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Revision as of 07:35, 25 April 2021
Verbs
Verbs do not change and are only ever modified by particles. There are three basic tenses in Kalo, past, present, and future. The simple present is not marked, the past is marked by le from the Chinese particle (了), and the future is marked by sa from the Arabic construction (سَـ).
| tense/mood | particle | example | translation |
|---|---|---|---|
| present | - | wa ila | I go |
| past | le | wa ila le | I went |
| future | sa | wa ila sa | I will go |
| conditional | kisa | wa ila kisa | I would go |
- wa kome le - 1s eat PST - I ate.
- aki koyo kome - brother 3sg.GEN eat - His brother eats/is eating.
- nilo ne wite sa ko - 2pl NEG see FUT 3sg - You all will not see her.
Uncertainty is marked by ki, kisa, or kile. These are taken from Spanish (quizá) and used across the three basic tenses. It can also act as a subordinating conjunction, and conditional constructions, “if, whether”. It is also used to express possibility or probability.
- tela wa ki ni wite ko - tell 1s if 2s see 3s - Tell me if you can see her.
- ki ni amo yawe te pu yuma ne inpo - if 2sg like weather of today NEG important - Whether you like today’s weather does not matter.
- kisa pu yuma yuwa - maybe this day rain - It may rain (later) today.
positional verbs
Kalo does not use prepositions, but instead uses positional verbs as auxiliaries. These are also used as temporal adverbs in certain situations.
- yu - in; at; within; inside; during; between | from (于)
- ila - be toward; at; in the direction of; go; walk; travel | from (إلى)
Particles
determiners
Determiners in kalo precede the noun they modify.
deixis
- pu - this; these
- su - that; those
amount
- aku - many; much (one hundred)
- kula - all; every; each
- ne - no; none; zero
- poka - some; several; a few
- meno - less; fewer / few; a little
- maso - more
other-ness
- asi - such
- ayo - whichever; whatever
- oto - other
- tonye - same
Number
| Kalo | number | English | Kalo | number | English |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| sunya | 0 | zero | na | 7 | seven |
| wa | 1 | one | pa | 8 | eight |
| li | 2 | two | nun | 9 | nine |
| san | 3 | three | ye | 10 | ten |
| si | 4 | four | aku / -ku | 100 | (one) hundred |
| pen | 5 | five | mila | 1000 | (one) thousand |
| we | 6 | six |
When numbers one through ten occur independently, the indicator "ke" precedes the number.
- ko yo le o kasa ke li
- 3s have PST O house NUM two
- She had two houses.
- wa wite o nano ke si
- 1s see O man NUM four
- I see four men.
Higher Numbers
- yewa - 11; eleven
- yeli - 12; twelve
- liye - 20; twenty
- liyesi - 24; twenty-four
- kuyeli - 112; one-hundred-twelve
- sankuweyepen - 365; three-hundred-sixty-five
lexicon
phrasebook
- wikitravel.org/en/Spanish_phrasebook
- en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Phrasebooks_by_language
Essentials
- ola - Used for "hello; goodbye; farewell; welcome" (analogous to aloha)
- kan/a - "yes; it is"
- ne - "no; it is not"
- yapu wa - "Excuse me."
- nenka ma - "Please." [lit: is (it) possible?]
- by extension "Do you mind?"
- tanka (ta) - "Thank you (very much)."
- tipa - "(That's) OK."
Greetings & Goodbyes
- ola yuma - "Good morning/day/afternoon"
- ola note - "Good evening/night"
- salama - "Hey/Hi/Hello/Bye"
Civilities
- moto (niyo) ma - manner 2s.POSS Q - How are you?
- tipa - "Good/OK/Fine."
- ... - "Not bad."
- tenpo ta ne wite - time big no see - Long time no see
