Athonite Grammar II: Difference between revisions
From FrathWiki
Jump to navigationJump to search
m (Link added.) |
m (Corrections.) |
||
Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
<font size = 4> | <font size = 4> | ||
==Pronunciation Table - '''Πίνακα τις Προφορά'''== | |||
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; width:1000px;" | |||
! Greek | |||
! α | |||
! αυ | |||
! β | |||
! γ | |||
! γγ | |||
! γκ | |||
! γξ | |||
! γχ | |||
! δ | |||
! ε | |||
! ει | |||
! ευ | |||
! ζ | |||
! ι | |||
! θ | |||
! κ | |||
! λ | |||
! μ | |||
! μπ | |||
! ν | |||
! ντ | |||
! ξ | |||
! ο | |||
! ου | |||
! π | |||
! ρ | |||
! ς | |||
! τ | |||
! τζ | |||
! υ | |||
! φ | |||
! χ | |||
! ψ | |||
! ω | |||
|- | |||
| Latin | |||
| a | |||
| af | |||
| v | |||
| g | |||
| ng | |||
| nk | |||
| ngks | |||
| nch | |||
| dh | |||
| e | |||
| i | |||
| ef | |||
| z | |||
| i | |||
| th | |||
| k | |||
| l | |||
| m | |||
| b | |||
| n | |||
| d | |||
| ks | |||
| ǫ | |||
| u | |||
| p | |||
| r | |||
| s | |||
| t | |||
| z | |||
| u | |||
| f | |||
| ch | |||
| ps | |||
| o | |||
|- | |||
| IPA | |||
| /a/<font color=red><sup>1</sup></font> | |||
| /af/<font color=red><sup>2</sup></font> | |||
| /v/ | |||
| /ɣ/<font color=red><sup>3</sup></font> | |||
| /ŋ/ | |||
| /g/ | |||
| /ŋks/ | |||
| /ŋç/ | |||
| /ð/ | |||
| /ε/ | |||
| /i/ | |||
| /εf/<font color=red><sup>4</sup></font> | |||
| /z/ | |||
| /i/<font color=red><sup>5</sup></font> | |||
| /θ/ | |||
| /k/ | |||
| /l/ | |||
| /m/ | |||
| /b/ | |||
| /n/ | |||
| /d/ | |||
| /ks/ | |||
| /ɔ/ | |||
| /u/ | |||
| /p/ | |||
| /r/ | |||
| /s/<font color=red><sup>6</sup></font> | |||
| /t/ | |||
| /ʣ/ | |||
| /y/ | |||
| /f/ | |||
| /ç/ | |||
| /ps/ | |||
| /o/ | |||
|} | |||
===Notes - '''Σιμείωςι'''=== | |||
*<font color=red><sup>1</sup></font> when accented, otherwise /ʌ/. | |||
*<font color=red><sup>2</sup></font> before voiceless consonants, /av/ before voiced consonants. | |||
*<font color=red><sup>3</sup></font> /ɣ/ before α, ο, ου, and ω; /j/ before ε, ι, υ. | |||
*<font color=red><sup>4</sup></font> before voiceless consonants, /εv/ before voiced consonants. | |||
*<font color=red><sup>5</sup></font> /j/ between vowels. | |||
*<font color=red><sup>6</sup></font> /z/ before voiced consonants. | |||
===Verbs - '''Ρίματα'''=== | ===Verbs - '''Ρίματα'''=== | ||
====Verb Classes - '''Η Ταξις από το Ρίματα'''==== | ====Verb Classes - '''Η Ταξις από το Ρίματα'''==== | ||
* | *044. The Athonite verb has been influenced by Turkish to the extent that the many tenses present in Classical and Demotic Greek have been reduced to six. | ||
* | *045. The six tenses are the present, the past, and the future, and their perfect counterparts. | ||
* | *046. Athonite verbs are divided into two classes, those in which the personal ending is not accented (I) and those in which the personal ending is accented (II). | ||
* | *047. The endings on the verbs are changed to denote person and number. | ||
====The Auxiliary Verbs - '''Το Βοιθιτίκ Ρίματα'''==== | ====The Auxiliary Verbs - '''Το Βοιθιτίκ Ρίματα'''==== | ||
* | *048. The auxiliary verbs are two of the few remaining irregular verbs. | ||
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;" | {|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;" | ||
|+'''εχω''', I have | |||
! | ! | ||
!Present | !Present | ||
Line 19: | Line 139: | ||
!1st singular | !1st singular | ||
|'''εχω''', I have | |'''εχω''', I have | ||
|''' | |'''ιχα''', I had | ||
|'''θα εχω''', I shall have | |'''θα εχω''', I shall have | ||
|- | |- | ||
!2nd singular | !2nd singular | ||
|''' | |'''εχις''', you have | ||
|''' | |'''ιχες''', you had | ||
|'''θα εχις''', you will have | |'''θα εχις''', you will have | ||
|- | |- | ||
!3rd singular | !3rd singular | ||
|'''εχι''', he, she, it has | |'''εχι''', he, she, it has | ||
|''' | |'''ιχε''', he, she, it had | ||
|'''θα εχι''', he, she, it will have | |'''θα εχι''', he, she, it will have | ||
|- | |- | ||
!1st plural | !1st plural | ||
|'''έχομε''', we have | |'''έχομε''', we have | ||
|''' | |'''ίχαμε''', we hadεί | ||
|'''θα έχομε''', we shall have | |'''θα έχομε''', we shall have | ||
|- | |- | ||
!2nd plural | !2nd plural | ||
|'''έχετε''', you have | |'''έχετε''', you have | ||
|''' | |'''ίχaτε''', you had, | ||
|'''θα έχετε''', you will have | |'''θα έχετε''', you will have | ||
|- | |- | ||
!3rd plural | !3rd plural | ||
|'''εχoυν''', they have | |'''εχoυν''', they have | ||
|''' | |'''ιχαν''', they had | ||
|'''θα εχoυν''', they will have | |'''θα εχoυν''', they will have | ||
|} | |} | ||
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;" | {|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;" | ||
|+'''ιμε''', I am | |||
! | ! | ||
!Present | !Present | ||
Line 56: | Line 176: | ||
|- | |- | ||
!1st singular | !1st singular | ||
|''' | |'''ιμε''', I am, | ||
|''' | |'''ιμουν''', I was | ||
|'''θα | |'''θα ιμε''', I shall be | ||
|- | |- | ||
!2nd singular | !2nd singular | ||
|''' | |'''ιςε''', you are | ||
|''' | |'''ιςουν''', you were | ||
|'''θα | |'''θα ιςε''', you will be | ||
|- | |- | ||
!3rd singular | !3rd singular | ||
|''' | |'''ινε''', he, she, it is | ||
|''' | |'''ιταν''', he, she, it wαs | ||
|'''θα | |'''θα ινε''', he, she, it will be | ||
|- | |- | ||
!1st plural | !1st plural | ||
|'''έμαςτε''', wε are | |'''έμαςτε''', wε are | ||
|''' | |'''ίμαςταν''', we were | ||
|'''θα | |'''θα ίμαςτε''', we shall be | ||
|- | |- | ||
!2nd plural | !2nd plural | ||
|''' | |'''ιςτε''', you are | ||
|''' | |'''ίςαςτε''', you were | ||
|'''θα | |'''θα ιςτε''', you will be | ||
|- | |- | ||
!3rd plural | !3rd plural | ||
|''' | |'''ινε''', they are | ||
|''' | |'''ιταν''', they were | ||
|'''θα | |'''θα ινε''', they will be | ||
|} | |} | ||
====The Active Voice - '''Η Ενέργ Φων'''==== | ====The Active Voice - '''Η Ενέργ Φων'''==== | ||
* | *049. The active voice denotes that the agent is doing the action of the verb. | ||
=====The Present Tense - '''Ο Ενεςτώτ Χρον'''===== | =====The Present Tense - '''Ο Ενεςτώτ Χρον'''===== | ||
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;" | {|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;" | ||
|+Class I | |||
! | ! | ||
!Singular | !Singular | ||
!Plural | !Plural | ||
|- | |- | ||
!1st | !1st | ||
|'''βλεπω''', I see | |'''βλεπω''', I see | ||
|'''βλέπouμε''', we see | |'''βλέπouμε''', we see | ||
|- | |- | ||
!2nd | !2nd | ||
|''' | |'''βλεπις''', you see | ||
|'''βλέπετε''', you see | |'''βλέπετε''', you see | ||
|- | |- | ||
!3rd | !3rd | ||
|''' | |'''βλεπι''', he, she, it sees | ||
|'''βλεπουν''', they see | |'''βλεπουν''', they see | ||
|} | |} | ||
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;" | {|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;" | ||
|+Class II | |||
! | ! | ||
!Singular | !Singular | ||
!Plural | !Plural | ||
|- | |- | ||
!1st | !1st | ||
|'''αγαπώ''', I love | |'''αγαπώ''', I love | ||
|'''αγαπάμε''', we love | |'''αγαπάμε''', we love | ||
|- | |- | ||
!2nd | !2nd | ||
|'''αγαπάς''', you love | |'''αγαπάς''', you love | ||
|'''αγαπάτε''', you love | |'''αγαπάτε''', you love | ||
|- | |- | ||
!3rd | !3rd | ||
|'''αγαπά''', he, she, it loves | |'''αγαπά''', he, she, it loves | ||
|'''αγαπάν''', they love | |'''αγαπάν''', they love | ||
Line 129: | Line 249: | ||
=====The Past Tense - '''Ο Παρατατίκ Χρον'''===== | =====The Past Tense - '''Ο Παρατατίκ Χρον'''===== | ||
* | *050. The past tense is formed by adding ''' using endings different from the present and by removing the accent to the third syllable from the end. | ||
* | *051. When there is no third syllable, the augment '''ε-''' is added. | ||
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;" | {|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;" | ||
|+Class I | |||
! | ! | ||
!Singular | !Singular | ||
!Plural | !Plural | ||
|- | |- | ||
!1st | !1st | ||
|''' | |'''έβλεπα''', I saw, was seeing | ||
|''' | |'''βλέπαμε''', we saw, were seeing | ||
|- | |- | ||
!2nd | !2nd | ||
|''' | |'''έβλεπας''', you saw, were seeing | ||
|''' | |'''βλέπατε''', you saw, were seeing | ||
|- | |- | ||
!3rd | !3rd | ||
|''' | |'''έβλεπα''', he, she, it saw, was seeing | ||
|''' | |'''έβλεπαν''', they saw, were seeing | ||
|} | |} | ||
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;" | {|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;" | ||
|+Class II | |||
! | ! | ||
!Singular | !Singular | ||
!Plural | !Plural | ||
|- | |- | ||
!1st | !1st | ||
|''' | |'''άγαπα''', I loved, was loving | ||
|''' | |'''αγάπαμε''', we loved, were loving | ||
|- | |- | ||
!2nd | !2nd | ||
|''' | |'''άγαπας''', you loved, were loving | ||
|''' | |'''αγάπατε''', you loved, were loving | ||
|- | |- | ||
!3rd | !3rd | ||
|''' | |'''άγαπα''', he, she, it loved, was loving | ||
|''' | |'''άγαπαν''', they loved, were loving | ||
|} | |} | ||
=====The Future Tense - '''Ο Μελοντίκ Χρον'''===== | =====The Future Tense - '''Ο Μελοντίκ Χρον'''===== | ||
*052. The future tense is formed by putting the particle '''θα''' before the present tense. | |||
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;" | {|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;" | ||
|+Class I | |||
! | ! | ||
!Singular | !Singular | ||
!Plural | !Plural | ||
|- | |- | ||
!1st | !1st | ||
|'''θa βλεπω''', I shall see | |'''θa βλεπω''', I shall see | ||
|'''θa βλέπouμε''', we shall see | |'''θa βλέπouμε''', we shall see | ||
|- | |- | ||
!2nd | !2nd | ||
|'''θa | |'''θa βλεπις''', you will see | ||
|'''θa βλέπετε''', you will see | |'''θa βλέπετε''', you will see | ||
|- | |- | ||
!3rd | !3rd | ||
|'''θa | |'''θa βλεπι''', he, she, it will see | ||
|'''θa βλεπουν''', they will see | |'''θa βλεπουν''', they will see | ||
|} | |} | ||
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;" | {|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;" | ||
|+Class II | |||
! | ! | ||
!Singular | !Singular | ||
!Plural | !Plural | ||
|- | |- | ||
!1st | !1st | ||
|'''θ' αγαπώ''', I love | |'''θ' αγαπώ''', I love | ||
|'''θ' αγαπάμε''', we love | |'''θ' αγαπάμε''', we love | ||
|- | |- | ||
!2nd | !2nd | ||
|'''θ' αγαπάς''', you love | |'''θ' αγαπάς''', you love | ||
|'''θ' αγαπάτε''', you love | |'''θ' αγαπάτε''', you love | ||
|- | |- | ||
!3rd | !3rd | ||
|'''θ' αγαπά''', he, she, it loves | |'''θ' αγαπά''', he, she, it loves | ||
|'''θ' αγαπάν''', they love | |'''θ' αγαπάν''', they love | ||
|} | |} | ||
=====The Present Perfect Tense - '''Ο | =====The Present Perfect Tense - '''Ο Παρακίμεν Χρον'''===== | ||
* | *053. The perfect tenses are not used as frequently in Athonite as they are in English, the past tense usually being used. | ||
* | *054. The present perfect tense is formed by the present tense of the auxiliary verb '''εχω''', ''I have'', and the passive participle. | ||
* | *055. The present perfect tense is used to denote an event of the past which has a bearing on the present. | ||
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;" | {|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;" | ||
! | ! | ||
Line 220: | Line 340: | ||
!Plural | !Plural | ||
|- | |- | ||
!1st | !1st | ||
|'''εχω βλέπομεν''', I have seen | |'''εχω βλέπομεν''', I have seen | ||
|'''έχoυμe βλέπομεν''', we have seen | |'''έχoυμe βλέπομεν''', we have seen | ||
|- | |- | ||
!2nd | !2nd | ||
|''' | |'''εχις βλέπομεν''', you have seen | ||
|'''έχετε βλέπομεν''', you have seen | |'''έχετε βλέπομεν''', you have seen | ||
|- | |- | ||
!3rd | !3rd | ||
|''' | |'''εχι βλέπομεν''', he, she, it has seen | ||
|'''εχουν βλέπομεν''', they have seen | |'''εχουν βλέπομεν''', they have seen | ||
|} | |} | ||
=====The Past Perfect Tense - '''Ο Υπερςυντελικ Χρον'''===== | =====The Past Perfect Tense - '''Ο Υπερςυντελικ Χρον'''===== | ||
* | *056. The past perfect tense is more frequent than the present perfect. It is used to denote an event of the past which occurred before another event of the past. | ||
* | *057. The past perfect tense is formed by the past tense of the auχiliary verb '''εχω''' and the passive participle. | ||
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;" | {|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;" | ||
! | ! | ||
Line 241: | Line 361: | ||
!Plural | !Plural | ||
|- | |- | ||
!1st | !1st | ||
|''' | |'''ιχα βλέπομεν''', I had seen | ||
|''' | |'''ιχαμε βλέπομεν''', we had seen | ||
|- | |- | ||
!2nd | !2nd | ||
|''' | |'''ιχεs βλέπομεν''', you had seen | ||
|''' | |'''ιχατε βλέπομεν''', you had seen | ||
|- | |- | ||
!3rd | !3rd | ||
|''' | |'''ιχε βλέπομεν''', he, she, it had seen | ||
|''' | |'''ιχαν βλέπομεν''', they had seen | ||
|} | |} | ||
=====The Future Perfect Tense - '''Ο ςυντελεςμέν Μελοντ Χρον'''===== | =====The Future Perfect Tense - '''Ο ςυντελεςμέν Μελοντ Χρον'''===== | ||
* | *058. The future perfect tense is used to denote an event in the future which will have occurred before another event in the future. | ||
* | *059. The future perfect tense is formed by the future tense of the auχiliary verb '''εχo''' and the passive participle. | ||
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;" | {|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;" | ||
! | ! | ||
Line 262: | Line 382: | ||
!Plural | !Plural | ||
|- | |- | ||
!1st | !1st | ||
|'''θa εχω βλέπομεν''', I shall have seen | |'''θa εχω βλέπομεν''', I shall have seen | ||
|'''θa έχoυμε βλέπομεν''', we shall have seen | |'''θa έχoυμε βλέπομεν''', we shall have seen | ||
|- | |- | ||
!2nd | !2nd | ||
|'''θa | |'''θa εχιs βλέπομεν''', you will have seen | ||
|'''θa εχετε βλέπομεν''', you will have seen | |'''θa εχετε βλέπομεν''', you will have seen | ||
|- | |- | ||
!3rd | !3rd | ||
|'''θa | |'''θa εχι βλέπομεν''', he, she, it will have seen | ||
|'''θa εχoυν βλέπομεν''', they will have seen | |'''θa εχoυν βλέπομεν''', they will have seen | ||
|} | |} | ||
====The Progressive Tenses==== | ====The Progressive Tenses==== | ||
* | *060. The active participle is used with the appropriate tense of '''ιμε''', ''I am'', to form progressive tenses. | ||
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;" | {|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;" | ||
!present | !<center>present</center> | ||
!past | !past | ||
!future | !future | ||
Line 285: | Line 405: | ||
!future perfect | !future perfect | ||
|- | |- | ||
|''' | |'''ιμε βλεποντ'''<br>I am seeing, ''etc.'' | ||
|''' | |'''ιμουν βλεποντ'''<br>I was seeing, ''etc.'' | ||
|'''θα | |'''θα ιμε βλεποντ'''<br>I will be seeing, ''etc.'' | ||
|'''εχω | |'''εχω ιμεν βλεποντ'''<br>I have been seeing, ''etc.' | ||
|''' | |'''ιχα ιμεν βλεποντ'''<br>I had been seeing, ''etc.'' | ||
|'''θα εχω | |'''θα εχω ιμεν βλεποντ'''<br>I will have been seeing, ''etc.'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
====The Passive Voice - '''ι παθιτίκ φων'''==== | ====The Passive Voice - '''ι παθιτίκ φων'''==== | ||
* | *061. The passive voice denotes that the agent is being acted upon. | ||
*The many forms of the passive in Modern Greek have been abandoned in favor of periphrastic expressions using the verb '''ειμε''', 'I am' and the passive participle. | *062. The many forms of the passive in Modern Greek have been abandoned in favor of periphrastic expressions using the verb '''ειμε''', 'I am' and the passive participle. | ||
=====The Present Tense - '''ο Ενεςτώτ Χρον'''===== | =====The Present Tense - '''ο Ενεςτώτ Χρον'''===== | ||
Line 304: | Line 424: | ||
|- | |- | ||
!1st | !1st | ||
|''' | |'''ιμε βλέπoμεν''', I am seen | ||
|''' | |'''ίμαςτε βλέπoμεν''', we are seen | ||
|- | |- | ||
!2nd | !2nd | ||
|''' | |'''ιςε βλέπoμεν''', you are seen | ||
|''' | |'''ιςτε βλέπoμεν''', you are seen | ||
|- | |- | ||
!3rd | !3rd | ||
|''' | |'''ινε βλέπoμεν''', he, she, it is seen | ||
|''' | |'''ινε βλέπoμεν''', they are seen | ||
|} | |} | ||
Line 323: | Line 443: | ||
|- | |- | ||
!1st | !1st | ||
|''' | |'''ιμουν βλέπoμεν''', I was seen | ||
|''' | |'''ίμαςτε βλέπoμεν''', we were seen | ||
|- | |- | ||
!2nd | !2nd | ||
|''' | |'''ιςουν βλέπoμεν''', you were seen | ||
|''' | |'''ίςαςτε βλέπoμεν''', you were seen | ||
|- | |- | ||
!3rd | !3rd | ||
|''' | |'''ιταν βλέπoμεν''', he, she, it was seen | ||
|''' | |'''ιταν βλέπoμεν''', they were seen | ||
|} | |} | ||
Line 342: | Line 462: | ||
|- | |- | ||
!1st | !1st | ||
|'''θa | |'''θa ιμε βλέπoμεν''', I shall be seen | ||
|'''θa | |'''θa ίμαςτε βλέπoμεν''', we shall be seen | ||
|- | |- | ||
!2nd | !2nd | ||
|'''θa | |'''θa ιςε βλέπoμεν''', you will be seen | ||
|'''θa | |'''θa ιςτε βλέπoμεν''', you will be seen | ||
|- | |- | ||
!3rd | !3rd | ||
|'''θa | |'''θa ινε βλέπoμεν''', he, she, it will be seen | ||
|'''θa | |'''θa ινε βλέπoμεν''', they will be seen | ||
|} | |} | ||
=====The Perfect Tenses- '''Ο Παρακείμεν Χρον'''===== | =====The Perfect Tenses- '''Ο Παρακείμεν Χρον'''===== | ||
* | *063. The perfect tenses are formed by using the appropriate tense of '''εχω''' with the passive participle of '''ειμε'''. | ||
{| | {|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;" | ||
!<center>present</center> | |||
!past | !past | ||
!future | !future | ||
|'''θα εχω | |- | ||
|'''εχω ιμεν βλέπoμεν'''<br>I have been seen, ''etc.'' | |||
|'''ιχα ιμεν βλέπoμεν'''<br>I had been seen, ''etc.'' | |||
|'''θα εχω ιμεν βλέπoμεν'''<br>I shall have been seen, ''etc.'' | |||
|} | |} | ||
====The Indefinite Form - ''' Η Αοριςτ Μορφ'''==== | ====The Indefinite Form - '''Η Αοριςτ Μορφ'''==== | ||
* | *064. The indefinite form corresponds closely to what is called the infinitive in other languages. | ||
* | *065. The indefinite form is found only in the present tense. | ||
* | *066. Class I verbs form the indefinite by adding '''-ςω''' to the present form minus the '''-ω'''. | ||
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;" | {|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;" | ||
! | ! | ||
Line 373: | Line 495: | ||
!Plural | !Plural | ||
|- | |- | ||
!1st | !1st | ||
|'''βλεπςω''', I see | |'''βλεπςω''', I see | ||
|'''βλέπςoυμε''', we see | |'''βλέπςoυμε''', we see | ||
|- | |- | ||
!2nd | !2nd | ||
|''' | |'''βλεπςις''', you see | ||
|'''βλέπςετε''', you see | |'''βλέπςετε''', you see | ||
|- | |- | ||
!3rd | !3rd | ||
|''' | |'''βλεπςι''', he, she, it sees | ||
|'''βλεπςου''', they see | |'''βλεπςου''', they see | ||
|} | |} | ||
* | *067. Class II verbs form the indefinite by adding '''-ιςω''' to the present form minus the '''-ω'''. | ||
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;" | {|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;" | ||
! | ! | ||
Line 392: | Line 514: | ||
!Plural | !Plural | ||
|- | |- | ||
!1st | !1st | ||
|'''αγάπιςω ''', I love | |'''αγάπιςω ''', I love | ||
|'''αγαπίςαμε''', we love | |'''αγαπίςαμε''', we love | ||
|- | |- | ||
!2nd | !2nd | ||
|'''αγάπιςας''', you love | |'''αγάπιςας''', you love | ||
|'''αγαπίςατε''', you love | |'''αγαπίςατε''', you love | ||
|- | |- | ||
!3rd | !3rd | ||
|'''αγάπιςα''', he, she, it love | |'''αγάπιςα''', he, she, it love | ||
|'''αγάπιςαν''', they love | |'''αγάπιςαν''', they love | ||
|} | |} | ||
* | *068. There are a few verbs that form the indefinite irregularly: | ||
**'''λεγω''', say > '''πω''' | **'''λεγω''', say > '''πω''' | ||
**'''δινω''', give > '''δoςω''' | **'''δινω''', give > '''δoςω''' | ||
**'''πιγενω''', go > '''παω'''. | **'''πιγενω''', go > '''παω'''. | ||
* | *069. The indefinite form is preceded by '''να''' and follows the main verb. | ||
::'''θελo να βλεπςω''', I want to see. | ::'''θελo να βλεπςω''', I want to see. | ||
::'''θελo | ::'''θελo ν' αγάπιςα''', I want to love. | ||
====The Use of '''να''' - '''Ι Χρις του να'''==== | ====The Use of '''να''' - '''Ι Χρις του να'''==== | ||
* | *070. Intention, hope, desire and the like are eχpressed by using the particle '''να'''. | ||
* | *071. With the present tense, '''να''' eχpresses a continuous intention, ''etc''. | ||
::'''θελω να δουλευω εξι oρι ι ιμέρ''', I want to be working six hours a day. | ::'''θελω να δουλευω εξι oρι ι ιμέρ''', I want to be working six hours a day. | ||
::'''άρχιςε να τραγυδά''', He started singing. | ::'''άρχιςε να τραγυδά''', He started singing. | ||
* | *072. With the past tense, '''να''' eχpresses a past intention, ''etc''. This construction always follows a past tense. | ||
::'''Χτες το βραδυ θελςα να πιγενα ςτο θέατ αλά δεν μπóρεςα''', Last night I wanted to go to the theater, but I did not manage to. | ::'''Χτες το βραδυ θελςα να πιγενα ςτο θέατ αλά δεν μπóρεςα''', Last night I wanted to go to the theater, but I did not manage to. | ||
* | *073. With the indefinite '''να''' expresses a non-continuous future intention, ''etc''. | ||
::'''ελπιτζω να φταςω ςτιν Aθíν τρις μ.μ.''', I hope to arrive at Athens at 3 p.m. | ::'''ελπιτζω να φταςω ςτιν Aθíν τρις μ.μ.''', I hope to arrive at Athens at 3 p.m. | ||
::'''Μπορω να παρω ενα τςιγάρ''', May I take a cigarette? | ::'''Μπορω να παρω ενα τςιγάρ''', May I take a cigarette? | ||
* | *074. Certain verbs commonly used only in the third person are also followed by '''να'''. | ||
::''' | ::'''πρεπι''', it is necessary; '''αξιζι''', it is worthwhile, ''etc''. | ||
::''' | ::'''Πρεπι να πιγενω τορα''', I must be going now. | ||
====Negation==== | ====Negation==== | ||
* | *075. Negation is expressed by putting the negative particle '''δεν''' in front of the verb. | ||
::'''το πρoíν | ::'''το πρoíν ιν' ετιμ''', Breakfast is ready. | ||
::'''το πρoíν δeν | ::'''το πρoíν δeν ιν' ετιμ''', Breakfast is not ready. | ||
::'''το μπαρ δεν | ::'''το μπαρ δεν ινε γεμάτ''', The bar is not full. | ||
::'''δεν πιγενω''', I'm not going. | ::'''δεν πιγενω''', I'm not going. | ||
====The Imperative Mood - '''ι προςτακτίκ εγκλις'''==== | ====The Imperative Mood - '''ι προςτακτίκ εγκλις'''==== | ||
* | *076. The formation of the imperative is greatly simplified in Athonite. There are only two forms. | ||
* | *077. The imperative of the simple present expresses duration or repetition of the action. | ||
* | *078. To form the continuous imperative, '''-ε''' for the singular and '''-(ε)τε''' for the plural replace the '''-ω''' of the present. | ||
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;" | {|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;" | ||
!Singular | !<center>Singular</center> | ||
!Plural | !Plural | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 450: | Line 572: | ||
|} | |} | ||
* | *079. The imperative of the simple past shows non-continuation which means either that the action is not ongoing or that the speaker is not interested in its duration. | ||
* | *080. To form the simple past imperative, '''-ε''' for the singular and '''-(ε)τε''' for the plural replace the '''-ω''' of the indefinite. | ||
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;" | {|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:left; margin: 1em auto 1em auto;" | ||
!Singular | !<center>Singular</center> | ||
!Plural | !Plural | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 463: | Line 585: | ||
|} | |} | ||
* | *081. A negative command is expressed by '''μι''' and the indefinite or present depending on whether the action is fixed or continuous. | ||
::'''Mι τον αγάπιςε''', Do not love him. | ::'''Mι τον αγάπιςε''', Do not love him. | ||
====There Is/Are==== | ====There Is/Are==== | ||
* | *082. Athonite has abandoned the conjugated verbs '''υπαρχεί''' and '''υπαρχούν''' in favor of the Turkish {{Color|blue|'''βαρ'''}} and the negative {{Color|blue|'''γιοκ'''}}. | ||
::''' | ::'''ανθ τραπεζου εν {{Color|blue|βαρ}}''', There is a flower on the table. | ||
::''' | ::'''ανθ τραπεζου εν {{Color|blue|γιοκ}}''', There is no flower on the table. | ||
* | *083. In reply to a {{Color|blue|'''βαρ'''}} or {{Color|blue|'''γιοκ'''}} question, the answer is always {{Color|blue|'''βαρ'''}} or {{Color|blue|'''γιοκ'''}}, never ''yes'' or ''no''. | ||
::''' | ::'''τραπεζου εν μιλα {{Color|blue|βαρ}};''' Are there apples on the table? | ||
::'''{{Color|blue|βαρ}}''' | ::'''{{Color|blue|βαρ}}''', Yes, there are. | ||
::'''{{Color|blue|γιοκ}}''' | ::'''{{Color|blue|γιοκ}}''', No, there are not. | ||
====To Have==== | |||
*084. {{Color|blue|βαρ}} and {{Color|blue|γιοκ}} are also used to express possession. The possessor is expressed with the possessive adjective. | |||
::'''τρια μιλα μου {{Color|blue|βαρ}}'''; I have three apples. | |||
::'''αδέλφ τις {{Color|blue|γιοκ}}'''; She does not have a sister. | |||
====Deponent Verbs==== | ====Deponent Verbs==== | ||
* | *085. The deponent verbs of Modern Greek have become regular verbs, ''e.g.'', '''έρχομαι''', I come, > '''ερχω''' | ||
====The Use of ''' | ====The Use of '''ίνε'''==== | ||
* | *086. When an adjective is used predicatively, the copula '''είνε''' is not used, ''e.g.'', '''το κυαν ςπιτ''', the blue house; but ''' το ςπιτ κυαν''', the house is blue. | ||
====Questions==== | ====Questions==== | ||
* | *087. A question with an interrogative pronoun has the same word order as a regular sentence. | ||
::''' Π' | ::''' Π' ιςε;''' Who are you? | ||
::'''πιόν έβλεπςες;''' Whom did you see? | ::'''πιόν έβλεπςες;''' Whom did you see? | ||
::'''ςε πιον μίλςατε;''' To whom were you talking? | ::'''ςε πιον μίλςατε;''' To whom were you talking? | ||
* | *088. A yes-no question has the same word order as a regular sentence, but is followed by the interrogative particle {{Color|blue|'''μι'''}}. | ||
::''' | ::'''πιγενις ςτο ςχολί.''' You are going to school. | ||
::''' | ::'''πιγενις ςτο ςχολί {{Color|blue|μι}};''' Are you going to school? | ||
* | *089. A question with a tag has the same word order as a regular sentence, but is followed by the interrogative particle '''{{Color|blue|ντιλ μι}}'''. | ||
::'''αυτ | ::'''αυτ ινε βιβλί, {{Color|blue|ντιλ μι}};''' This is a book, isn't it? | ||
::'''ςυ έγραψας ι επιςτόλ, {{Color|blue|ντιλ μι}};''' You wrote the letter, didn't you? | ::'''ςυ έγραψας ι επιςτόλ, {{Color|blue|ντιλ μι}};''' You wrote the letter, didn't you? | ||
::'''ςυ | ::'''ςυ ερχις αυρι, {{Color|blue|ντιλ μι}}'''; You'll come tomorrow, won't you? | ||
===Adverbs - '''επιρίματα'''=== | ===Adverbs - '''επιρίματα'''=== | ||
* | *090. Adverbs are words used to modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. | ||
* | *091. Some common adverbs: | ||
::'''εδó''', here | ::'''εδó''', here | ||
::'''εκί''', there | ::'''εκί''', there | ||
Line 514: | Line 641: | ||
::'''ακomι''', yet | ::'''ακomι''', yet | ||
::'''ετςι''', thus | ::'''ετςι''', thus | ||
* | *092. As in Turkish adjectives may be used as adverbs without any change in form. | ||
::'''το ιςυχ πεδ ''', the quiet child. | ::'''το ιςυχ πεδ ''', the quiet child. | ||
::'''τρεχε ιςυχ.''' Run quietly. | ::'''τρεχε ιςυχ.''' Run quietly. | ||
* | *093.The comparative and superlative of adverbs are formed in the same way as with adjectives. | ||
::'''ευκολ''', easy; '''ευκολ''', easily | ::'''ευκολ''', easy; '''ευκολ''', easily | ||
::'''πιο ευκολ''', easier, easiest; '''πιο ευκολ''', more/most easily | ::'''πιο ευκολ''', easier, easiest; '''πιο ευκολ''', more/most easily | ||
[[Athonite Grammar I]] | [[Athonite Grammar I]] |
Revision as of 18:18, 7 April 2021
Pronunciation Table - Πίνακα τις Προφορά
Greek | α | αυ | β | γ | γγ | γκ | γξ | γχ | δ | ε | ει | ευ | ζ | ι | θ | κ | λ | μ | μπ | ν | ντ | ξ | ο | ου | π | ρ | ς | τ | τζ | υ | φ | χ | ψ | ω |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Latin | a | af | v | g | ng | nk | ngks | nch | dh | e | i | ef | z | i | th | k | l | m | b | n | d | ks | ǫ | u | p | r | s | t | z | u | f | ch | ps | o |
IPA | /a/1 | /af/2 | /v/ | /ɣ/3 | /ŋ/ | /g/ | /ŋks/ | /ŋç/ | /ð/ | /ε/ | /i/ | /εf/4 | /z/ | /i/5 | /θ/ | /k/ | /l/ | /m/ | /b/ | /n/ | /d/ | /ks/ | /ɔ/ | /u/ | /p/ | /r/ | /s/6 | /t/ | /ʣ/ | /y/ | /f/ | /ç/ | /ps/ | /o/ |
Notes - Σιμείωςι
- 1 when accented, otherwise /ʌ/.
- 2 before voiceless consonants, /av/ before voiced consonants.
- 3 /ɣ/ before α, ο, ου, and ω; /j/ before ε, ι, υ.
- 4 before voiceless consonants, /εv/ before voiced consonants.
- 5 /j/ between vowels.
- 6 /z/ before voiced consonants.
Verbs - Ρίματα
Verb Classes - Η Ταξις από το Ρίματα
- 044. The Athonite verb has been influenced by Turkish to the extent that the many tenses present in Classical and Demotic Greek have been reduced to six.
- 045. The six tenses are the present, the past, and the future, and their perfect counterparts.
- 046. Athonite verbs are divided into two classes, those in which the personal ending is not accented (I) and those in which the personal ending is accented (II).
- 047. The endings on the verbs are changed to denote person and number.
The Auxiliary Verbs - Το Βοιθιτίκ Ρίματα
- 048. The auxiliary verbs are two of the few remaining irregular verbs.
Present | Past | Future | |
---|---|---|---|
1st singular | εχω, I have | ιχα, I had | θα εχω, I shall have |
2nd singular | εχις, you have | ιχες, you had | θα εχις, you will have |
3rd singular | εχι, he, she, it has | ιχε, he, she, it had | θα εχι, he, she, it will have |
1st plural | έχομε, we have | ίχαμε, we hadεί | θα έχομε, we shall have |
2nd plural | έχετε, you have | ίχaτε, you had, | θα έχετε, you will have |
3rd plural | εχoυν, they have | ιχαν, they had | θα εχoυν, they will have |
Present | Past | Future | |
---|---|---|---|
1st singular | ιμε, I am, | ιμουν, I was | θα ιμε, I shall be |
2nd singular | ιςε, you are | ιςουν, you were | θα ιςε, you will be |
3rd singular | ινε, he, she, it is | ιταν, he, she, it wαs | θα ινε, he, she, it will be |
1st plural | έμαςτε, wε are | ίμαςταν, we were | θα ίμαςτε, we shall be |
2nd plural | ιςτε, you are | ίςαςτε, you were | θα ιςτε, you will be |
3rd plural | ινε, they are | ιταν, they were | θα ινε, they will be |
The Active Voice - Η Ενέργ Φων
- 049. The active voice denotes that the agent is doing the action of the verb.
The Present Tense - Ο Ενεςτώτ Χρον
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
1st | βλεπω, I see | βλέπouμε, we see |
2nd | βλεπις, you see | βλέπετε, you see |
3rd | βλεπι, he, she, it sees | βλεπουν, they see |
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
1st | αγαπώ, I love | αγαπάμε, we love |
2nd | αγαπάς, you love | αγαπάτε, you love |
3rd | αγαπά, he, she, it loves | αγαπάν, they love |
The Past Tense - Ο Παρατατίκ Χρον
- 050. The past tense is formed by adding using endings different from the present and by removing the accent to the third syllable from the end.
- 051. When there is no third syllable, the augment ε- is added.
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
1st | έβλεπα, I saw, was seeing | βλέπαμε, we saw, were seeing |
2nd | έβλεπας, you saw, were seeing | βλέπατε, you saw, were seeing |
3rd | έβλεπα, he, she, it saw, was seeing | έβλεπαν, they saw, were seeing |
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
1st | άγαπα, I loved, was loving | αγάπαμε, we loved, were loving |
2nd | άγαπας, you loved, were loving | αγάπατε, you loved, were loving |
3rd | άγαπα, he, she, it loved, was loving | άγαπαν, they loved, were loving |
The Future Tense - Ο Μελοντίκ Χρον
- 052. The future tense is formed by putting the particle θα before the present tense.
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
1st | θa βλεπω, I shall see | θa βλέπouμε, we shall see |
2nd | θa βλεπις, you will see | θa βλέπετε, you will see |
3rd | θa βλεπι, he, she, it will see | θa βλεπουν, they will see |
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
1st | θ' αγαπώ, I love | θ' αγαπάμε, we love |
2nd | θ' αγαπάς, you love | θ' αγαπάτε, you love |
3rd | θ' αγαπά, he, she, it loves | θ' αγαπάν, they love |
The Present Perfect Tense - Ο Παρακίμεν Χρον
- 053. The perfect tenses are not used as frequently in Athonite as they are in English, the past tense usually being used.
- 054. The present perfect tense is formed by the present tense of the auxiliary verb εχω, I have, and the passive participle.
- 055. The present perfect tense is used to denote an event of the past which has a bearing on the present.
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
1st | εχω βλέπομεν, I have seen | έχoυμe βλέπομεν, we have seen |
2nd | εχις βλέπομεν, you have seen | έχετε βλέπομεν, you have seen |
3rd | εχι βλέπομεν, he, she, it has seen | εχουν βλέπομεν, they have seen |
The Past Perfect Tense - Ο Υπερςυντελικ Χρον
- 056. The past perfect tense is more frequent than the present perfect. It is used to denote an event of the past which occurred before another event of the past.
- 057. The past perfect tense is formed by the past tense of the auχiliary verb εχω and the passive participle.
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
1st | ιχα βλέπομεν, I had seen | ιχαμε βλέπομεν, we had seen |
2nd | ιχεs βλέπομεν, you had seen | ιχατε βλέπομεν, you had seen |
3rd | ιχε βλέπομεν, he, she, it had seen | ιχαν βλέπομεν, they had seen |
The Future Perfect Tense - Ο ςυντελεςμέν Μελοντ Χρον
- 058. The future perfect tense is used to denote an event in the future which will have occurred before another event in the future.
- 059. The future perfect tense is formed by the future tense of the auχiliary verb εχo and the passive participle.
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
1st | θa εχω βλέπομεν, I shall have seen | θa έχoυμε βλέπομεν, we shall have seen |
2nd | θa εχιs βλέπομεν, you will have seen | θa εχετε βλέπομεν, you will have seen |
3rd | θa εχι βλέπομεν, he, she, it will have seen | θa εχoυν βλέπομεν, they will have seen |
The Progressive Tenses
- 060. The active participle is used with the appropriate tense of ιμε, I am, to form progressive tenses.
past | future | present perfect | past perfect | future perfect | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ιμε βλεποντ I am seeing, etc. |
ιμουν βλεποντ I was seeing, etc. |
θα ιμε βλεποντ I will be seeing, etc. |
εχω ιμεν βλεποντ I have been seeing, etc.' |
ιχα ιμεν βλεποντ I had been seeing, etc. |
θα εχω ιμεν βλεποντ I will have been seeing, etc. |
The Passive Voice - ι παθιτίκ φων
- 061. The passive voice denotes that the agent is being acted upon.
- 062. The many forms of the passive in Modern Greek have been abandoned in favor of periphrastic expressions using the verb ειμε, 'I am' and the passive participle.
The Present Tense - ο Ενεςτώτ Χρον
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
1st | ιμε βλέπoμεν, I am seen | ίμαςτε βλέπoμεν, we are seen |
2nd | ιςε βλέπoμεν, you are seen | ιςτε βλέπoμεν, you are seen |
3rd | ινε βλέπoμεν, he, she, it is seen | ινε βλέπoμεν, they are seen |
The Past Tense - Ο Παρελθοντίκ Χρον
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
1st | ιμουν βλέπoμεν, I was seen | ίμαςτε βλέπoμεν, we were seen |
2nd | ιςουν βλέπoμεν, you were seen | ίςαςτε βλέπoμεν, you were seen |
3rd | ιταν βλέπoμεν, he, she, it was seen | ιταν βλέπoμεν, they were seen |
The Future Tense - Ο Μελοντίκ Χρον
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
1st | θa ιμε βλέπoμεν, I shall be seen | θa ίμαςτε βλέπoμεν, we shall be seen |
2nd | θa ιςε βλέπoμεν, you will be seen | θa ιςτε βλέπoμεν, you will be seen |
3rd | θa ινε βλέπoμεν, he, she, it will be seen | θa ινε βλέπoμεν, they will be seen |
The Perfect Tenses- Ο Παρακείμεν Χρον
- 063. The perfect tenses are formed by using the appropriate tense of εχω with the passive participle of ειμε.
past | future | |
---|---|---|
εχω ιμεν βλέπoμεν I have been seen, etc. |
ιχα ιμεν βλέπoμεν I had been seen, etc. |
θα εχω ιμεν βλέπoμεν I shall have been seen, etc. |
The Indefinite Form - Η Αοριςτ Μορφ
- 064. The indefinite form corresponds closely to what is called the infinitive in other languages.
- 065. The indefinite form is found only in the present tense.
- 066. Class I verbs form the indefinite by adding -ςω to the present form minus the -ω.
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
1st | βλεπςω, I see | βλέπςoυμε, we see |
2nd | βλεπςις, you see | βλέπςετε, you see |
3rd | βλεπςι, he, she, it sees | βλεπςου, they see |
- 067. Class II verbs form the indefinite by adding -ιςω to the present form minus the -ω.
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
1st | αγάπιςω , I love | αγαπίςαμε, we love |
2nd | αγάπιςας, you love | αγαπίςατε, you love |
3rd | αγάπιςα, he, she, it love | αγάπιςαν, they love |
- 068. There are a few verbs that form the indefinite irregularly:
- λεγω, say > πω
- δινω, give > δoςω
- πιγενω, go > παω.
- 069. The indefinite form is preceded by να and follows the main verb.
- θελo να βλεπςω, I want to see.
- θελo ν' αγάπιςα, I want to love.
The Use of να - Ι Χρις του να
- 070. Intention, hope, desire and the like are eχpressed by using the particle να.
- 071. With the present tense, να eχpresses a continuous intention, etc.
- θελω να δουλευω εξι oρι ι ιμέρ, I want to be working six hours a day.
- άρχιςε να τραγυδά, He started singing.
- 072. With the past tense, να eχpresses a past intention, etc. This construction always follows a past tense.
- Χτες το βραδυ θελςα να πιγενα ςτο θέατ αλά δεν μπóρεςα, Last night I wanted to go to the theater, but I did not manage to.
- 073. With the indefinite να expresses a non-continuous future intention, etc.
- ελπιτζω να φταςω ςτιν Aθíν τρις μ.μ., I hope to arrive at Athens at 3 p.m.
- Μπορω να παρω ενα τςιγάρ, May I take a cigarette?
- 074. Certain verbs commonly used only in the third person are also followed by να.
- πρεπι, it is necessary; αξιζι, it is worthwhile, etc.
- Πρεπι να πιγενω τορα, I must be going now.
Negation
- 075. Negation is expressed by putting the negative particle δεν in front of the verb.
- το πρoíν ιν' ετιμ, Breakfast is ready.
- το πρoíν δeν ιν' ετιμ, Breakfast is not ready.
- το μπαρ δεν ινε γεμάτ, The bar is not full.
- δεν πιγενω, I'm not going.
The Imperative Mood - ι προςτακτίκ εγκλις
- 076. The formation of the imperative is greatly simplified in Athonite. There are only two forms.
- 077. The imperative of the simple present expresses duration or repetition of the action.
- 078. To form the continuous imperative, -ε for the singular and -(ε)τε for the plural replace the -ω of the present.
Plural | |
---|---|
βλεπε, keep on seeing | βλεπ(ε)τε, keep on seeing |
αγαπα, keep on loving | αγαπατε, keep on loving |
- 079. The imperative of the simple past shows non-continuation which means either that the action is not ongoing or that the speaker is not interested in its duration.
- 080. To form the simple past imperative, -ε for the singular and -(ε)τε for the plural replace the -ω of the indefinite.
Plural | |
---|---|
βλεπςε, see | βλέπςετε, see |
αγάπιςε, love | αγαπιςτε, love |
- 081. A negative command is expressed by μι and the indefinite or present depending on whether the action is fixed or continuous.
- Mι τον αγάπιςε, Do not love him.
There Is/Are
- 082. Athonite has abandoned the conjugated verbs υπαρχεί and υπαρχούν in favor of the Turkish βαρ and the negative γιοκ.
- ανθ τραπεζου εν βαρ, There is a flower on the table.
- ανθ τραπεζου εν γιοκ, There is no flower on the table.
- 083. In reply to a βαρ or γιοκ question, the answer is always βαρ or γιοκ, never yes or no.
- τραπεζου εν μιλα βαρ; Are there apples on the table?
- βαρ, Yes, there are.
- γιοκ, No, there are not.
To Have
- 084. βαρ and γιοκ are also used to express possession. The possessor is expressed with the possessive adjective.
- τρια μιλα μου βαρ; I have three apples.
- αδέλφ τις γιοκ; She does not have a sister.
Deponent Verbs
- 085. The deponent verbs of Modern Greek have become regular verbs, e.g., έρχομαι, I come, > ερχω
The Use of ίνε
- 086. When an adjective is used predicatively, the copula είνε is not used, e.g., το κυαν ςπιτ, the blue house; but το ςπιτ κυαν, the house is blue.
Questions
- 087. A question with an interrogative pronoun has the same word order as a regular sentence.
- Π' ιςε; Who are you?
- πιόν έβλεπςες; Whom did you see?
- ςε πιον μίλςατε; To whom were you talking?
- 088. A yes-no question has the same word order as a regular sentence, but is followed by the interrogative particle μι.
- πιγενις ςτο ςχολί. You are going to school.
- πιγενις ςτο ςχολί μι; Are you going to school?
- 089. A question with a tag has the same word order as a regular sentence, but is followed by the interrogative particle ντιλ μι.
- αυτ ινε βιβλί, ντιλ μι; This is a book, isn't it?
- ςυ έγραψας ι επιςτόλ, ντιλ μι; You wrote the letter, didn't you?
- ςυ ερχις αυρι, ντιλ μι; You'll come tomorrow, won't you?
Adverbs - επιρίματα
- 090. Adverbs are words used to modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs.
- 091. Some common adverbs:
- εδó, here
- εκί, there
- πιςω, behind
- μπρoςτά in front
- τωρα, now
- υςτερ, after, later
- νωρίς, early
- αυρι, tomorrow
- εχθές, yesterday
- πolύ, a lot, very
- ιδι, already
- ποτέ, never
- παλι, again
- ιςως, perhaps
- παντα, always
- ακomι, yet
- ετςι, thus
- 092. As in Turkish adjectives may be used as adverbs without any change in form.
- το ιςυχ πεδ , the quiet child.
- τρεχε ιςυχ. Run quietly.
- 093.The comparative and superlative of adverbs are formed in the same way as with adjectives.
- ευκολ, easy; ευκολ, easily
- πιο ευκολ, easier, easiest; πιο ευκολ, more/most easily