Kala/affixes: Difference between revisions

From FrathWiki
Jump to navigationJump to search
mNo edit summary
 
(75 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
__NOTOC__
__NOTOC__
''See also:'' [[Kala/lexicon|Kala lexicon]]
''See also:'' [[Kala/lexicon|Kala lexicon]] & [[Kala/affixes/use|Affixes by use]]


These are the functional affixes used in Kala. There are notes at the bottom of the page to explain exceptions and special cases.
These are the functional affixes used in Kala.  


{{Template:Nkala2}}
{{Template:Nkala2}}
Line 8: Line 8:
== pa ==
== pa ==


==== -pa ====
* '''-pa''' marks the [[wp:Natchez_language#Preverbs|Abilitative]] ('''ABIL''')
: from [[Kala/lexicon#pa|'''pala''']]
:: '''na mokuye<span style="color:red">pa</span>k''' - <small>1s sleep-PST-ABIL-NEG</small> - ''I was unable to sleep.''
:: '''nam mue pana ke mauam anya<span style="color:red">pa</span>k''' - <small>1pl without rain O flower-PL see-ABIL-NEG</small> - ''We cannot see the flowers without rain.''


'''-pa''' is taken from '''[[Kala/lexicon#pa|pala]]''', meaning "be able; can; ability; be possible". It is used to convey the concept of capability or what is possible. It can also be analyzed as a abilitative mood [ABIL] affix.
* '''-pe''' marks "piece; part of ~" ('''part''')
: from [[Kala/lexicon#pa|'''peya''']]
:: '''mita ke ina<span style="color:red">pe</span> yatsi''' - <small>dog O food-part chew</small> - ''The dog is chewing the morsel.''


* '''na inapa'''
* '''-pu''' marks "clothing of/for ~" ('''wear''')
: I am able to eat.
: from [[Kala/lexicon#pa|'''puku''']]
:: '''naya tayo ke ana<span style="color:red">pu</span> nomo ka''' - <small>wife 2sg.GEN O head-wear like Q</small> - ''Does your wife like hats?''


* '''kamena anyapayek'''
* '''-pua''' marks the [[wp:Perfective_aspect|Perfective]] ('''PFV''')
: They were unable to see me.
: from [[Kala/lexicon#a|'''opua''']]
:: '''kam ina<span style="color:red">pua</span>''' - <small>3pl eat-PFV</small> - ''They have eaten.''


* '''-pya''' marks the Attemptative ('''ATT''')
: from [[Kala/lexicon#a|'''upya''']]
:: '''neko ke panya mata<span style="color:red">pya</span>''' - <small>cat O mouse kill-ATT</small> - ''The cat is trying to kill the mouse.''
:: '''ima ha ina<span style="color:red">pya</span>k''' - <small>now 3s eat-ATT-NEG</small> - ''She hasn't tried to eat yet.''


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 800px;"
* '''-pye''' marks the Excessive ('''EXC''')
|-
: from [[Kala/lexicon#ka|'''kupye''']]
! affix !! modifies !! gloss !! derived from !! example
:: '''itanu taha<span style="color:red">pye</span>''' - <small>PROX-plate big-EXC</small> - ''This plate is too big.''
|-
 
| '''-pe''' || ''n'' || part/piece of ~ || '''[[Kala/lexicon#pa|peya]]''' || '''inape'''<br>morsel; crumb
* '''-pyo''' marks "disease (of ~); ill; sick" ('''ill''')
|-
: from [[Kala/lexicon#pa|'''pyoki''']]
| '''-po''' || ''v'' || compelled to ~; forced to ~ || '''[[Kala/lexicon#na|nipo]]''' || '''ena inapo'''<br>I am compelled to eat.
:: '''ha ke tsini<span style="color:red">pyo</span> yoha''' - <small>3sg O sugar-ill have</small> - ''He has diabetes.''
|-
 
| '''-pu''' || ''n'' || attire; clothes; clothing || '''[[Kala/lexicon#pa|puku]]''' || '''anapu'''<br>hat
* '''-pao''' marks "crooked; warped; unbalanced" ('''warp''')
|-
: from [[Kala/lexicon#pa|'''payo''']]
| '''-pua''' || ''v'' || finished; completed [PFV] || '''[[Kala/lexicon#a|opua]]''' || '''ha inapua'''<br>He has eaten.
:: '''ke mita hayo anya<span style="color:red">pao</span> yoha''' - <small>O dog 3sg.GEN eye-warp have</small> - ''Her dog has a crooked eye (Strabismus).''
|-
 
| '''-pya''' || ''v'' || attempt; try [ATT] || '''[[Kala/lexicon#a|upya]]''' || '''kam inapya'''<br>They are trying to eat.
=== mpa ===
|-
 
| '''-pye''' || ''n'' || too much/many; excessive(ly) || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ka|kupye]]''' || '''ke inapye'''<br>There's too much food.
* '''-mpa''' marks "many/much~" ('''many''')
|-
: from [[Kala/lexicon#mpa|'''mpa''']] (originally from '''-m''' "plural" + '''-ha''' "augmentative")
| '''-pyo''' || ''n / v'' || disease; ill; sick || '''[[Kala/lexicon#pa|pyoki]]''' || '''tsinipyo'''<br>diabetes
:: '''yemita<span style="color:red">mpa</span>''' - <small>DIST-dog-many</small> - ''Those many dogs (over there).''
|-
 
| '''-pao''' || ''n / v'' || crooked; warped; unbalanced || '''[[Kala/lexicon#pa|payo]]''' || '''anyapao'''<br>a crooked eye
* '''-mpe''' marks the Limitative ('''LIM''')
|-
: from [[Kala/lexicon#mpa|'''mpe''']]
| '''-mpa''' || ''n'' || many; much; a lot || '''[[Kala/lexicon#pa|mpa]]''' || '''mitampa ina'''<br>Many dogs are eating.
:: '''tlana<span style="color:red">mpe</span> kala''' - <small>people-LIM speak</small> - ''Only people speak.''
|-
 
| '''-mpe''' || ''n / v'' || only; just; merely [LIM] || '''[[Kala/lexicon#a|amye]]''' || '''tlanampe kala'''<br>Only people speak.
* '''-mpo''' marks "bad; unfavorable; unpleasant" ('''bad''')
|-
: from [[Kala/lexicon#ma|'''mala''']]
| '''-mpo''' || ''n / v'' || bad; unfavorable; poor quality || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ma|mala]]''' || '''inampo'''<br>bad/rotten food
:: '''ke naku nayo keha<span style="color:red">mpo</span>''' - <small>O sister 1s.GEN body-bad</small> - ''My sister is infirmed.''
|-
 
| '''-mpu''' || ''n'' || shaped like ~; ~ form || '''[[Kala/lexicon#a|umpu]]''' || '''pyotampu'''<br>cube shaped
* '''-mpu''' marks "~ formed/shaped" ('''shape''')
|}
: from [[Kala/lexicon#a|'''umpu''']]  
:: '''na'am ke panu tsaka<span style="color:red">mpu</span> inaye''' - <small>1pl.EXCL O cake house-shape eat-PST</small> - ''We ate a house-shaped cake.''


== ta ==
== ta ==


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 800px;"
* '''-ta''' marks the [[wp:Grammatical_gender|Masculine]] ('''MASC''')
|-
: from [[Kala/lexicon#tla|'''tlaka''']]
! affix !! modifies !! gloss !! derived from !! example
:: '''mo ke uma<span style="color:red">ta</span> hayo ka''' - <small>place O horse-MASC 3s.GEN Q</small> - ''Where's her stallion?''
|-
 
| '''-ta''' || ''n'' || male; masculine [MASC] || '''[[Kala/lexicon#tla|tlaka]]''' || '''umata'''<br>stallion
* '''-te''' marks the [[wp:Irrealis_mood#List_of_irrealis_moods|Precative]] ('''PREC''')
|-
: from [[Kala/lexicon#ta|'''teya''']]
| '''-tai''' || ''n'' || named; (so-)called ~ || '''[[Kala/lexicon#a|ata]]''' || '''kumatai'''<br>''a so-called bear''
:: '''ke asi yeta<span style="color:red">te</span>''' - <small>O salt give-PREC</small> - ''Will you please pass me the salt?''
|-
:: '''sima<span style="color:red">te</span>''' - <small>sit-PREC</small> - ''Please, sit.''
| '''-te''' || ''v'' || propose; request [PREC]; suggest || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ta|teya]]''' || '''inate'''<br>Please eat.
 
|-
* '''ti-''' marks a [[wp:Tuple|Multiple]] ('''MUL''')
| '''ti-''' || ''num'' || diverse; multi-; multiply || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ta|tiha]]''' || '''tika'o'''<br>septuplet; seven times
: from [[Kala/lexicon#ta|'''tiha''']]
|-
:: '''<span style="color:red">ti</span>ueta'o''' - <small>MUL-ten-two</small> - ''duodecuple''
| '''-to''' || ''n / v'' || manner; method; way || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ta|to]]''' || '''yamato'''<br>mountaineering
 
|}
* '''-to''' marks "manner/method of ~" ('''way''')
: from [[Kala/lexicon#ta|'''to''']]
:: '''yama<span style="color:red">to</span>''' - <small>mountain-way</small> - ''mountaineering''
:: '''muhi<span style="color:red">to</span>''' - <small>environment-way</small> - ''environmentalism''
 
* '''-tai''' "so-called" ('''so.called''')
: from [[Kala/lexicon#a|'''ata''']]
:: '''kamahi<span style="color:red">tai</span>''' - <small>village-so.called</small> - ''The so-called village.''
::: <small>indicates that the speaker thinks what he is referencing is not actually represented by the noun</small>
 
=== nta ===
 
* '''-nta''' marks "relative; kin" ('''kin''')
: from [[Kala/lexicon#na|'''nata''']]
:: '''<span style="color:red">nta</span>ku''' - <small>sibling</small> - ''sibling''
:: '''<span style="color:red">nta</span>ya''' - <small>kin-marriage</small> - ''spouse''
::: <small>This suffix is also used when gender is neutral, or ambivalent.</small>


== ka ==
== ka ==


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 800px;"
* '''-k''' marks [[wp:Affirmative_and_negative#Simple_negation_of_verbs_and_clauses|Negation]] ('''NEG''')
|-
: from [[Kala/lexicon#nka|'''nke''']]
! affix !! modifies !! gloss !! derived from !! example
:: '''mita ina<span style="color:red">k</span>''' - <small>dog eat-NEG</small> - ''The dog doesn't eat.''
|-
:: '''ya sima<span style="color:red">k</span>''' - <small>VOC sit-NEG</small> - ''Don't sit.''
| '''-kan''' || ''n / v'' || leader; chief; senior || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ka|kana]]''' || '''mitakan'''<br>alpha-dog
::: <small>This suffix is changes to '''-nke''' when preceding syllable contains /k/. ''See [[Kala/affixes#nka|-nke]]''</small>
|-
 
| '''-ke''' || ''v'' || doubt; suspect; suspicion [dubitative DUB] || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ka|ketsa]]''' || '''ta unyake'''<br>[it is doubted that] you know
* '''-ke''' marks the [[wp:Irrealis_mood#Dubitative|Dubitative]] ('''DUB''')
|-
: from [[Kala/lexicon#ka|'''ketsa''']]
| '''ki-''' || ''num'' || next; order; sequence [ordinal] || '''[[Kala/lexicon#tsa|tsuki]]''' || '''kiha'o'''<br>third; 3rd
:: '''ha tsakahue<span style="color:red">ke</span>''' - <small>3s home-LOC-DUB</small> - ''I guess he is at home.'' <tt>lit: He is at home, supposedly.</tt>
|-
:: '''kam inya<span style="color:red">ke</span>''' - <small>3pl hunger-DUB</small> - ''(It's doubtful that) they are hungry.''
| '''-ko (-tlo)''' || ''n / v'' || agentive [AG]; one who ~ || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ka|ko]]''' || '''yalako'''<br>walker
 
|-
* '''-ki''' marks the [[wp:Reflexive_verb|Reflexive]] ('''REFL''')
| '''-kua''' || ''n'' || all; entire; every; whole || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ka|kua]]''' || '''mitakua hinatle'''<br>all dogs that are here
: from [[Kala/lexicon#ka|'''ki''']]
|-
:: '''na ma'a enya anya<span style="color:red">ki</span>''' - <small>1s with mirror see-REFL</small> - ''I look at myself with a mirror.''
| '''-kya''' || ''v'' || co-hortative [HORT] || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ka|kya]]''' || '''yalakya'''<br>Let's go.
::: <small>This can also mark the [[wp:Reflexive_pronoun|pronoun]]. ''See [[Kala/affixes#a|-i]]''</small>
|-
 
| '''-kyo''' || ''n / v'' || college; school; university || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ha|hakyo]]''' || '''hayakyo'''<br>veterinarian school
* '''ki-''' marks [[wp:Ordinal_number_(linguistics)|Ordinal]] numbers ('''ORD''')
|-
: from [[Kala/lexicon#tsa|'''tsuki''']]
| '''-kyo''' || ''v'' || fast; rapidly; quickly || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ka|kyolo]]''' || '''nam inakyo'''<br>We eat quickly.
:: '''<span style="color:red">ki</span>ha'o''' - <small>ORD-three</small> - ''third / 3rd''
|-
 
| '''-nke (-k)''' || ''n / v'' || negative [NEG]; no; not || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ka|nke]]''' || '''hinak'''<br>not [be] here
* '''-ko''' marks an [[wp:Agent_noun|Agent]] noun ('''AG''')
|-
: from [[Kala/lexicon#ka|'''ko''']]
| '''-nko''' || ''v'' || continue; proceed; progressive [PROG] || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ka|nkoso]]''' || '''ha mokunko'''<br>She is sleeping.
:: '''taue kamyo tiya<span style="color:red">ko</span>''' - <small>cousin.male 3pl.GEN bread-AG</small> - ''Their cousin is a baker.''
|-
:: '''ke yama<span style="color:red">ko</span> tipua'u''' - <small>O mountain-AG fall-PFV</small> - ''The mountaineer has fallen.''
| '''-nku''' || ''pro'' || reciprocate; [in] return; reciprocal [RECP] || '''[[Kala/lexicon#a|anku]]''' || '''nanku anyatli'''<br>we will see each other
::: <small>This suffix is changes to '''-tlo''' when preceding syllable contains /k/. ''See [[Kala/affixes#tla|-tlo]]''</small>
|}
 
* '''-kua''' marks "all of ~; every ~" ('''all''')
: from [[Kala/lexicon#ka|'''kua''']]
:: '''mita<span style="color:red">kua</span> ina ma moku''' - <small>dog-all eat and sleep</small> - ''All dogs eat and sleep.''
 
* '''-kya''' marks the [[wp:Hortative#Cohortative|Hortative]] ('''HORT''')
: from [[Kala/lexicon#ka|'''kya''']]
:: '''ina<span style="color:red">kya</span>''' - <small>eat-HORT</small> - ''Let's eat!''
 
* '''-kyo''' marks "do ~ quickly" ('''quick''') (<small>This is a type of [[wp:Imperative_mood|imperative]].</small>)
: from [[Kala/lexicon#ka|'''kyolo''']]
:: '''ua'e<span style="color:red">kyo</span>''' - <small>upward-quick</small> - ''Get up!''
:: '''kuama nam ina<span style="color:red">kyo</span>''' - <small>always 1pl eat-quick</small> - ''We always eat quickly.''
 
* '''-kyo''' marks "school of ~" (<small>[[wp:-ism|-ism]]</small>) ('''school''')
: from [[Kala/lexicon#ha|'''hakyo''']]
:: '''tana<span style="color:red">kyo</span>''' - <small>fight-school</small> - ''dojo; martial arts training academy; etc''
:: '''kuha<span style="color:red">kyo</span>''' - <small>cook-school</small> - ''culinary-school; chef’s academy''
::: <small>This suffix is used to specify a location where students learn. This can also be used to indicate a school of thought, or ideology.</small>
 
* '''-kan''' marks "chief/leader of ~" ('''chief''')
: from [[Kala/lexicon#ka|'''kana''']]
:: '''ta ke hakyo<span style="color:red">kan</span> unya ka''' - <small>2s O school-chief know Q</small> - ''Do you know the headmaster?''
 
=== nka ===
 
* '''-nke''' marks [[wp:Affirmative_and_negative#Simple_negation_of_verbs_and_clauses|Negation]] ('''NEG''')
: from [[Kala/lexicon#nka|'''nke''']]
:: '''ha aka<span style="color:red">nke</span>''' - <small>3s drive-NEG</small> - ''She doesn't drive.''
:: '''ya etla tseka<span style="color:red">nke</span>''' - <small>VOC P.4s pull-NEG</small> - ''Don't pull it.''
::: <small>This suffix is only used when the preceding syllable contains /k/. ''See [[Kala/affixes#ka|-k]]''</small>
 
* '''-nko''' marks the [[wp:Continuous_and_progressive_aspects|Progressive]] ('''PROG/CONT''')
: from [[Kala/lexicon#nka|'''nkoso''']]
:: '''na ke niye puku<span style="color:red">nko</span>''' - <small>1s O undergarment wear-CONT</small> - ''I am wearing underclothes.''
 
* '''-nku''' marks the [[wp:Reciprocal_pronoun|Reciprocal]] ('''RECP''')
: from [[Kala/lexicon#a|'''anku''']]
:: '''ka<span style="color:red">nku</span> anya''' - <small>3pl.RECP see</small> - ''They see each other.''
::: <small>This suffix is only used with plural pronouns. It corresponds to "each other."</small>


== ma ==
== ma ==


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 800px;"
* '''-m''' marks the [[wp:Plural|Plural]] ('''PL''')
|-
: from [[Kala/lexicon#ma|'''ma''']]
! affix !! modifies !! gloss !! derived from !! example
:: '''nam ke mita<span style="color:red">m</span> yoha''' - <small>1pl O dog-PL have</small> - ''We have dogs.''
|-
::: <small>This suffix changes to "'''-lo'''" when the preceding syllable contains a /m/, /mp/, and sometimes a /p/, also, when the word begins with a vowel.</small>
| '''-m (-lo)''' || ''n'' || general plural || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ma|ma]]''' || '''mitam'''<br>dogs
 
|-
* '''-ma''' marks "time for ~" ('''time.for''')
| '''-ma''' || ''n / v'' || time for/to ~ || '''[[Kala/lexicon#a|ama]]''' || '''inama'''<br>(the) time to eat
: from [[Kala/lexicon#a|'''ama''']]
|-
:: '''yomatli tsula<span style="color:red">ma</span>''' - <small>tomorrow clebrate-time.for</small> - ''Tomorrow is time for celebration.''
| '''-me''' || ''v'' || cancel; undo ~ || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ka|kume]]''' || '''iname'''<br>vomit [un-eat]
 
|-
* '''-me''' marks the Reversative ('''REV''')
| '''-mi''' || ''n'' || few; small amount [paucal PAU] || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ma|ma + ahi]]''' || '''mitami moku'''<br>a few dogs sleep
: from [[Kala/lexicon#ka|'''kume''']]
|-
:: '''ha ke nauam tlipi<span style="color:red">me</span> palayek''' - <small>3sg O rope-PL tie-REV be.able-PST-NEG</small> - ''He was unable to untie the ropes.''
| '''-mo''' || ''n / v'' || location; place; where || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ma|mo]]''' || '''inamo'''<br>restaurant; diner
::: <small>This could also be '''ha ke nauam tlipi<span style="color:red">me</span>payek'''</small>
|-
 
| '''-mu''' || ''v'' || begin; initial; start [inchoative INCH] || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ma|mula]]''' || '''ha inamu'''<br>he begins to eat
* '''-mi''' marks the [[wp:Grammatical_number#Paucal|Paucal]] ('''PAU''')
|-
: from [[Kala/lexicon#ma|'''mi''']] (originally from '''-m''' "plural" + '''-hi''' "diminutive")
| '''-mua''' || ''n / v'' || lack, be without, be in need of; insufficient || '''[[Kala/lexicon#pa|pamua]]''' || '''inamua'''<br>famine ; hunger
:: '''yemua mita<span style="color:red">mi</span> moku''' - <small>yonder dog-PAU sleep</small> - ''A few dogs are asleep over there.''
|-
 
| '''-mue''' || ''n / v'' || man-made; artificial; synthetic || '''[[Kala/lexicon#u|ume]]''' || '''motsimue'''<br>plastic bag
* '''-mo''' marks "place/location of/for ~" ('''place''')
|-
: from [[Kala/lexicon#ma|'''mo''']]
| '''-mya''' || ''v'' || cause; do; make [causative CAUS] || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ma|muya]]''' || '''ta'ena nukumya'''<br>You cause me to hate.
:: '''na ke ina<span style="color:red">mo</span> ayek''' - <small>1sg O eat-place past-NEG</small> - ''I've not been to a restaurant.''
|-
 
| '''-mye''' || ''v'' || redo; resume || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ma|muyaye]]''' || '''ha inamye'''<br>She is eating (it) again.
* '''-mu''' marks the [[wp:Inchoative_aspect|Inchoative]] ('''INCH''')
|-
: from [[Kala/lexicon#ma|'''mula''']]
| '''-myo''' || ''v'' || allow; permit [permissive PERM] || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ma|myonta]]''' || '''eta inamyo'''<br>You are allowed to eat.
:: '''nahi yoti<span style="color:red">mu</span>''' - <small>girl play-INCH</small> - ''The girl begins to play.''
|}
 
* '''-mua''' marks "a lack of ~; be without ~" ('''lack''')
: from [[Kala/lexicon#pa|'''pamua''']]
:: '''intahim ina<span style="color:red">mua</span>''' - <small>PROX-child-PL food-lack</small> - ''These children are without food.''
 
* '''-mue''' marks "man-made; artificail" ('''ART''')
: from [[Kala/lexicon#a|'''ume''']]
:: '''mo ke motsi<span style="color:red">mue</span>lo ka''' - <small>place O bag-ART-PL Q</small> - ''Where are the plastic bags?''
 
* '''-mya''' marks the [[wp:Causative|Causative]] ('''CAUS''')
: from [[Kala/lexicon#ma|'''muya''']]
:: '''tahi kamyo ena eno<span style="color:red">mya</span>''' - <small>son 3pl.GEN P.1s anger-CAUS</small> - ''Their son is annoying me.''
 
* '''-mye''' marks "redo ~; do ~ again" ('''redo''')
: from [[Kala/lexicon#ma|'''muya''']] + '''-ye'''
:: '''ta ke ina kuha<span style="color:red">mye</span> ka''' - <small>2s O food cook-redo Q</small> - ''Are you reheating the food?''
 
* '''-myo''' marks the [[wp:Irrealis_mood#List_of_irrealis_moods|Permissive]] ('''PERM''')
: from [[Kala/lexicon#ma|'''myonta''']]
:: '''ta ke hina sima<span style="color:red">myo</span>k''' - <small>2s O here sit-PERM-NEG</small> - ''You are not allowed to sit here.''


== na ==
== na ==


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 800px;"
* '''-n''' marks Adverb(ial)s ('''ADV''')
|-
: from [[Kala/lexicon#na|'''no''']]
! affix !! modifies !! gloss !! derived from !! example
:: '''tsumu<span style="color:red">n</span> nam yokone''' - <small>caution-ADV 1pl swim-SUG</small> - ''We should swim cautiously.''
|-
::: <small>Kala lacks morphological adverbs, verbs modified with the adverbial ending -'''n''' tend to precede the verb phrase they modify.</small>
| '''-n (-no)''' || ''v'' || adverbial; object; thing-like; (-ish, -ly, -ous) || '''[[Kala/lexicon#na|no]]''' || '''mita oyan'''<br>a blackish dog
 
|-
* '''-na''' marks the [[wp:Grammatical_gender|Feminine]] ('''FEM''')
| '''-na''' || ''n'' || woman; feminine [FEM] || '''[[Kala/lexicon#na|naka]]''' || '''umana'''<br>mare
: from [[Kala/lexicon#na|'''naka''']]
|-
:: '''mo ke uma<span style="color:red">na</span> hayo ka''' - <small>place O horse-FEM 3s.GEN Q</small> - ''Where's his mare?''
| '''-nai''' || ''n / v'' || type of food; food of ~ || '''[[Kala/lexicon#a|ina]]''' || '''mitanai'''<br>dog food
 
|-
* '''-ne''' marks the [[wp:Propositive_mood|Propositive]] ('''PROP''')
| '''-ne''' || ''v'' || ought to; suggest [SUG] || '''[[Kala/lexicon#na|neya]]''' || '''ta inane'''<br>You should eat.
: from [[Kala/lexicon#na|'''neya''']]
|-
:: '''ta moku<span style="color:red">ne</span>''' - <small>2s sleep-PROP</small> - ''You should sleep.''
| '''-ni''' || ''n / v'' || good; pleasant; regular || '''[[Kala/lexicon#na|niha]]''' || '''inani'''<br>nice food / fine cuisine
 
|-
* '''-ni''' marks "fine/pleasant/nice ~" ('''nice''')
| '''-nua''' || ''n / v'' || frequent; often; regular [FREQ] || '''[[Kala/lexicon#na|nua]]''' || '''kam inanua'''<br>They eat frequently.
: from [[Kala/lexicon#na|'''niha''']]
|}
:: '''ha ina<span style="color:red">ni</span>myaye''' - <small>3s food-nice-CAUS-PST</small> - ''He made nice food.''
:: '''yoma<span style="color:red">ni</span>''' - <small>day-nice</small> - ''Good day.'' / ''Hello.''
 
* '''-nu''' marks [[wp:Evidentiality|Hearsay]] ('''HSY''')
: from [[Kala/lexicon#a|'''anu''']]
:: '''ha ina<span style="color:red">nu</span>''' - <small>3s eat-HSY</small> - ''She eats (I hear).'' / ''(It's said) She is eating.''
 
* '''-nua''' marks the [[wp:Frequentative|Frequentative]] ('''FREQ''')
: from [[Kala/lexicon#na|'''nua''']]
:: '''tlaka ke apua tlato<span style="color:red">nua</span>''' - <small>man O song recite-FREQ</small> - ''The man recites the song repetitively.''
 
* '''-nai''' marks "~ food" ('''food''')
: from [[Kala/lexicon#a|'''ina''']]
:: '''ke mita<span style="color:red">nai</span> ka''' - <small>O dog-food Q</small> - ''Is there any dog food?''


== nya ==
== nya ==


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 800px;"
* '''-nya''' marks [[wp:Evidentiality|Visual Sensory]] ('''VIS''')
|-
: from [[Kala/lexicon#a|'''anya''']]
! affix !! modifies !! gloss !! derived from !! example
:: '''ke kana kupaye<span style="color:red">nya</span>''' - <small>O chief die-PST-VIS</small> - ''The chief died.'' <tt>and I saw it</tt>
|-
 
| '''-nyo''' || ''n / v'' || device; equipment; tool [INSTR] || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ma|mayo]]''' || '''inanyo'''<br>eating utensil [fork; spoon]
* '''-nyo''' marks "machine/tool/device for ~" ('''tool''')
|}
: from [[Kala/lexicon#ma|'''mayo''']]
:: '''ke amo<span style="color:red">nyo</span> tanyapua''' - <small>O carry-tool break-PFV</small> - ''The handle has been broken.''
:: '''na ke ila<span style="color:red">nyo</span> anya''' - <small>1s O fly-tool see</small> - ''I see the plane.''


== sa ==
== sa ==


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 800px;"
* '''-sa''' marks "room for/of ~" ('''room''')
|-
: from [[Kala/lexicon#sa|'''sala''']]
! affix !! modifies !! gloss !! derived from !! example
:: '''nahi moku<span style="color:red">sa</span>hue hayo''' - <small>girl sleep-room-LOC 3s.GEN</small> - ''The girl is in her bedroom.''
|-
 
| '''-sa''' || ''n / v'' || room; chamber; section || '''[[Kala/lexicon#sa|sala]]''' || '''inasa'''<br>dining room
* '''-si''' marks "color of ~" ('''color''')
|-
: from [[Kala/lexicon#sa|'''sahi''']]
| '''-si''' || ''n / v'' || color of ~ || '''[[Kala/lexicon#sa|sahi]]''' || '''senusi'''<br>hair color
:: '''tima<span style="color:red">si</span> ena kyopo''' - <small>blood-color P.1s fright</small> - ''The color of blood (dark red) frightens me.''
|-
:: '''ke senu<span style="color:red">si</span> hayo ka''' - <small>O hair-color 3s.GEN Q</small> - ''What color is her hair?''
| '''-so''' || ''n'' || class; type; kind || '''[[Kala/lexicon#sa|so]]''' || '''mitaso'''<br>a dog breed
 
|-
* '''-so''' marks "type/kind of ~" ('''type''')
| '''-su''' || ''n / v'' || market; shop; store || '''[[Kala/lexicon#sa|suku]]''' || '''inasu'''<br>grocery; food market
: from [[Kala/lexicon#sa|'''so''']]
|-
:: '''ke itla mita<span style="color:red">so</span> ka''' - <small>O this dog-type Q</small> - ''What is this breed of dog?''
| '''-sue''' || ''v'' || prepare; get/be ready || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ya|yaso]]''' || '''na inasue'''<br>I am ready to eat.
 
|}
* '''-su''' marks "market/shop of ~" ('''shop''')
: from [[Kala/lexicon#sa|'''suku''']]
:: '''mo tiya<span style="color:red">su</span> ka''' - <small>place bread-shop Q</small> - ''Where is the bakery?''
 
* '''-sue''' marks the Preparative ('''PREP''')
: from [[Kala/lexicon#ya|'''yaso''']]
:: '''na ina<span style="color:red">sue</span>''' - <small>1s eat-PREP</small> - ''I'm ready to eat.''


== ha ==
== ha ==


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 800px;"
* '''-ha''' marks the [[wp:Augmentative|Augmentative]] ('''AUG''')
|-
: from [[Kala/lexicon#ta|'''taha''']]
! affix !! modifies !! gloss !! derived from !! example
:: '''ke tsaka<span style="color:red">ha</span> kamyo nyome''' - <small>O house-AUG 3pl.GEN beige</small> - ''Their mansion is beige.''
|-
::: <small>This suffix is changes to '''-ka''' when preceding syllable contains /h/.</small>
| '''-ha''' || ''n / v'' || augmentative [AUG]; big; large || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ta|taha]]''' || '''mitaha ina'''<br>The big dog eats.
 
|-
* '''-he''' marks the [[wp:Necessitative_mood|Necessitative]] ('''NEC''')
| '''-he''' || ''n / v'' || need; necessity; require [NEC] || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ha|heya]]''' || '''ta inahe'''<br>You need to eat.
: from [[Kala/lexicon#ha|'''heya''']]
|-
:: '''nahi na'amyo nya mase onyo<span style="color:red">he</span>''' - <small>daughter 1pl.EXCL.GEN for dance learn-NEC</small> - ''Our daughter needs to learn to dance.''
| '''-hi''' || ''n / v'' || diminutive [DIM]; few; small || '''[[Kala/lexicon#a|ahi]]''' || '''mitahi'''<br>puppy (small dog)
:: '''ta yala<span style="color:red">he</span>k''' - <small>2s go-NEC-NEG</small> - ''You don't need to go.''
|-
 
| '''-ho''' || ''v'' || assert; claim; state || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ta|toho]]''' || '''ta pakaho'''<br>(it is asserted that) You are dumb.
* '''-hi''' marks the [[wp:Diminutive|Diminutive]] ('''DIM''')
|-
: from [[Kala/lexicon#a|'''ahi''']]
| '''-hu''' || ''n / v'' || aggressive; drastic; extreme || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ka|kyohu]]''' || '''mita oyahu'''<br>an extremely black dog
:: '''na mita<span style="color:red">hi</span> anyayek''' - <small>1s dog-DIM see-PST-NEG</small> - ''I did not see the puppy.''
|-
::: <small>This suffix is changes to '''-ki''' when preceding syllable contains /h/.</small>
| '''-hua''' || ''n / v'' || flower; plant; flora || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ma|maua]]''' || '''nekohua'''<br>cattail (typha)
 
|-
* '''-ho''' marks the [[wp:Assumptive_mood|Assumptive]] ('''ASS''')
| '''-hue''' || ''n'' || locative [LOC] || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ha|hue]]''' || '''ha tsakahue'''<br>She's at home.
: from [[Kala/lexicon#ta|'''toho''']]
|-
:: '''naka hina<span style="color:red">ho</span>''' - <small>woman be.here-ASS</small> - ''The woman must be here. (I assume)'' <small>(also used as "assertive")</small>
| '''-hya''' || ''n / v'' || animal; fauna || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ha|haya]]''' || '''tsakahya'''<br>pen; habitat; cage
 
|-
* '''-hu''' marks an Aggressive or Intensive ('''INT''')
| '''-hyo''' || ''n'' || juice; extract; liquid from ~ || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ha|hyota]]''' || '''pomahyo'''<br>apple juice
: from [[Kala/lexicon#ka|'''kyohu''']]
|}
:: '''ha kapi<span style="color:red">hu</span>''' - <small>3s ugly-INT</small> - ''He's hideous.''
:: '''mita nayo inya<span style="color:red">hu</span>ye''' - <small>dog 1s.GEN hunger-INT-PST</small> - ''My dog was ravenous.''
 
* '''-hua''' marks "flower/plant ~" ('''flower''')
: from [[Kala/lexicon#ma|'''maua''']]
:: '''ha ke yana<span style="color:red">hua</span>m nomoha''' - <small>3s O yellow-flower like-AUG</small> - ''She really likes daisies.''
 
* '''-hue''' marks the [[wp:Locative_case|Locative]] ('''LOC''')
: from [[Kala/lexicon#ha|'''hue''']]
:: '''naye na tasa ke masa okyo<span style="color:red">hue</span> anyaye''' - <small>while 1s hunt O deer clearing-LOC see-PST</small> - ''While hunting, I saw a deer in a clearing.''
:: '''takuya nayo tsaka<span style="color:red">hue</span>k''' - <small>brother-in.law 1s.GEN house-LOC-NEG</small> - ''My brother-in-law isn't home.''
 
* '''-hya''' marks "for/by animal" ('''ANI''')
: from [[Kala/lexicon#ha|'''haya''']]
:: '''tsaka<span style="color:red">hya</span>''' - <small>house-ANI</small> - ''An animal pen/enclosure.''
 
* '''-hye''' marks [[wp:Past_tense|Recent]] past tense ('''REC''') <small>(action just finished)</small>
: from [[Kala/lexicon#a|'''aye''']] + '''-hi'''
:: '''ota namyo akya<span style="color:red">hye</span>''' - <small>father 1pl.GEN wake-REC</small> - ''Our father just woke.''
 
* '''-hyo''' marks "juice/liquid of ~" ('''juice''')
: from [[Kala/lexicon#ha|'''hyota''']]
:: '''ha poma<span style="color:red">hyo</span> nomo''' - <small>3s apple-juice like</small> - ''She likes apple juice.''
:: '''ha uaka<span style="color:red">hyo</span> inupak''' - <small>3s cow-juice drink-ABIL-NEG</small> - ''He is lactose intolerant.''


== tsa ==
== tsa ==


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 800px;"
* '''-tsa''' marks "damned/cursed ~" ('''damn''')
|-
: from [[Kala/lexicon#tsa|'''tsaya''']]
! affix !! modifies !! gloss !! derived from !! example
:: '''na itanti<span style="color:red">tsa</span> nomok''' - <small>1s PROX-truck-damn enjoy-NEG</small> - ''I don't like this damned truck!''
|-
 
| '''-tsa''' || ''n / v'' || damn [general invective] || '''[[Kala/lexicon#tsa|tsaya]]''' || '''mitatsa'''<br>a damned dog
* '''-tse''' marks "appear; seem to ~" ('''seem''')
|-
: from [[Kala/lexicon#tsa|'''tse'e''']]
| '''-tse''' || ''v'' || appear; seem || '''[[Kala/lexicon#tsa|tse'e]]''' || '''ha inatse'''<br>She seems to be eating.
:: '''ta suli<span style="color:red">tse</span>''' - <small>2s tire-seem</small> - ''You seem tired.''
|-
 
| '''tsi-''' || ''n'' || angle; bend; corner || '''[[Kala/lexicon#a|atsi]]''' || '''tsiya'o'''<br>pentagon (five angles)
* '''tsi-''' marks "angle; bend" ('''angle''')
|-
: from [[Kala/lexicon#a|'''atsi''']]
| '''-tso''' || ''n / v'' || center; middle; mid-; half || '''[[Kala/lexicon#tsa|tsoya]]''' || '''kunyetso'''<br>half-moon
:: '''<span style="color:red">tsi</span>ha'o''' - <small>angle-three</small> - ''triangle''
|-
:: '''<span style="color:red">tsi</span>ya'o''' - <small>angle-five</small> - ''pentagon''
| '''-tsu''' || ''n'' || flesh; meat; pulp || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ka|kutsu]]''' || '''manotsu'''<br>chicken meat
 
|-
* '''-tsi''' marks [[wp:Evidentiality|Evidential]] ('''EVID''')
| '''-tsua''' || ''n / v'' || almost; nearly; more-or-less || '''[[Kala/lexicon#tsa|tsua]]''' || '''ha hinatsua'''<br>She is almost here.
: from [[Kala/lexicon#ka|'''kotsi''']]
|-
:: '''nahi nya katso ke punka tsame<span style="color:red">tsi</span>''' - <small>girl for meal O fruit gather-EVID</small> - ''The girl is collecting fruit for dinner.''
| '''-tsue''' || ''v'' || late; delayed; slow || '''[[Kala/lexicon#tsa|tsipue]]''' || '''mita empatsue'''<br>The dog runs slowly.
 
|}
* '''-tso''' marks "middle; half" ('''half''')
: from [[Kala/lexicon#tsa|'''tsoya''']]
:: '''ke kunye<span style="color:red">tso</span> ayaha''' - <small>O moon-half pretty-AUG</small> - ''The half-moon is really pretty.''
 
* '''-tsu''' marks "flesh; meat of ~" ('''meat''')
: from [[Kala/lexicon#ka|'''kutsu''']]
:: '''ha ke mano<span style="color:red">tsu</span> inatli''' - <small>3s O chicken-meat eat-FUT</small> - ''He's gonna eat some chicken.''
 
* '''-tsua''' marks "almost; nearly" ('''almost''')
: from [[Kala/lexicon#tsa|'''tsua''']] (sometimes '''tsu'a''')
:: '''na'am kupaye<span style="color:red">tsua</span>''' - <small>1pl.EXCL die-PST-almmost</small> - ''We almost died.''
 
* '''-tsue''' marks "~ slowly" ('''slow''')
: from [[Kala/lexicon#tsa|'''tsipue''']]
:: '''mita hayo ina<span style="color:red">tsue</span>''' - <small>dog 3s.GEN eat-slow</small> - ''Her dog eats slowly.''


== tla ==
== tla ==


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 800px;"
* '''-tla''' marks "language/talk/lingo of ~" ('''talk''')
|-
: from [[Kala/lexicon#ka|'''kala''']]
! affix !! modifies !! gloss !! derived from !! example
:: '''ha ke tsaya<span style="color:red">tla</span> unyak''' - <small>3s O curse-talk know-NEG</small> - ''He doesn't understand vulgarities.''
|-
 
| '''-tla''' || ''n / v'' || language; dialect; speech || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ka|kala]]''' || '''nihonotla'''<br>Japanese [language]
* '''-tle''' marks the [[wp:Relative_clause|Relative Clause]] ('''REL''')
|-
: from [[Kala/lexicon#a|'''ele''']]
| '''-tle (-le)''' || ''v'' || relative clause marker [REL] || '''[[Kala/lexicon#a|ele]]''' || '''na nahi inatle unya'''<br>I know the girl that/who is eating.
:: '''na nahi yala<span style="color:red">tle</span> anyatli''' - <small>1s girl go-REL see-FUT</small> - ''I will see the girl who goes.''
|-
::: <small>This suffix is only used when the preceding syllable contains /l/. ''See [[Kala/affixes#la|-le]]''</small>
| '''tli-''' || ''n'' || collective plural [COL]; group; pack || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ta|tatli]]''' || '''tlimita malo'''<br>a pack of brown dogs
 
|-
* '''tli-''' marks the [[wp:Collective_noun|Collective]] ('''COL''')
| '''-tli''' || ''v'' || future tense [FUT] || '''[[Kala/lexicon#a|atli]]''' || '''na inatli'''<br>I will eat.
: from [[Kala/lexicon#ta|'''tatli''']]
|}
:: '''<span style="color:red">tli</span>mita malo tala''' - <small>COL-dog brown come</small> - ''A pack of brown dogs is coming.''
 
* '''-tli''' marks the [[wp:Future_tense|Future Tense]] ('''FUT''')
: from [[Kala/lexicon#a|'''atli''']]
:: '''naka tahi tlepa<span style="color:red">tli</span>''' - <small>woman boy teach-FUT</small> - ''The woman will teach the boy.''
 
* '''-tlo''' marks an [[wp:Agent_noun|Agent]] noun ('''AG''')
: from [[Kala/lexicon#ka|'''ko''']]
:: '''taku tayo tloka<span style="color:red">tlo</span>''' - <small>brother 2s.GEN lie-AG</small> - ''Your brother is a liar!''
::: <small>This suffix is only used when the preceding syllable contains /k/. ''See [[Kala/affixes#ka|-ko]]''</small>
 
* '''-tlai''' marks the [[wp:Future_tense|Immediate Future]] ('''IMM''')
: from [[Kala/lexicon#a|'''atli''']] and [[Kala/lexicon#a|'''ahi''']]
:: '''na tlela<span style="color:red">tlai</span>''' - <small>1s bathe-IMM</small> - ''I'll bathe soon.'' <tt>(within the day)</tt>


== ua ==
== ua ==


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 800px;"
* '''-ua''' marks "study of; ~ study" ('''study''')
|-
: from [[Kala/lexicon#ua|'''kuaha''']]
! affix !! modifies !! gloss !! derived from !! example
:: '''ha ke keha<span style="color:red">ua</span> onyotli''' - <small>3s O body-study learn-FUT</small> - ''He will study biology.''
|-
 
| '''ua-''' || ''n'' || that (by you) [MED] || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ua|uatla]]''' || '''uamita hayo'''<br>That dog (by you) is his/hers.
* '''ua-''' marks the [[wp:Deixis#Place|Medial]] ('''MED''')
|-
: from [[Kala/lexicon#ua|'''uatla''']]
| '''-ua''' || ''n / v'' || science of ~; study of ~ || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ka|kuaha]]''' || '''hayaua'''<br>veterinarian medicine
:: '''<span style="color:red">ua</span>mita malo''' - <small>MED-dog brown</small> - ''That brown dog (by you).''
|-
 
| '''-ue''' || ''n / v'' || intenion; desire; will [VOL] || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ua|ueha / ueyo]]''' || '''na inaue'''<br>I want/intend to eat.
* '''-ue''' marks the [[wp:Desiderative_mood|Desiderative]] ('''DES''')
|}
: from [[Kala/lexicon#ua|'''ueha''']] or [[Kala/lexicon#ua|'''ueyo''']]
:: '''na ina<span style="color:red">ue</span>''' - <small>1s eat-DES</small> - ''I want to eat.'' / ''I intend to eat.''
:: '''kamena meha<span style="color:red">ue</span>yek''' - <small>3pl-P.1s hit-DES-PST-NEG</small> - ''They did not intend to hit me.''


== la ==
== la ==


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 800px;"
* '''-la''' marks the Motive ('''MOT''')
|-
: from [[Kala/lexicon#ya|'''yala''']]
! affix !! modifies !! gloss !! derived from !! example
:: '''nam tahe<span style="color:red">la</span>''' - <small>1pl below-MOT</small> - ''We're descending.''
|-
:: '''kam ua'e<span style="color:red">la</span>pua''' - <small>3pl above-MOT-PFV</small> - ''They've ascended.''
| '''-la''' || ''v'' || go; move in direction of || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ya|yala]]''' || '''ha nahela'''<br>She is going inside.
 
|-
* '''-la''' marks the Mutative ('''MUT''')
| '''-la''' || ''n / v'' || become; change/turn into ~ || '''[[Kala/lexicon#a|ela]]''' || '''ha inyala'''<br>She is becoming hungry.
: from [[Kala/lexicon#a|'''ela''']]
|-
:: '''na inya<span style="color:red">la</span>''' - <small>1s hunger-MUT</small> - ''I'm getting hungry.''
| '''-la''' || ''n'' || any; indefinite; some ~ || '''[[Kala/lexicon#a|ula]]''' || '''mola'''<br>anywhere; somewhere; wherever
 
|-
* '''-la''' marks the [[wp:Definiteness|Indefinite]] ('''INDEF''')
| '''-li''' || ''n'' || apiece; each; every || '''[[Kala/lexicon#a|oli]]''' || '''mitali kinya'''<br>Each dog is silver.
: from [[Kala/lexicon#a|'''ula''']]
|}
:: '''ke ko<span style="color:red">la</span> hina ka''' - <small>O AG.INDEF here Q</small> - ''Is someone here?''
:: '''ke mita<span style="color:red">la</span> hinak''' - <small>O dog-INDEF here-NEG</small> - ''There aren't any dogs here.''
 
* '''-le''' marks the [[wp:Relative_clause|Relative]] ('''REL''')
: from [[Kala/lexicon#a|'''ele''']]
:: See [[Kala/affixes#tla|'''-tle''']]
 
* '''-li''' marks "each; every" ('''each''')
: from [[Kala/lexicon#a|'''oli''']]
:: '''mita<span style="color:red">li</span> inapua''' - <small>dog-each eat-PFV</small> - ''Each dog has eaten.''
 
* '''-lo''' marks the [[wp:Grammatical_number|Plural]] ('''PL''')
: from [[Kala/lexicon#ma|'''ma''']]
:: See [[Kala/affixes#ma|'''-m''']]


== ya ==
== ya ==


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 800px;"
* '''-ya''' marks "in-law; non-blood relative" ('''in.law''')
|-
: from [[Kala/lexicon#tla|'''tlaya''']]
! affix !! modifies !! gloss !! derived from !! example
:: '''ha ke naku<span style="color:red">ya</span> nayo''' - <small>3s O sister-in.law 1s.GEN</small> - ''She is my sister-in-law.''
|-
 
| '''-ya''' || ''n'' || in-law; relative by marriage || '''[[Kala/lexicon#tla|tlaya]]''' || '''nakuya'''<br>sister-in-law
* '''-ye''' marks the [[wp:Past_tense|Past Tense]] ('''PST''')
|-
: from [[Kala/lexicon#a|'''aye''']]
| '''ye-''' || ''n'' || that (over there) [DIST] || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ya|yetla]]''' || '''ta yemita anya ka'''<br>Do you see that dog (over there)?
:: '''naka mita anya<span style="color:red">ye</span>''' - <small>woman dog see-PST</small> - ''The woman saw the dog.''
|-
 
| '''-ye''' || ''v'' || past tense [PST] || '''[[Kala/lexicon#a|aye]]''' || '''na inaye'''<br>I ate.
* '''ye-''' marks the [[wp:Deixis#Place|Distal]] ('''DIST''')
|-
: from [[Kala/lexicon#ya|'''yetla''']]
| '''-yo''' || ''n'' || possessive [POSS]; genitive [GEN] || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ya|yoha]]''' || '''mita nayo'''<br>my dog
:: '''<span style="color:red">ye</span>mitampa''' - <small>DIST-dog-many</small> - ''Those many dogs (over there).''
|}
 
* '''-yo''' marks the [[wp:Genitive_case|Genitive]] ('''GEN''')
: from [[Kala/lexicon#ya|'''yoha''']]
:: '''kanku ke onta na<span style="color:red">yo</span> itsa''' - <small>3pl.RECP O parent 1s.GEN love</small> - ''My parents love each other.''


== a ==
== a ==


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 800px;"
* '''e-''' marks the [[wp:Patient_(grammar)|Patient]] ('''P''') (on pronouns)
|-
: from [[Kala/lexicon#a|'''eke''']]
! affix !! modifies !! gloss !! derived from !! example
:: '''kam<span style="color:red">e</span>ha mataye''' - <small>3pl-P.3s kill-PST</small> - ''They killed him.''
|-
:: '''<span style="color:red">e</span>ta anya''' - <small>P.2s see</small> - ''You are seen.''
| '''e-''' || ''n'' || object; patient [P] || '''[[Kala/lexicon#a|eke]]''' || '''eta unya'''<br>You are known.
::: <small>'''e-''' is also used to mark the passive voice on pronominal constructions.</small>
|-
 
| '''i-''' || ''n'' || this (by me) [PROX] || '''[[Kala/lexicon#a|itla]]''' || '''imita nayo'''<br>This dog is mine.
* '''-i''' marks the [[wp:Reflexive_pronoun|Reflexive]] ('''REFL''')
|-
: from [[Kala/lexicon#ka|'''ki''']]
| '''-i''' || ''n / v'' || reflexive [REFL] || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ka|ki]]''' || '''na'i tlela'''<br>I bathe myself.
:: '''na'<span style="color:red">i</span> tlelatli''' - <small>1s.REFL bathe-FUT</small> - ''I will bathe myself.''
|-
:: '''ta'<span style="color:red">i</span> sepanek''' - <small>2s.REFL hurt-PROP-NEG</small> - ''You shouldn't hurt yourself.''
| '''o-''' || ''n'' || venerated; honored || '''[[Kala/lexicon#a|o]]''' || '''otsaka'''<br>The honorable home.
::: <small>This can also mark the [[wp:Reflexive_verb|verb]]. ''See [[Kala/affixes#ka|-ki]]''</small>
|-
 
| '''-u / u-''' || ''n / v'' || (double for redundant syllable) || '''[[Kala/lexicon#a|u]]''' || '''tsaka taha'u'''<br>The very large house.
* '''i-''' marks the [[wp:Deixis#Place|Proximal]] ('''PROX''')
|}
: from [[Kala/lexicon#a|'''itla''']]
:: '''<span style="color:red">i</span>mitami''' - <small>PROX-dog-PAU</small> - ''These few dogs (by me).''
 
* '''o-''' marks "honored ~" ('''honor''')
: from [[Kala/lexicon#a|'''o''']]
:: '''mo <span style="color:red">o</span>tsaka ka''' - <small>place honor-house Q</small> - ''Where is the honored house?''


= Notes =
= Notes =


# The '''-u / u-''' is used to replace redundant syllables.
# The '''-u / u-''' is used to replace redundant syllables.

Latest revision as of 12:00, 31 May 2021

See also: Kala lexicon & Affixes by use

These are the functional affixes used in Kala.


pa ta ka ma na nya sa ha tsa tla ua la ya a

pa

from pala
na mokuyepak - 1s sleep-PST-ABIL-NEG - I was unable to sleep.
nam mue pana ke mauam anyapak - 1pl without rain O flower-PL see-ABIL-NEG - We cannot see the flowers without rain.
  • -pe marks "piece; part of ~" (part)
from peya
mita ke inape yatsi - dog O food-part chew - The dog is chewing the morsel.
  • -pu marks "clothing of/for ~" (wear)
from puku
naya tayo ke anapu nomo ka - wife 2sg.GEN O head-wear like Q - Does your wife like hats?
from opua
kam inapua - 3pl eat-PFV - They have eaten.
  • -pya marks the Attemptative (ATT)
from upya
neko ke panya matapya - cat O mouse kill-ATT - The cat is trying to kill the mouse.
ima ha inapyak - now 3s eat-ATT-NEG - She hasn't tried to eat yet.
  • -pye marks the Excessive (EXC)
from kupye
itanu tahapye - PROX-plate big-EXC - This plate is too big.
  • -pyo marks "disease (of ~); ill; sick" (ill)
from pyoki
ha ke tsinipyo yoha - 3sg O sugar-ill have - He has diabetes.
  • -pao marks "crooked; warped; unbalanced" (warp)
from payo
ke mita hayo anyapao yoha - O dog 3sg.GEN eye-warp have - Her dog has a crooked eye (Strabismus).

mpa

  • -mpa marks "many/much~" (many)
from mpa (originally from -m "plural" + -ha "augmentative")
yemitampa - DIST-dog-many - Those many dogs (over there).
  • -mpe marks the Limitative (LIM)
from mpe
tlanampe kala - people-LIM speak - Only people speak.
  • -mpo marks "bad; unfavorable; unpleasant" (bad)
from mala
ke naku nayo kehampo - O sister 1s.GEN body-bad - My sister is infirmed.
  • -mpu marks "~ formed/shaped" (shape)
from umpu
na'am ke panu tsakampu inaye - 1pl.EXCL O cake house-shape eat-PST - We ate a house-shaped cake.

ta

from tlaka
mo ke umata hayo ka - place O horse-MASC 3s.GEN Q - Where's her stallion?
from teya
ke asi yetate - O salt give-PREC - Will you please pass me the salt?
simate - sit-PREC - Please, sit.
from tiha
tiueta'o - MUL-ten-two - duodecuple
  • -to marks "manner/method of ~" (way)
from to
yamato - mountain-way - mountaineering
muhito - environment-way - environmentalism
  • -tai "so-called" (so.called)
from ata
kamahitai - village-so.called - The so-called village.
indicates that the speaker thinks what he is referencing is not actually represented by the noun

nta

  • -nta marks "relative; kin" (kin)
from nata
ntaku - sibling - sibling
ntaya - kin-marriage - spouse
This suffix is also used when gender is neutral, or ambivalent.

ka

from nke
mita inak - dog eat-NEG - The dog doesn't eat.
ya simak - VOC sit-NEG - Don't sit.
This suffix is changes to -nke when preceding syllable contains /k/. See -nke
from ketsa
ha tsakahueke - 3s home-LOC-DUB - I guess he is at home. lit: He is at home, supposedly.
kam inyake - 3pl hunger-DUB - (It's doubtful that) they are hungry.
from ki
na ma'a enya anyaki - 1s with mirror see-REFL - I look at myself with a mirror.
This can also mark the pronoun. See -i
from tsuki
kiha'o - ORD-three - third / 3rd
  • -ko marks an Agent noun (AG)
from ko
taue kamyo tiyako - cousin.male 3pl.GEN bread-AG - Their cousin is a baker.
ke yamako tipua'u - O mountain-AG fall-PFV - The mountaineer has fallen.
This suffix is changes to -tlo when preceding syllable contains /k/. See -tlo
  • -kua marks "all of ~; every ~" (all)
from kua
mitakua ina ma moku - dog-all eat and sleep - All dogs eat and sleep.
from kya
inakya - eat-HORT - Let's eat!
  • -kyo marks "do ~ quickly" (quick) (This is a type of imperative.)
from kyolo
ua'ekyo - upward-quick - Get up!
kuama nam inakyo - always 1pl eat-quick - We always eat quickly.
  • -kyo marks "school of ~" (-ism) (school)
from hakyo
tanakyo - fight-school - dojo; martial arts training academy; etc
kuhakyo - cook-school - culinary-school; chef’s academy
This suffix is used to specify a location where students learn. This can also be used to indicate a school of thought, or ideology.
  • -kan marks "chief/leader of ~" (chief)
from kana
ta ke hakyokan unya ka - 2s O school-chief know Q - Do you know the headmaster?

nka

from nke
ha akanke - 3s drive-NEG - She doesn't drive.
ya etla tsekanke - VOC P.4s pull-NEG - Don't pull it.
This suffix is only used when the preceding syllable contains /k/. See -k
from nkoso
na ke niye pukunko - 1s O undergarment wear-CONT - I am wearing underclothes.
from anku
kanku anya - 3pl.RECP see - They see each other.
This suffix is only used with plural pronouns. It corresponds to "each other."

ma

from ma
nam ke mitam yoha - 1pl O dog-PL have - We have dogs.
This suffix changes to "-lo" when the preceding syllable contains a /m/, /mp/, and sometimes a /p/, also, when the word begins with a vowel.
  • -ma marks "time for ~" (time.for)
from ama
yomatli tsulama - tomorrow clebrate-time.for - Tomorrow is time for celebration.
  • -me marks the Reversative (REV)
from kume
ha ke nauam tlipime palayek - 3sg O rope-PL tie-REV be.able-PST-NEG - He was unable to untie the ropes.
This could also be ha ke nauam tlipimepayek
from mi (originally from -m "plural" + -hi "diminutive")
yemua mitami moku - yonder dog-PAU sleep - A few dogs are asleep over there.
  • -mo marks "place/location of/for ~" (place)
from mo
na ke inamo ayek - 1sg O eat-place past-NEG - I've not been to a restaurant.
from mula
nahi yotimu - girl play-INCH - The girl begins to play.
  • -mua marks "a lack of ~; be without ~" (lack)
from pamua
intahim inamua - PROX-child-PL food-lack - These children are without food.
  • -mue marks "man-made; artificail" (ART)
from ume
mo ke motsimuelo ka - place O bag-ART-PL Q - Where are the plastic bags?
from muya
tahi kamyo ena enomya - son 3pl.GEN P.1s anger-CAUS - Their son is annoying me.
  • -mye marks "redo ~; do ~ again" (redo)
from muya + -ye
ta ke ina kuhamye ka - 2s O food cook-redo Q - Are you reheating the food?
from myonta
ta ke hina simamyok - 2s O here sit-PERM-NEG - You are not allowed to sit here.

na

  • -n marks Adverb(ial)s (ADV)
from no
tsumun nam yokone - caution-ADV 1pl swim-SUG - We should swim cautiously.
Kala lacks morphological adverbs, verbs modified with the adverbial ending -n tend to precede the verb phrase they modify.
from naka
mo ke umana hayo ka - place O horse-FEM 3s.GEN Q - Where's his mare?
from neya
ta mokune - 2s sleep-PROP - You should sleep.
  • -ni marks "fine/pleasant/nice ~" (nice)
from niha
ha inanimyaye - 3s food-nice-CAUS-PST - He made nice food.
yomani - day-nice - Good day. / Hello.
from anu
ha inanu - 3s eat-HSY - She eats (I hear). / (It's said) She is eating.
from nua
tlaka ke apua tlatonua - man O song recite-FREQ - The man recites the song repetitively.
  • -nai marks "~ food" (food)
from ina
ke mitanai ka - O dog-food Q - Is there any dog food?

nya

from anya
ke kana kupayenya - O chief die-PST-VIS - The chief died. and I saw it
  • -nyo marks "machine/tool/device for ~" (tool)
from mayo
ke amonyo tanyapua - O carry-tool break-PFV - The handle has been broken.
na ke ilanyo anya - 1s O fly-tool see - I see the plane.

sa

  • -sa marks "room for/of ~" (room)
from sala
nahi mokusahue hayo - girl sleep-room-LOC 3s.GEN - The girl is in her bedroom.
  • -si marks "color of ~" (color)
from sahi
timasi ena kyopo - blood-color P.1s fright - The color of blood (dark red) frightens me.
ke senusi hayo ka - O hair-color 3s.GEN Q - What color is her hair?
  • -so marks "type/kind of ~" (type)
from so
ke itla mitaso ka - O this dog-type Q - What is this breed of dog?
  • -su marks "market/shop of ~" (shop)
from suku
mo tiyasu ka - place bread-shop Q - Where is the bakery?
  • -sue marks the Preparative (PREP)
from yaso
na inasue - 1s eat-PREP - I'm ready to eat.

ha

from taha
ke tsakaha kamyo nyome - O house-AUG 3pl.GEN beige - Their mansion is beige.
This suffix is changes to -ka when preceding syllable contains /h/.
from heya
nahi na'amyo nya mase onyohe - daughter 1pl.EXCL.GEN for dance learn-NEC - Our daughter needs to learn to dance.
ta yalahek - 2s go-NEC-NEG - You don't need to go.
from ahi
na mitahi anyayek - 1s dog-DIM see-PST-NEG - I did not see the puppy.
This suffix is changes to -ki when preceding syllable contains /h/.
from toho
naka hinaho - woman be.here-ASS - The woman must be here. (I assume) (also used as "assertive")
  • -hu marks an Aggressive or Intensive (INT)
from kyohu
ha kapihu - 3s ugly-INT - He's hideous.
mita nayo inyahuye - dog 1s.GEN hunger-INT-PST - My dog was ravenous.
  • -hua marks "flower/plant ~" (flower)
from maua
ha ke yanahuam nomoha - 3s O yellow-flower like-AUG - She really likes daisies.
from hue
naye na tasa ke masa okyohue anyaye - while 1s hunt O deer clearing-LOC see-PST - While hunting, I saw a deer in a clearing.
takuya nayo tsakahuek - brother-in.law 1s.GEN house-LOC-NEG - My brother-in-law isn't home.
  • -hya marks "for/by animal" (ANI)
from haya
tsakahya - house-ANI - An animal pen/enclosure.
  • -hye marks Recent past tense (REC) (action just finished)
from aye + -hi
ota namyo akyahye - father 1pl.GEN wake-REC - Our father just woke.
  • -hyo marks "juice/liquid of ~" (juice)
from hyota
ha pomahyo nomo - 3s apple-juice like - She likes apple juice.
ha uakahyo inupak - 3s cow-juice drink-ABIL-NEG - He is lactose intolerant.

tsa

  • -tsa marks "damned/cursed ~" (damn)
from tsaya
na itantitsa nomok - 1s PROX-truck-damn enjoy-NEG - I don't like this damned truck!
  • -tse marks "appear; seem to ~" (seem)
from tse'e
ta sulitse - 2s tire-seem - You seem tired.
  • tsi- marks "angle; bend" (angle)
from atsi
tsiha'o - angle-three - triangle
tsiya'o - angle-five - pentagon
from kotsi
nahi nya katso ke punka tsametsi - girl for meal O fruit gather-EVID - The girl is collecting fruit for dinner.
  • -tso marks "middle; half" (half)
from tsoya
ke kunyetso ayaha - O moon-half pretty-AUG - The half-moon is really pretty.
  • -tsu marks "flesh; meat of ~" (meat)
from kutsu
ha ke manotsu inatli - 3s O chicken-meat eat-FUT - He's gonna eat some chicken.
  • -tsua marks "almost; nearly" (almost)
from tsua (sometimes tsu'a)
na'am kupayetsua - 1pl.EXCL die-PST-almmost - We almost died.
  • -tsue marks "~ slowly" (slow)
from tsipue
mita hayo inatsue - dog 3s.GEN eat-slow - Her dog eats slowly.

tla

  • -tla marks "language/talk/lingo of ~" (talk)
from kala
ha ke tsayatla unyak - 3s O curse-talk know-NEG - He doesn't understand vulgarities.
from ele
na nahi yalatle anyatli - 1s girl go-REL see-FUT - I will see the girl who goes.
This suffix is only used when the preceding syllable contains /l/. See -le
from tatli
tlimita malo tala - COL-dog brown come - A pack of brown dogs is coming.
from atli
naka tahi tlepatli - woman boy teach-FUT - The woman will teach the boy.
  • -tlo marks an Agent noun (AG)
from ko
taku tayo tlokatlo - brother 2s.GEN lie-AG - Your brother is a liar!
This suffix is only used when the preceding syllable contains /k/. See -ko
from atli and ahi
na tlelatlai - 1s bathe-IMM - I'll bathe soon. (within the day)

ua

  • -ua marks "study of; ~ study" (study)
from kuaha
ha ke kehaua onyotli - 3s O body-study learn-FUT - He will study biology.
from uatla
uamita malo - MED-dog brown - That brown dog (by you).
from ueha or ueyo
na inaue - 1s eat-DES - I want to eat. / I intend to eat.
kamena mehaueyek - 3pl-P.1s hit-DES-PST-NEG - They did not intend to hit me.

la

  • -la marks the Motive (MOT)
from yala
nam tahela - 1pl below-MOT - We're descending.
kam ua'elapua - 3pl above-MOT-PFV - They've ascended.
  • -la marks the Mutative (MUT)
from ela
na inyala - 1s hunger-MUT - I'm getting hungry.
from ula
ke kola hina ka - O AG.INDEF here Q - Is someone here?
ke mitala hinak - O dog-INDEF here-NEG - There aren't any dogs here.
from ele
See -tle
  • -li marks "each; every" (each)
from oli
mitali inapua - dog-each eat-PFV - Each dog has eaten.
from ma
See -m

ya

  • -ya marks "in-law; non-blood relative" (in.law)
from tlaya
ha ke nakuya nayo - 3s O sister-in.law 1s.GEN - She is my sister-in-law.
from aye
naka mita anyaye - woman dog see-PST - The woman saw the dog.
from yetla
yemitampa - DIST-dog-many - Those many dogs (over there).
from yoha
kanku ke onta nayo itsa - 3pl.RECP O parent 1s.GEN love - My parents love each other.

a

  • e- marks the Patient (P) (on pronouns)
from eke
kameha mataye - 3pl-P.3s kill-PST - They killed him.
eta anya - P.2s see - You are seen.
e- is also used to mark the passive voice on pronominal constructions.
from ki
na'i tlelatli - 1s.REFL bathe-FUT - I will bathe myself.
ta'i sepanek - 2s.REFL hurt-PROP-NEG - You shouldn't hurt yourself.
This can also mark the verb. See -ki
from itla
imitami - PROX-dog-PAU - These few dogs (by me).
  • o- marks "honored ~" (honor)
from o
mo otsaka ka - place honor-house Q - Where is the honored house?

Notes

  1. The -u / u- is used to replace redundant syllables.
Retrieved from "http://www.frathwiki.com/index.php?title=Kala/affixes&oldid=139844"