita<span style="color:red">hi</span> anyayek''' - <small>1s dog-DIM see-PST-NEG</small> - ''I did not see the puppy.''
|-
::: <small>This suffix is changes to '''-ki''' when preceding syllable contains /h/.</small>
| '''-ha''' || ''n / v'' || augmentative [AUG]; big; large || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ta|taha]]''' || '''mitaha ina'''<br>The big dog eats.
|-
| '''-he''' || ''n / v'' || need; necessity; require [NEC] || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ha|heya]]''' || '''ta inahe'''<br>You need to eat.
|-
| '''-hi''' || ''n / v'' || diminutive [DIM]; few; small || '''[[Kala/lexicon#a|ahi]]''' || '''mitahi'''<br>puppy (small dog)
|-
| '''-ho''' || ''v'' || assert; claim; state || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ta|toho]]''' || '''ta pakaho'''<br>(it is asserted that) You are dumb.
|-
| '''-hu''' || ''n / v'' || aggressive; drastic; extreme || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ka|kyohu]]''' || '''mita oyahu'''<br>an extremely black dog
|-
| '''-hua''' || ''n / v'' || flower; plant; flora || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ma|maua]]''' || '''nekohua'''<br>cattail (typha)
|-
| '''-hue''' || ''n'' || locative [LOC] || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ha|hue]]''' || '''ha tsakahue'''<br>She's at home.
|-
| '''-hya''' || ''n / v'' || animal; fauna || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ha|haya]]''' || '''tsakahya'''<br>pen; habitat; cage
|-
| '''-hyo''' || ''n'' || juice; extract; liquid from ~ || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ha|hyota]]''' || '''pomahyo'''<br>apple juice
|}


* '''-ho''' marks the [[wp:Assumptive_mood|Assumptive]] ('''ASS''')
: from [[Kala/lexicon#ta|'''toho''']]
:: '''naka hina<span style="color:red">ho</span>''' - <small>woman be.here-ASS</small> - ''The woman must be here. (I assume)'' <small>(also used as "assertive")</small>


* '''-hu''' marks an Aggressive or Intensive ('''INT''')
: from [[Kala/lexicon#ka|'''kyohu''']]
:: '''ha kapi<span style="color:red">hu</span>''' - <small>3s ugly-INT</small> - ''He's hideous.''
:: '''mita nayo inya<span style="color:red">hu</span>ye''' - <small>dog 1s.GEN hunger-INT-PST</small> - ''My dog was ravenous.''


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 800px;"
* '''-hua''' marks "flower/plant ~" ('''flower''')
|-
: from [[Kala/lexicon#ma|'''maua''']]
! affix !! modifies !! gloss !! derived from !! example
:: '''ha ke yana<span style="color:red">hua</span>m nomoha''' - <small>3s O yellow-flower like-AUG</small> - ''She really likes daisies.''
|-
| '''-tsa''' || ''n / v'' || damn [general invective] || '''[[Kala/lexicon#tsa|tsaya]]''' || '''mitatsa'''<br>a damned dog
|-
| '''-tse''' || ''v'' || appear; seem || '''[[Kala/lexicon#tsa|tse'e]]''' || '''ha inatse'''<br>She seems to be eating.
|-
| '''tsi-''' || ''n'' || angle; bend; corner || '''[[Kala/lexicon#a|atsi]]''' || '''tsiya'o'''<br>pentagon (five angles)
|-
| '''-tso''' || ''n / v'' || center; middle; mid-; half || '''[[Kala/lexicon#tsa|tsoya]]''' || '''kunyetso'''<br>half-moon
|-
| '''-tsu''' || ''n'' || flesh; meat; pulp || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ka|kutsu]]''' || '''manotsu'''<br>chicken meat
|-
| '''-tsua''' || ''n / v'' || almost; nearly; more-or-less || '''[[Kala/lexicon#tsa|tsua]]''' || '''ha hinatsua'''<br>She is almost here.
|-
| '''-tsue''' || ''v'' || late; delayed; slow || '''[[Kala/lexicon#tsa|tsipue]]''' || '''mita empatsue'''<br>The dog runs slowly.
|}


* '''-hue''' marks the [[wp:Locative_case|Locative]] ('''LOC''')
: from [[Kala/lexicon#ha|'''hue''']]
:: '''naye na tasa ke masa okyo<span style="color:red">hue</span> anyaye''' - <small>while 1s hunt O deer clearing-LOC see-PST</small> - ''While hunting, I saw a deer in a clearing.''
:: '''takuya nayo tsaka<span style="color:red">hue</span>k''' - <small>brother-in.law 1s.GEN house-LOC-NEG</small> - ''My brother-in-law isn't home.''


* '''-hya''' marks "for/by animal" ('''ANI''')
: from [[Kala/lexicon#ha|'''haya''']]
:: '''tsaka<span style="color:red">hya</span>''' - <small>house-ANI</small> - ''An animal pen/enclosure.''


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 800px;"
* '''-hye''' marks [[wp:Past_tense|Recent]] past tense ('''REC''') <small>(action just finished)</small>
|-
: from [[Kala/lexicon#a|'''aye''']] + '''-hi'''
! affix !! modifies !! gloss !! derived from !! example
:: '''ota namyo akya<span style="color:red">hye</span>''' - <small>father 1pl.GEN wake-REC</small> - ''Our father just woke.''
|-
| '''-tla''' || ''n / v'' || language; dialect; speech || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ka|kala]]''' || '''nihonotla'''<br>Japanese [language]
|-
| '''-tle (-le)''' || ''v'' || relative clause marker [REL] || '''[[Kala/lexicon#a|ele]]''' || '''na nahi inatle unya'''<br>I know the girl that/who is eating.
|-
| '''tli-''' || ''n'' || collective plural [COL]; group; pack || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ta|tatli]]''' || '''tlimita malo'''<br>a pack of brown dogs
|-
| '''-tli''' || ''v'' || future tense [FUT] || '''[[Kala/lexicon#a|atli]]''' || '''na inatli'''<br>I will eat.
|}


* '''-hyo''' marks "juice/liquid of ~" ('''juice''')
: from [[Kala/lexicon#ha|'''hyota''']]
:: '''ha poma<span style="color:red">hyo</span> nomo''' - <small>3s apple-juice like</small> - ''She likes apple juice.''
:: '''ha uaka<span style="color:red">hyo</span> inupak''' - <small>3s cow-juice drink-ABIL-NEG</small> - ''He is lactose intolerant.''


== tsa ==


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 800px;"
* '''-tsa''' marks "damned/cursed ~" ('''damn''')
|-
: from [[Kala/lexicon#tsa|'''tsaya''']]
! affix !! modifies !! gloss !! derived from !! example
:: '''na itanti<span style="color:red">tsa</span> nomok''' - <small>1s PROX-truck-damn enjoy-NEG</small> - ''I don't like this damned truck!''
|-
| '''ua-''' || ''n'' || that (by you) [MED] || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ua|uatla]]''' || '''uamita hayo'''<br>That dog (by you) is his/hers.
|-
| '''-ua''' || ''n / v'' || science of ~; study of ~ || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ka|kuaha]]''' || '''hayaua'''<br>veterinarian medicine
|-
| '''-ue''' || ''n / v'' || intenion; desire; will [VOL] || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ua|ueha / ueyo]]''' || '''na inaue'''<br>I want/intend to eat.
|}


* '''-tse''' marks "appear; seem to ~" ('''seem''')
: from [[Kala/lexicon#tsa|'''tse'e''']]
:: '''ta suli<span style="color:red">tse</span>''' - <small>2s tire-seem</small> - ''You seem tired.''


* '''tsi-''' marks "angle; bend" ('''angle''')
: from [[Kala/lexicon#a|'''atsi''']]
:: '''<span style="color:red">tsi</span>ha'o''' - <small>angle-three</small> - ''triangle''
:: '''<span style="color:red">tsi</span>ya'o''' - <small>angle-five</small> - ''pentagon''


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 800px;"
* '''-tsi''' marks [[wp:Evidentiality|Evidential]] ('''EVID''')
|-
: from [[Kala/lexicon#ka|'''kotsi''']]
! affix !! modifies !! gloss !! derived from !! example
:: '''nahi nya katso ke punka tsame<span style="color:red">tsi</span>''' - <small>girl for meal O fruit gather-EVID</small> - ''The girl is collecting fruit for dinner.''
|-
| '''-la''' || ''v'' || go; move in direction of || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ya|yala]]''' || '''ha nahela'''<br>She is going inside.
|-
| '''-la''' || ''n / v'' || become; change/turn into ~ || '''[[Kala/lexicon#a|ela]]''' || '''ha inyala'''<br>She is becoming hungry.
|-
| '''-la''' || ''n'' || any; indefinite; some ~ || '''[[Kala/lexicon#a|ula]]''' || '''mola'''<br>anywhere; somewhere; wherever
|-
| '''-li''' || ''n'' || apiece; each; every || '''[[Kala/lexicon#a|oli]]''' || '''mitali kinya'''<br>Each dog is silver.
|}


* '''-tso''' marks "middle; half" ('''half''')
: from [[Kala/lexicon#tsa|'''tsoya''']]
:: '''ke kunye<span style="color:red">tso</span> ayaha''' - <small>O moon-half pretty-AUG</small> - ''The half-moon is really pretty.''


* '''-tsu''' marks "flesh; meat of ~" ('''meat''')
: from [[Kala/lexicon#ka|'''kutsu''']]
:: '''ha ke mano<span style="color:red">tsu</span> inatli''' - <small>3s O chicken-meat eat-FUT</small> - ''He's gonna eat some chicken.''


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 800px;"
* '''-tsua''' marks "almost; nearly" ('''almost''')
|-
: from [[Kala/lexicon#tsa|'''tsua''']] (sometimes '''tsu'a''')
! affix !! modifies !! gloss !! derived from !! example
:: '''na'am kupaye<span style="color:red">tsua</span>''' - <small>1pl.EXCL die-PST-almmost</small> - ''We almost died.''
|-
| '''-ya''' || ''n'' || in-law; relative by marriage || '''[[Kala/lexicon#tla|tlaya]]''' || '''nakuya'''<br>sister-in-law
|-
| '''ye-''' || ''n'' || that (over there) [DIST] || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ya|yetla]]''' || '''ta yemita anya ka'''<br>Do you see that dog (over there)?
|-
| '''-ye''' || ''v'' || past tense [PST] || '''[[Kala/lexicon#a|aye]]''' || '''na inaye'''<br>I ate.
|-
| '''-yo''' || ''n'' || possessive [POSS]; genitive [GEN] || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ya|yoha]]''' || '''mita nayo'''<br>my dog
|}


* '''-tsue''' marks "~ slowly" ('''slow''')
: from [[Kala/lexicon#tsa|'''tsipue''']]
:: '''mita hayo ina<span style="color:red">tsue</span>''' - <small>dog 3s.GEN eat-slow</small> - ''Her dog eats slowly.''


== tla ==


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 800px;"
* '''-tla''' marks "language/talk/lingo of ~" ('''talk''')
|-
: from [[Kala/lexicon#ka|'''kala''']]
! affix !! modifies !! gloss !! derived from !! example
:: '''ha ke tsaya<span style="color:red">tla</span> unyak''' - <small>3s O curse-talk know-NEG</small> - ''He doesn't understand vulgarities.''
|-
 
| '''e-''' || ''n'' || object; patient [P] || '''[[Kala/lexicon#a|eke]]''' || '''eta unya'''<br>You are known.
* '''-tle''' marks the [[wp:Relative_clause|Relative Clause]] ('''REL''')
|-
: from [[Kala/lexicon#a|'''ele''']]
| '''i-''' || ''n'' || this (by me) [PROX] || '''[[Kala/lexicon#a|itla]]''' || '''imita nayo'''<br>This dog is mine.
:: '''na nahi yala<span style="color:red">tle</span> anyatli''' - <small>1s girl go-REL see-FUT</small> - ''I will see the girl who goes.''
|-
::: <small>This suffix is only used when the preceding syllable contains /l/. ''See [[Kala/affixes#la|-le]]''</small>
| '''-i''' || ''n / v'' || reflexive [REFL] || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ka|ki]]''' || '''na'i tlela'''<br>I bathe myself.
 
|-
* '''tli-''' marks the [[wp:Collective_noun|Collective]] ('''COL''')
| '''o-''' || ''n'' || venerated; honored || '''[[Kala/lexicon#a|o]]''' || '''otsaka'''<br>The honorable home.
: from [[Kala/lexicon#ta|'''tatli''']]
|-
:: '''<span style="color:red">tli</span>mita malo tala''' - <small>COL-dog brown come</small> - ''A pack of brown dogs is coming.''
| '''-u / u-''' || ''n / v'' || (double for redundant syllable) || '''[[Kala/lexicon#a|u]]''' || '''tsaka taha'u'''<br>The very large house.
 
|}
* '''-tli''' marks the [[wp:Future_tense|Future Tense]] ('''FUT''')
: from [[Kala/lexicon#a|'''atli''']]
:: '''naka tahi tlepa<span style="color:red">tli</span>''' - <small>woman boy teach-FUT</small> - ''The woman will teach the boy.''
 
* '''-tlo''' marks an [[wp:Agent_noun|Agent]] noun ('''AG''')
: from [[Kala/lexicon#ka|'''ko''']]
:: '''taku tayo tloka<span style="color:red">tlo</span>''' - <small>brother 2s.GEN lie-AG</small> - ''Your brother is a liar!''
::: <small>This suffix is only used when the preceding syllable contains /k/. ''See [[Kala/affixes#ka|-ko]]''</small>
 
* '''-tlai''' marks the [[wp:Future_tense|Immediate Future]] ('''IMM''')
: from [[Kala/lexicon#a|'''atli''']] and [[Kala/lexicon#a|'''ahi''']]
:: '''na tlela<span style="color:red">tlai</span>''' - <small>1s bathe-IMM</small> - ''I'll bathe soon.'' <tt>(within the day)</tt>
 
== ua ==
 
* '''-ua''' marks "study of; ~ study" ('''study''')
: from [[Kala/lexicon#ua|'''kuaha''']]
:: '''ha ke keha<span style="color:red">ua</span> onyotli''' - <small>3s O body-study learn-FUT</small> - ''He will study biology.''
 
* '''ua-''' marks the [[wp:Deixis#Place|Medial]] ('''MED''')
: from [[Kala/lexicon#ua|'''uatla''']]
:: '''<span style="color:red">ua</span>mita malo''' - <small>MED-dog brown</small> - ''That brown dog (by you).''
 
* '''-ue''' marks the [[wp:Desiderative_mood|Desiderative]] ('''DES''')
: from [[Kala/lexicon#ua|'''ueha''']] or [[Kala/lexicon#ua|'''ueyo''']]
:: '''na ina<span style="color:red">ue</span>''' - <small>1s eat-DES</small> - ''I want to eat.'' / ''I intend to eat.''
:: '''kamena meha<span style="color:red">ue</span>yek''' - <small>3pl-P.1s hit-DES-PST-NEG</small> - ''They did not intend to hit me.''
 
== la ==
 
* '''-la''' marks the Motive ('''MOT''')
: from [[Kala/lexicon#ya|'''yala''']]
:: '''nam tahe<span style="color:red">la</span>''' - <small>1pl below-MOT</small> - ''We're descending.''
:: '''kam ua'e<span style="color:red">la</span>pua''' - <small>3pl above-MOT-PFV</small> - ''They've ascended.''
 
* '''-la''' marks the Mutative ('''MUT''')
: from [[Kala/lexicon#a|'''ela''']]
:: '''na inya<span style="color:red">la</span>''' - <small>1s hunger-MUT</small> - ''I'm getting hungry.''
 
* '''-la''' marks the [[wp:Definiteness|Indefinite]] ('''INDEF''')
: from [[Kala/lexicon#a|'''ula''']]
:: '''ke ko<span style="color:red">la</span> hina ka''' - <small>O AG.INDEF here Q</small> - ''Is someone here?''
:: '''ke mita<span style="color:red">la</span> hinak''' - <small>O dog-INDEF here-NEG</small> - ''There aren't any dogs here.''
 
* '''-le''' marks the [[wp:Relative_clause|Relative]] ('''REL''')
: from [[Kala/lexicon#a|'''ele''']]
:: See [[Kala/affixes#tla|'''-tle''']]
 
* '''-li''' marks "each; every" ('''each''')
: from [[Kala/lexicon#a|'''oli''']]
:: '''mita<span style="color:red">li</span> inapua''' - <small>dog-each eat-PFV</small> - ''Each dog has eaten.''
 
* '''-lo''' marks the [[wp:Grammatical_number|Plural]] ('''PL''')
: from [[Kala/lexicon#ma|'''ma''']]
:: See [[Kala/affixes#ma|'''-m''']]
 
== ya ==
 
* '''-ya''' marks "in-law; non-blood relative" ('''in.law''')
: from [[Kala/lexicon#tla|'''tlaya''']]
:: '''ha ke naku<span style="color:red">ya</span> nayo''' - <small>3s O sister-in.law 1s.GEN</small> - ''She is my sister-in-law.''
 
* '''-ye''' marks the [[wp:Past_tense|Past Tense]] ('''PST''')
: from [[Kala/lexicon#a|'''aye''']]
:: '''naka mita anya<span style="color:red">ye</span>''' - <small>woman dog see-PST</small> - ''The woman saw the dog.''
 
* '''ye-''' marks the [[wp:Deixis#Place|Distal]] ('''DIST''')
: from [[Kala/lexicon#ya|'''yetla''']]
:: '''<span style="color:red">ye</span>mitampa''' - <small>DIST-dog-many</small> - ''Those many dogs (over there).''
 
* '''-yo''' marks the [[wp:Genitive_case|Genitive]] ('''GEN''')
: from [[Kala/lexicon#ya|'''yoha''']]
:: '''kanku ke onta na<span style="color:red">yo</span> itsa''' - <small>3pl.RECP O parent 1s.GEN love</small> - ''My parents love each other.''
 
== a ==
 
* '''e-''' marks the [[wp:Patient_(grammar)|Patient]] ('''P''') (on pronouns)
: from [[Kala/lexicon#a|'''eke''']]
:: '''kam<span style="color:red">e</span>ha mataye''' - <small>3pl-P.3s kill-PST</small> - ''They killed him.''
:: '''<span style="color:red">e</span>ta anya''' - <small>P.2s see</small> - ''You are seen.''
::: <small>'''e-''' is also used to mark the passive voice on pronominal constructions.</small>
 
* '''-i''' marks the [[wp:Reflexive_pronoun|Reflexive]] ('''REFL''')
: from [[Kala/lexicon#ka|'''ki''']]
:: '''na'<span style="color:red">i</span> tlelatli''' - <small>1s.REFL bathe-FUT</small> - ''I will bathe myself.''
:: '''ta'<span style="color:red">i</span> sepanek''' - <small>2s.REFL hurt-PROP-NEG</small> - ''You shouldn't hurt yourself.''
::: <small>This can also mark the [[wp:Reflexive_verb|verb]]. ''See [[Kala/affixes#ka|-ki]]''</small>
 
* '''i-''' marks the [[wp:Deixis#Place|Proximal]] ('''PROX''')
: from [[Kala/lexicon#a|'''itla''']]
:: '''<span style="color:red">i</span>mitami''' - <small>PROX-dog-PAU</small> - ''These few dogs (by me).''
 
* '''o-''' marks "honored ~" ('''honor''')
: from [[Kala/lexicon#a|'''o''']]
:: '''mo <span style="color:red">o</span>tsaka ka''' - <small>place honor-house Q</small> - ''Where is the honored house?''


= Notes =
= Notes =


# The '''-u / u-''' is used to replace redundant syllables.
# The '''-u / u-''' is used to replace redundant syllables.

Latest revision as of 12:00, 31 May 2021

See also: Kala lexicon & Affixes by use

These are the functional affixes used in Kala.


pa ta ka ma na nya sa ha tsa tla ua la ya a

pa

from pala
na mokuyepak - 1s sleep-PST-ABIL-NEG - I was unable to sleep.
nam mue pana ke mauam anyapak - 1pl without rain O flower-PL see-ABIL-NEG - We cannot see the flowers without rain.
  • -pe marks "piece; part of ~" (part)
from peya
mita ke inape yatsi - dog O food-part chew - The dog is chewing the morsel.
  • -pu marks "clothing of/for ~" (wear)
from puku
naya tayo ke anapu nomo ka - wife 2sg.GEN O head-wear like Q - Does your wife like hats?
from opua
kam inapua - 3pl eat-PFV - They have eaten.
  • -pya marks the Attemptative (ATT)
from upya
neko ke panya matapya - cat O mouse kill-ATT - The cat is trying to kill the mouse.
ima ha inapyak - now 3s eat-ATT-NEG - She hasn't tried to eat yet.
  • -pye marks the Excessive (EXC)
from kupye
itanu tahapye - PROX-plate big-EXC - This plate is too big.
  • -pyo marks "disease (of ~); ill; sick" (ill)
from pyoki
ha ke tsinipyo yoha - 3sg O sugar-ill have - He has diabetes.
  • -pao marks "crooked; warped; unbalanced" (warp)
from payo
ke mita hayo anyapao yoha - O dog 3sg.GEN eye-warp have - Her dog has a crooked eye (Strabismus).

mpa

  • -mpa marks "many/much~" (many)
from mpa (originally from -m "plural" + -ha "augmentative")
yemitampa - DIST-dog-many - Those many dogs (over there).
  • -mpe marks the Limitative (LIM)
from mpe
tlanampe kala - people-LIM speak - Only people speak.
  • -mpo marks "bad; unfavorable; unpleasant" (bad)
from mala
ke naku nayo kehampo - O sister 1s.GEN body-bad - My sister is infirmed.
  • -mpu marks "~ formed/shaped" (shape)
from umpu
na'am ke panu tsakampu inaye - 1pl.EXCL O cake house-shape eat-PST - We ate a house-shaped cake.

ta

from tlaka
mo ke umata hayo ka - place O horse-MASC 3s.GEN Q - Where's her stallion?
from teya
ke asi yetate - O salt give-PREC - Will you please pass me the salt?
simate - sit-PREC - Please, sit.
from tiha
tiueta'o - MUL-ten-two - duodecuple
  • -to marks "manner/method of ~" (way)
from to
yamato - mountain-way - mountaineering
muhito - environment-way - environmentalism
  • -tai "so-called" (so.called)
from ata
kamahitai - village-so.called - The so-called village.
indicates that the speaker thinks what he is referencing is not actually represented by the noun

nta

  • -nta marks "relative; kin" (kin)
from nata
ntaku - sibling - sibling
ntaya - kin-marriage - spouse
This suffix is also used when gender is neutral, or ambivalent.

ka

from nke
mita inak - dog eat-NEG - The dog doesn't eat.
ya simak - VOC sit-NEG - Don't sit.
This suffix is changes to -nke when preceding syllable contains /k/. See -nke
from ketsa
ha tsakahueke - 3s home-LOC-DUB - I guess he is at home. lit: He is at home, supposedly.
kam inyake - 3pl hunger-DUB - (It's doubtful that) they are hungry.
from ki
na ma'a enya anyaki - 1s with mirror see-REFL - I look at myself with a mirror.
This can also mark the pronoun. See -i
from tsuki
kiha'o - ORD-three - third / 3rd
  • -ko marks an Agent noun (AG)
from ko
taue kamyo tiyako - cousin.male 3pl.GEN bread-AG - Their cousin is a baker.
ke yamako tipua'u - O mountain-AG fall-PFV - The mountaineer has fallen.
This suffix is changes to -tlo when preceding syllable contains /k/. See -tlo
  • -kua marks "all of ~; every ~" (all)
from kua
mitakua ina ma moku - dog-all eat and sleep - All dogs eat and sleep.
from kya
inakya - eat-HORT - Let's eat!
  • -kyo marks "do ~ quickly" (quick) (This is a type of imperative.)
from kyolo
ua'ekyo - upward-quick - Get up!
kuama nam inakyo - always 1pl eat-quick - We always eat quickly.
  • -kyo marks "school of ~" (-ism) (school)
from hakyo
tanakyo - fight-school - dojo; martial arts training academy; etc
kuhakyo - cook-school - culinary-school; chef’s academy
This suffix is used to specify a location where students learn. This can also be used to indicate a school of thought, or ideology.
  • -kan marks "chief/leader of ~" (chief)
from kana
ta ke hakyokan unya ka - 2s O school-chief know Q - Do you know the headmaster?

nka

from nke
ha akanke - 3s drive-NEG - She doesn't drive.
ya etla tsekanke - VOC P.4s pull-NEG - Don't pull it.
This suffix is only used when the preceding syllable contains /k/. See -k
from nkoso
na ke niye pukunko - 1s O undergarment wear-CONT - I am wearing underclothes.
from anku
kanku anya - 3pl.RECP see - They see each other.
This suffix is only used with plural pronouns. It corresponds to "each other."

ma

from ma
nam ke mitam yoha - 1pl O dog-PL have - We have dogs.
This suffix changes to "-lo" when the preceding syllable contains a /m/, /mp/, and sometimes a /p/, also, when the word begins with a vowel.
  • -ma marks "time for ~" (time.for)
from ama
yomatli tsulama - tomorrow clebrate-time.for - Tomorrow is time for celebration.
  • -me marks the Reversative (REV)
from kume
ha ke nauam tlipime palayek - 3sg O rope-PL tie-REV be.able-PST-NEG - He was unable to untie the ropes.
This could also be ha ke nauam tlipimepayek
from mi (originally from -m "plural" + -hi "diminutive")
yemua mitami moku - yonder dog-PAU sleep - A few dogs are asleep over there.
  • -mo marks "place/location of/for ~" (place)
from mo
na ke inamo ayek - 1sg O eat-place past-NEG - I've not been to a restaurant.
from mula
nahi yotimu - girl play-INCH - The girl begins to play.
  • -mua marks "a lack of ~; be without ~" (lack)
from pamua
intahim inamua - PROX-child-PL food-lack - These children are without food.
  • -mue marks "man-made; artificail" (ART)
from ume
mo ke motsimuelo ka - place O bag-ART-PL Q - Where are the plastic bags?
from muya
tahi kamyo ena enomya - son 3pl.GEN P.1s anger-CAUS - Their son is annoying me.
  • -mye marks "redo ~; do ~ again" (redo)
from muya + -ye
ta ke ina kuhamye ka - 2s O food cook-redo Q - Are you reheating the food?
from myonta
ta ke hina simamyok - 2s O here sit-PERM-NEG - You are not allowed to sit here.

na

  • -n marks Adverb(ial)s (ADV)
from no
tsumun nam yokone - caution-ADV 1pl swim-SUG - We should swim cautiously.
Kala lacks morphological adverbs, verbs modified with the adverbial ending -n tend to precede the verb phrase they modify.
from naka
mo ke umana hayo ka - place O horse-FEM 3s.GEN Q - Where's his mare?
from neya
ta mokune - 2s sleep-PROP - You should sleep.
  • -ni marks "fine/pleasant/nice ~" (nice)
from niha
ha inanimyaye - 3s food-nice-CAUS-PST - He made nice food.
yomani - day-nice - Good day. / Hello.
from anu
ha inanu - 3s eat-HSY - She eats (I hear). / (It's said) She is eating.
from nua
tlaka ke apua tlatonua - man O song recite-FREQ - The man recites the song repetitively.
  • -nai marks "~ food" (food)
from ina
ke mitanai ka - O dog-food Q - Is there any dog food?

nya

from anya
ke kana kupayenya - O chief die-PST-VIS - The chief died. and I saw it
  • -nyo marks "machine/tool/device for ~" (tool)
from mayo
ke amonyo tanyapua - O carry-tool break-PFV - The handle has been broken.
na ke ilanyo anya - 1s O fly-tool see - I see the plane.

sa

  • -sa marks "room for/of ~" (room)
from sala
nahi mokusahue hayo - girl sleep-room-LOC 3s.GEN - The girl is in her bedroom.
  • -si marks "color of ~" (color)
from sahi
timasi ena kyopo - blood-color P.1s fright - The color of blood (dark red) frightens me.
ke senusi hayo ka - O hair-color 3s.GEN Q - What color is her hair?
  • -so marks "type/kind of ~" (type)
from so
ke itla mitaso ka - O this dog-type Q - What is this breed of dog?
  • -su marks "market/shop of ~" (shop)
from suku
mo tiyasu ka - place bread-shop Q - Where is the bakery?
  • -sue marks the Preparative (PREP)
from yaso
na inasue - 1s eat-PREP - I'm ready to eat.

ha

from taha
ke tsakaha kamyo nyome - O house-AUG 3pl.GEN beige - Their mansion is beige.
This suffix is changes to -ka when preceding syllable contains /h/.
from heya
nahi na'amyo nya mase onyohe - daughter 1pl.EXCL.GEN for dance learn-NEC - Our daughter needs to learn to dance.
ta yalahek - 2s go-NEC-NEG - You don't need to go.
from ahi
na mitahi anyayek - 1s dog-DIM see-PST-NEG - I did not see the puppy.
This suffix is changes to -ki when preceding syllable contains /h/.
from toho
naka hinaho - woman be.here-ASS - The woman must be here. (I assume) (also used as "assertive")
  • -hu marks an Aggressive or Intensive (INT)
from kyohu
ha kapihu - 3s ugly-INT - He's hideous.
mita nayo inyahuye - dog 1s.GEN hunger-INT-PST - My dog was ravenous.
  • -hua marks "flower/plant ~" (flower)
from maua
ha ke yanahuam nomoha - 3s O yellow-flower like-AUG - She really likes daisies.
from hue
naye na tasa ke masa okyohue anyaye - while 1s hunt O deer clearing-LOC see-PST - While hunting, I saw a deer in a clearing.
takuya nayo tsakahuek - brother-in.law 1s.GEN house-LOC-NEG - My brother-in-law isn't home.
  • -hya marks "for/by animal" (ANI)
from haya
tsakahya - house-ANI - An animal pen/enclosure.
  • -hye marks Recent past tense (REC) (action just finished)
from aye + -hi
ota namyo akyahye - father 1pl.GEN wake-REC - Our father just woke.
  • -hyo marks "juice/liquid of ~" (juice)
from hyota
ha pomahyo nomo - 3s apple-juice like - She likes apple juice.
ha uakahyo inupak - 3s cow-juice drink-ABIL-NEG - He is lactose intolerant.

tsa

  • -tsa marks "damned/cursed ~" (damn)
from tsaya
na itantitsa nomok - 1s PROX-truck-damn enjoy-NEG - I don't like this damned truck!
  • -tse marks "appear; seem to ~" (seem)
from tse'e
ta sulitse - 2s tire-seem - You seem tired.
  • tsi- marks "angle; bend" (angle)
from atsi
tsiha'o - angle-three - triangle
tsiya'o - angle-five - pentagon
from kotsi
nahi nya katso ke punka tsametsi - girl for meal O fruit gather-EVID - The girl is collecting fruit for dinner.
  • -tso marks "middle; half" (half)
from tsoya
ke kunyetso ayaha - O moon-half pretty-AUG - The half-moon is really pretty.
  • -tsu marks "flesh; meat of ~" (meat)
from kutsu
ha ke manotsu inatli - 3s O chicken-meat eat-FUT - He's gonna eat some chicken.
  • -tsua marks "almost; nearly" (almost)
from tsua (sometimes tsu'a)
na'am kupayetsua - 1pl.EXCL die-PST-almmost - We almost died.
  • -tsue marks "~ slowly" (slow)
from tsipue
mita hayo inatsue - dog 3s.GEN eat-slow - Her dog eats slowly.

tla

  • -tla marks "language/talk/lingo of ~" (talk)
from kala
ha ke tsayatla unyak - 3s O curse-talk know-NEG - He doesn't understand vulgarities.
from ele
na nahi yalatle anyatli - 1s girl go-REL see-FUT - I will see the girl who goes.
This suffix is only used when the preceding syllable contains /l/. See -le
from tatli
tlimita malo tala - COL-dog brown come - A pack of brown dogs is coming.
from atli
naka tahi tlepatli - woman boy teach-FUT - The woman will teach the boy.
  • -tlo marks an Agent noun (AG)
from ko
taku tayo tlokatlo - brother 2s.GEN lie-AG - Your brother is a liar!
This suffix is only used when the preceding syllable contains /k/. See -ko
from atli and ahi
na tlelatlai - 1s bathe-IMM - I'll bathe soon. (within the day)

ua

  • -ua marks "study of; ~ study" (study)
from kuaha
ha ke kehaua onyotli - 3s O body-study learn-FUT - He will study biology.
from uatla
uamita malo - MED-dog brown - That brown dog (by you).
from ueha or ueyo
na inaue - 1s eat-DES - I want to eat. / I intend to eat.
kamena mehaueyek - 3pl-P.1s hit-DES-PST-NEG - They did not intend to hit me.

la

  • -la marks the Motive (MOT)
from yala
nam tahela - 1pl below-MOT - We're descending.
kam ua'elapua - 3pl above-MOT-PFV - They've ascended.
  • -la marks the Mutative (MUT)
from ela
na inyala - 1s hunger-MUT - I'm getting hungry.
from ula
ke kola hina ka - O AG.INDEF here Q - Is someone here?
ke mitala hinak - O dog-INDEF here-NEG - There aren't any dogs here.
from ele
See -tle
  • -li marks "each; every" (each)
from oli
mitali inapua - dog-each eat-PFV - Each dog has eaten.
from ma
See -m

ya

  • -ya marks "in-law; non-blood relative" (in.law)
from tlaya
ha ke nakuya nayo - 3s O sister-in.law 1s.GEN - She is my sister-in-law.
from aye
naka mita anyaye - woman dog see-PST - The woman saw the dog.
from yetla
yemitampa - DIST-dog-many - Those many dogs (over there).
from yoha
kanku ke onta nayo itsa - 3pl.RECP O parent 1s.GEN love - My parents love each other.

a

  • e- marks the Patient (P) (on pronouns)
from eke
kameha mataye - 3pl-P.3s kill-PST - They killed him.
eta anya - P.2s see - You are seen.
e- is also used to mark the passive voice on pronominal constructions.
from ki
na'i tlelatli - 1s.REFL bathe-FUT - I will bathe myself.
ta'i sepanek - 2s.REFL hurt-PROP-NEG - You shouldn't hurt yourself.
This can also mark the verb. See -ki
from itla
imitami - PROX-dog-PAU - These few dogs (by me).
  • o- marks "honored ~" (honor)
from o
mo otsaka ka - place honor-house Q - Where is the honored house?

Notes

  1. The -u / u- is used to replace redundant syllables.
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